提取冷水凝固潜热的换热理论与装置
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摘要
城市污水和地表水中蕴含有极大量的热能可作为热泵供暖空调的低位冷热源。但在开发过程中,人们发现有两个限制可被称为瓶颈。一是在我国秦岭淮河以北广大的地区冬季水面封冻,冰面以下水温接近冰点,可开发的显热空间很小,而且普通换热器还存在冻裂破坏的危险。二是利用城市污水热能为建筑物供暖空调时经常遇到建筑物附近水量不足的问题。本文从节能减排的总体目标出发,提出突破冰点,获取冷水凝固潜热的新思路与新方法,建立相关理论,开发技术与设备,将曾经不可用的地表水和不够用的城市污水纳入水源热泵的低位冷热源范围内,变为可用与够用,极大地拓宽利用热泵为建筑物供热空调的应用范围。
论文简介了提取冷水凝固潜热的热泵系统,指出了凝固换热装置是该系统的关键设备,也是本文的研究目标。要开发凝固换热装置,必须解决冻结起始点的判定问题、凝固换热的计算问题、换热器的热工设计问题、冰层的清除问题、除冰装置的机械实现问题,因此论文的主要工作为:
1、从形核理论出发,着重研究了粗糙换热面上的锥尖、锥坑的形核功变化,给出了临界锥坑的概念及冰核长出锥坑的条件,分析了换热面的异质形核过程以及换热面的表面能和粗糙度对异质形核的影响,结论指出采用高能表面及表面粗糙化处理可以减小冷水冻结的过冷度。通过对比均质形核速率、换热面异质形核速率、悬浮微粒形核速率,指出接近0℃条件下,冷水只在换热表面形核并冻结。推导了冰核生长速率方程和冰相面积扩张速率方程,与文献数据进行对比分析,验证了其正确性,在此基础上给出了冷水在普通钢表面发生冻结的最小过冷度,并将之作为冻结判据。
2、论述了连续除冰条件下凝固换热的准稳态假设的合理性,建立了两侧对流主导条件下的相界面能量守恒方程,通过无因次化解析分析,分别得到了平面冻结、内环面冻结、外环面冻结三种情况下的冰层厚度、生长速率和极限冻结厚度的准则公式和冰层生长规律;定义了凝固传热系数,并以无因次冰层厚度为基础,推导给出了凝固换热在壁面法线方向上的瞬时与时均换热计算准则关联式。结论指出,三种冻结方式的冻结过程和特点是各不相同,而且凝固换热量不仅与换热总温差、总热阻有关,还与温差和热阻在相界面两侧的分配方式有关。
3、对换热器进行合理而必要的准稳态简化后,以冻结判据和法向时均换热准则关联式为基础,根据冻结判据给出了冻结起始点的参数公式,并以之为边界条件建立了冰浆换热的内热源模型和冷媒侧的温度-热流密度耦合方程,提出了温度-热量迭代算法。着重分析了顺流、逆流、冷媒定温、给定蒸发器参数四种已知条件下的设计和校核方法,通过编制的适用于计算和校核、不同冻结方式、不同流动换热形式、不同计算条件等30种组合的通用程序FHEDesign,分析了凝固换热装置的换热性能与特点,结论指出与其它相变换热器类似:流动换热形式和相变侧(冷水侧)参数变化对换热总量影响较小,具有很好的流量稳定性和温度稳定性。冻结过冷度和清冰周期是影响换热总量的主要因素。
4、通过建立应力平衡方程并进行应力状态分析,分别建立了垂直刮削、倾斜刮削条件下的冰层脱附模型和脆裂模型,依据材料强度理论分析得到了冰层清除所必需的外力及其影响因素,并进一步求解得到了机械刮削除冰的能耗预测公式,为刮冰机构的电机选型提供了依据。结论指出,倾斜刮削可极大地减小除冰能耗,40o倾斜角具有最小刮削力和能耗,冰层剥离能耗约为FHE换热量的1‰到1%,说明机械除冰具有很好的经济可行性。
5、发明了一种可用于提取冷水凝固潜热的拉环式凝固换热装置,介绍了其工作原理和技术措施,给出了主动绞轮和拉索直径的设计计算方法,并举例设计了实验用样机。通过样机在热泵供暖空调系统实验台上的实验,验证了上述凝固换热理论和凝固换热装置的设计校核方法、除冰能耗预测公式的正确性,同时验证了这种新型换热装置的可靠性和技术可行性。通过对热泵系统综合性能的测试,说明凝固潜热型热泵机组具有较好性能系数。通过本文的研究工作,完成了提取冷水凝固潜热换热装置的理论研究和设计开发,并实验验证了其理论和方法的正确性及凝固潜热型热泵的可行性,为地表水和污水热能资源化找到了新的途径。
There is a great lot of energy in urban sewage and surface water that can be used as lower heating or cooling source of heat pump for heating and air conditioning. In the process of exploitation there were two restrictions. First, in north china beyond Qinling mountain range and Huaihe River, surface water would be frozen in winter. Water under ice layer is 0℃, there is almost no sensible heat, and conditional heat exchanger would be frosted crack and destroyed. Second, the around sewage flux is always inadequate for building heating or air conditioning. This dissertation started from energy conservation and environment protection, has indicated the idea and method that is breaking through freezing point and obtaining freezing latent heat. Some correlative theory and technology had established, and the special heat exchanger has developed. So the unusable surface water and insufficient sewage would be usable and enough for heat pump. This new technology would greatly enlarge the application scale of water source heat pump. To develop the Freezing Heat Exchanger (FHE), there were several questions must be solved, such as judgment of freeze, freezing heat transfer, design of FHE, clear of ice layer, realization of mechanism. So the main work and produce of the dissertation are as following.
