半导体纳米粒子掺杂液晶的材料、器件和机理研究
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摘要
二十一世纪的第一个十年已经接近尾声,中小尺寸液晶显示器件正在越来越多地被市场所接受,从技术层面而言,低功耗是其一个较为关键的性能指标,低功耗不仅代表着节约能源,也意味着液晶显示器在电池充电以后能够使用更长时间,这样可以更充分发挥显示器的可移动特性。从液晶显示器结构和原理角度来看,其自身就是一个复杂的整体,要获得低功耗的特性可以从多个方面着手进行改进,如优化驱动电路模式、使用低功耗的LED背光源、改善液晶器件工作模式以及选择具有低功耗特性的液晶材料等。本论文所研究的采用半导体纳米粒子掺杂的液晶材料,就是通过掺杂修饰的方法获得具有低功耗特性的液晶材料和器件,相比于设计合成新型液晶材料,这无疑是一条事半功倍的捷径。
半导体纳米粒子在液晶材料中的掺杂应用是区别于以往研究中所报道的二氧化硅纳米粒子、金属纳米粒子、金属氧化物纳米粒子、铁电性纳米粒子和碳纳米管等众多材料的另一类纳米粒子。尽管半导体纳米粒子已经凭借其在电学、光学及化学领域的独特性质在很多方面有了广泛的应用,但还很少有在液晶材料中掺杂的相关研究报道。本论文选择CdS和ZnO两种典型的半导体纳米粒子在5CB液晶材料中进行掺杂,分别研究了掺杂材料的相变温度、秩序度、介电各向异性等物理性质以及器件的开启电压、响应时间和频率调制特性等电光特性。研究中发现半导体纳米粒子的掺杂能够有效降低液晶器件的开启电压,这将有助于获得具有低功耗特性的液晶显示器件。
由于在掺杂体系中,纳米粒子均匀分散在液晶分子之间,其表面包裹的有机物会对液晶分子起到锚定作用,而在液晶盒中的液晶分子还具有保持原有排序的趋势,因此,液晶分子的指向矢会在纳米粒子周围出现弯曲,从而导致液晶材料的秩序度和相变温度分别下降。至于器件的电光特性,由于半导体纳米粒子被有机物所包裹,纳米粒子对外可以看作一个介质球,因而会在外加电场的影响下产生极化电荷和极化电场,在外加交流电场方向切换的过程中,外加电场和极化电场能够共同促进液晶分子沿着电场方向偏转,由此获得较低的器件开启电压,两个电场的共同作用还可以用以解释器件响应时间的特性和测试结果。
在实验和讨论的基础上,计算机模拟技术也被引入进行相关的模拟计算。论文中选择较为简单的迭代差分法进行液晶分子指向矢分布的模拟计算,并使用Jones矩阵方法计算液晶器件的电光特性。在模拟过程中,结合对半导体纳米粒子掺杂液晶体系的空间结构模型和纳米粒子的电学特性对指向矢分布和电光特性进行重新计算,并对计算结果进行了比较。同时,结合液晶分子秩序度和液晶盒等效厚度的降低,也对这两个因素对器件开启电压的影响进行模拟计算。所得结论与实验数据相符,进一步对半导体纳米粒子掺杂液晶的体系进行了分析。
本文的创新性可以概括为三个方面,分别是低功耗的液晶器件特性,这时本文的主要研究成果,为生产和研制要求具有低功耗特性的移动液晶显示器件提供了一种新的技术手段;其次是低频率调制特性,半导体纳米粒子的掺杂改善金属纳米粒子掺杂所引入的频率调制特性,能够方便地使用现有的驱动电路进行控制,而不需要设计专门的频率调制驱动电路,这便于这项技术低成本低推广使用;最后,本文对掺杂体系物理机制的研究,既是对现有研究成果的解释,也能指导这项技术进一步深入研究。
综上,本论文介绍了CdS和ZnO两种半导体纳米粒子在5CB液晶材料中掺杂应用。所涉及的纳米粒子合成、液晶材料的掺杂与物理性质表征、液晶器件的电光特性评价、纳米粒子掺杂液晶体系的物理机理以及电光特性的计算机模拟等方面的内容,对于半导体纳米粒子掺杂液晶材料的研究开发有一定的理论指导意义,在一定程度上完善了纳米粒子掺杂液晶的研究体系,不仅有助于这项技术在实际生产中的应用,对于液晶材料技术的发展也有一定的实践意义。
Standing at the end of the first decade of 21st century, we are witnessing a small-medium LCD industry, which has been gradually accepted by the market. Technically speaking, low power consumption is a key performance. That means energy saving as well as a long working time for the LCD after battery recharging, which enhances the advantage of portability. The structure and principle of LCD are integrated complex topics. Multiple angles could work as the starting point to obtain an improved low power consumption feature, such as optimizing driver circuit pattern, using low-power consumption LED backlight, improving working mode of liquid crystal devices, and choosing liquid crystal materials with low-power features. This thesis focuses on liquid crystal materials doped with semiconductor nanoparticles, which means obtaining liquid crystal devices with low-power features via doping. This is definitely a shortcut to get twice the result with half the effort, compared with designing and synthesizing new liquid crystal materials.
Semiconductor nanoparticles' doping in liquid crystal materials is another category of nanoparticles, which is different from what has been reported in past research works such as silicon dioxide nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Although semiconductor nanoparticles has been widely used in quite a lot of fields, given its unique features in electrics, optics and chemicals, there has been few researches on the usage in doping into liquid crystal materials. In this thesis, two typical semiconductor nanoparticles, i.e., CdS and ZnO, are used to dope into 5CB liquid crystal material. The doped material's physical performance, like phase transition temperature, order parameter and dielectric anisotropy, and electrooptical characteristics, like threshold voltage, response time and frequency modulation, have been measured. It is found that the semiconductor nanoparticles doped LC cells can significantly lower threshold voltage, and this is helpful to develop the LCDs with low power consumption.
As the nanoparticles disperse uniformly between liquid crystal molecules in the doping system, the organics enwrapping them will anchor the liquid crystal molecules. While on the other hand, the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal cell also have a trend to keep the original order. Therefore, the molecule director will show bending of directions around the nanoparticles, resulting in a decrease of order parameter and phase transition temperature, respectively. As for the electrooptical characteristics of the devices, the semiconductor nanoparticles can be regarded as a dielectric sphere as they are wrapped with organics, Polarization charge and polarization electric field will emerge with external electric field. When the direction of external AC electric field changes, the external electric field and the polarization electric field can work together to push the liquid crystal molecules to turn along with the electric field direction. As a result, a lower threshold voltage will be achieved. The combined efforts by both electric fields can also explain the device response time and other test results.
Based on experiments and discussions, computer simulation technology is also introduced in related calculation. The thesis selected relatively simple simulation approach of iterative difference method to analyze the director distribution of liquid crystal molecules, based on which the transmittance of liquid crystal devices is calculated via the Jones matrix method. In the calculation process, the director distribution and electrooptical characteristics are recalculated taking into consideration the spatial structure model of the semiconductor nanoparticles doped in liquid crystal system and the electricity features of nanoparticles, and the respective results are compared. In the mean time, with the decrease of the order parameter of liquid crystal molecules and the thickness of liquid crystal cell, the impact from these two factors on threshold voltage has also been simulated. The simulation results are consistent with experiment findings, which further explain the system of semiconductor nanoparticles doped in liquid crystal materials.
The innovation of this thesis can be recapitulated into three aspects. First of all, the low power consumption of doped liquid crystal displays is the most vital result of this research. That provides a new technology approach to meet the requirement of production and investigation of mobile liquid crystal devices. Secondly, the frequency modulation characteristic introduced by semiconductor nanoparticles doped liquid crystal devices is improved compared with metal nanoparticles doped ones. The devices can be drived by existing driving circuit and there is no need to design special frequency modulation driving circuit. Last but not least, the studies on the mechanism of doping system can not only explain the research results but also give a direction to the further researches.
In summary, this thesis introduces the doping application in 5CB liquid crystal materials of two types of semiconductor nanoparticles. The research work involves synthesis of nanoparticles, doping with liquid crystal materials and measurements of physical performance of liquid crystal materials and electrooptical characteristics of liquid crys- tal devices, physical mechanism of liquid crystal system doped with nanoparticles and the computer simulation of electrooptical characteristics. This contributes to the significance of theoretical guidance for the research works on semiconductor nanoparticles' doping in liquid crystal materials and helps to fulfill the research framework of nanoparticles' doping in liquid crystal materials to some extent. The thesis is worthwhile in facilitating the application of this technology in practice, as well as in promoting the practical significance of technology development on liquid crystal materials.
半导体纳米粒子在液晶材料中的掺杂应用是区别于以往研究中所报道的二氧化硅纳米粒子、金属纳米粒子、金属氧化物纳米粒子、铁电性纳米粒子和碳纳米管等众多材料的另一类纳米粒子。尽管半导体纳米粒子已经凭借其在电学、光学及化学领域的独特性质在很多方面有了广泛的应用,但还很少有在液晶材料中掺杂的相关研究报道。本论文选择CdS和ZnO两种典型的半导体纳米粒子在5CB液晶材料中进行掺杂,分别研究了掺杂材料的相变温度、秩序度、介电各向异性等物理性质以及器件的开启电压、响应时间和频率调制特性等电光特性。研究中发现半导体纳米粒子的掺杂能够有效降低液晶器件的开启电压,这将有助于获得具有低功耗特性的液晶显示器件。
由于在掺杂体系中,纳米粒子均匀分散在液晶分子之间,其表面包裹的有机物会对液晶分子起到锚定作用,而在液晶盒中的液晶分子还具有保持原有排序的趋势,因此,液晶分子的指向矢会在纳米粒子周围出现弯曲,从而导致液晶材料的秩序度和相变温度分别下降。至于器件的电光特性,由于半导体纳米粒子被有机物所包裹,纳米粒子对外可以看作一个介质球,因而会在外加电场的影响下产生极化电荷和极化电场,在外加交流电场方向切换的过程中,外加电场和极化电场能够共同促进液晶分子沿着电场方向偏转,由此获得较低的器件开启电压,两个电场的共同作用还可以用以解释器件响应时间的特性和测试结果。
在实验和讨论的基础上,计算机模拟技术也被引入进行相关的模拟计算。论文中选择较为简单的迭代差分法进行液晶分子指向矢分布的模拟计算,并使用Jones矩阵方法计算液晶器件的电光特性。在模拟过程中,结合对半导体纳米粒子掺杂液晶体系的空间结构模型和纳米粒子的电学特性对指向矢分布和电光特性进行重新计算,并对计算结果进行了比较。同时,结合液晶分子秩序度和液晶盒等效厚度的降低,也对这两个因素对器件开启电压的影响进行模拟计算。所得结论与实验数据相符,进一步对半导体纳米粒子掺杂液晶的体系进行了分析。
本文的创新性可以概括为三个方面,分别是低功耗的液晶器件特性,这时本文的主要研究成果,为生产和研制要求具有低功耗特性的移动液晶显示器件提供了一种新的技术手段;其次是低频率调制特性,半导体纳米粒子的掺杂改善金属纳米粒子掺杂所引入的频率调制特性,能够方便地使用现有的驱动电路进行控制,而不需要设计专门的频率调制驱动电路,这便于这项技术低成本低推广使用;最后,本文对掺杂体系物理机制的研究,既是对现有研究成果的解释,也能指导这项技术进一步深入研究。
综上,本论文介绍了CdS和ZnO两种半导体纳米粒子在5CB液晶材料中掺杂应用。所涉及的纳米粒子合成、液晶材料的掺杂与物理性质表征、液晶器件的电光特性评价、纳米粒子掺杂液晶体系的物理机理以及电光特性的计算机模拟等方面的内容,对于半导体纳米粒子掺杂液晶材料的研究开发有一定的理论指导意义,在一定程度上完善了纳米粒子掺杂液晶的研究体系,不仅有助于这项技术在实际生产中的应用,对于液晶材料技术的发展也有一定的实践意义。
Standing at the end of the first decade of 21st century, we are witnessing a small-medium LCD industry, which has been gradually accepted by the market. Technically speaking, low power consumption is a key performance. That means energy saving as well as a long working time for the LCD after battery recharging, which enhances the advantage of portability. The structure and principle of LCD are integrated complex topics. Multiple angles could work as the starting point to obtain an improved low power consumption feature, such as optimizing driver circuit pattern, using low-power consumption LED backlight, improving working mode of liquid crystal devices, and choosing liquid crystal materials with low-power features. This thesis focuses on liquid crystal materials doped with semiconductor nanoparticles, which means obtaining liquid crystal devices with low-power features via doping. This is definitely a shortcut to get twice the result with half the effort, compared with designing and synthesizing new liquid crystal materials.
Semiconductor nanoparticles' doping in liquid crystal materials is another category of nanoparticles, which is different from what has been reported in past research works such as silicon dioxide nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Although semiconductor nanoparticles has been widely used in quite a lot of fields, given its unique features in electrics, optics and chemicals, there has been few researches on the usage in doping into liquid crystal materials. In this thesis, two typical semiconductor nanoparticles, i.e., CdS and ZnO, are used to dope into 5CB liquid crystal material. The doped material's physical performance, like phase transition temperature, order parameter and dielectric anisotropy, and electrooptical characteristics, like threshold voltage, response time and frequency modulation, have been measured. It is found that the semiconductor nanoparticles doped LC cells can significantly lower threshold voltage, and this is helpful to develop the LCDs with low power consumption.
As the nanoparticles disperse uniformly between liquid crystal molecules in the doping system, the organics enwrapping them will anchor the liquid crystal molecules. While on the other hand, the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal cell also have a trend to keep the original order. Therefore, the molecule director will show bending of directions around the nanoparticles, resulting in a decrease of order parameter and phase transition temperature, respectively. As for the electrooptical characteristics of the devices, the semiconductor nanoparticles can be regarded as a dielectric sphere as they are wrapped with organics, Polarization charge and polarization electric field will emerge with external electric field. When the direction of external AC electric field changes, the external electric field and the polarization electric field can work together to push the liquid crystal molecules to turn along with the electric field direction. As a result, a lower threshold voltage will be achieved. The combined efforts by both electric fields can also explain the device response time and other test results.
Based on experiments and discussions, computer simulation technology is also introduced in related calculation. The thesis selected relatively simple simulation approach of iterative difference method to analyze the director distribution of liquid crystal molecules, based on which the transmittance of liquid crystal devices is calculated via the Jones matrix method. In the calculation process, the director distribution and electrooptical characteristics are recalculated taking into consideration the spatial structure model of the semiconductor nanoparticles doped in liquid crystal system and the electricity features of nanoparticles, and the respective results are compared. In the mean time, with the decrease of the order parameter of liquid crystal molecules and the thickness of liquid crystal cell, the impact from these two factors on threshold voltage has also been simulated. The simulation results are consistent with experiment findings, which further explain the system of semiconductor nanoparticles doped in liquid crystal materials.
The innovation of this thesis can be recapitulated into three aspects. First of all, the low power consumption of doped liquid crystal displays is the most vital result of this research. That provides a new technology approach to meet the requirement of production and investigation of mobile liquid crystal devices. Secondly, the frequency modulation characteristic introduced by semiconductor nanoparticles doped liquid crystal devices is improved compared with metal nanoparticles doped ones. The devices can be drived by existing driving circuit and there is no need to design special frequency modulation driving circuit. Last but not least, the studies on the mechanism of doping system can not only explain the research results but also give a direction to the further researches.
In summary, this thesis introduces the doping application in 5CB liquid crystal materials of two types of semiconductor nanoparticles. The research work involves synthesis of nanoparticles, doping with liquid crystal materials and measurements of physical performance of liquid crystal materials and electrooptical characteristics of liquid crys- tal devices, physical mechanism of liquid crystal system doped with nanoparticles and the computer simulation of electrooptical characteristics. This contributes to the significance of theoretical guidance for the research works on semiconductor nanoparticles' doping in liquid crystal materials and helps to fulfill the research framework of nanoparticles' doping in liquid crystal materials to some extent. The thesis is worthwhile in facilitating the application of this technology in practice, as well as in promoting the practical significance of technology development on liquid crystal materials.
引文
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