(1) Used nucleation theory, the changes of nucleated work on cone pit and cone tip of rough surface had been researched. The concept of critical cone pit and condition of nucleus growth out had been given. The process of hetero-nucleation and influence to hetero-nucleation by surface energy and roughness had been analyzed and indicated that the high-energy surface and coarsening treatment can reduce the frozen degree of supercooling. Contrasted the velocities of homo-nucleation, hetero-nucleation and suspend particle nucleation, discovered that cold water can only be frozen on surface in low temperature. Deduced the growth velocity of ice phase and spread velocity of ice area, proved their correction by results in literatures. At last through experiment data, the minimum supercooling degree of water frozen on real steel surface, and it’s the judgment of freezing.
(2) On the basis of quasi-steady assumption, the energy conservation differential equation of phase interface under double dominative convection conditions has been established. By analysis of non-dimensional analytic method, the non-dimensional criteria formula of ice thickness, growth velocity and limited frozen thickness had been all given out. Through integral average of time, the calculated criteria formula of freezing heat transfer under continuously de-icing. Analyzed results indicated that the three modes freezing had different process and characteristics, and the quantity of freezing heat transfer was not only related to total temperature difference and total thermo-resistance, it’s also related to the ratio of temperature distribution and ratio of thermo-resistance.
(3) On the basis of freezing judgment and time-averaged heat transfer criteria formula, calculated method of freezing start point has been given. Established the internal heat source model of ice-slurry meltage and equation of cooling medium temperature, in order to solve them, the iterative method of temperature and heat has been created. The design method of parallel-flow, counter-flow and constant temperature of cooling medium had analyzed. Through the general program for FHE design and check called FHEDesign, the heat transfer performance and characteristics of FHE had been analyzed; results indicated that FHE is similar to other phase-changing heat-exchanger, such as evaporator or condenser. The flow mode and change of parameters of cold water had very little influence to total transferred heat, and FHE had very good stability of flux and temperature. The freezing degree of supercooling and period of de-icing is the most important factor to total transferred heat of FHE.
(4) Through the establishment of stress balance equation and analysis of stress status, de-icing model and brittle fracture model under the conditions of vertical scraping and tilt scraping are presented respectively. According to material strength theory, the thesis analyses necessary external force to eliminate ice layer and its influencing factors, and then gains energy consumption forecast formula of mechanical scraping deicing, which provides the basis for motor selection of ice-scraping mechanism. Conclusion shows that tilt scraping can greatly reduce deicing energy consumption, that the smallest scraping force and energy consumption are obtained with tilt angle of 40o and that energy consumption of scraping ice is less than 1‰to 1% of heat exchange amount, which shows mechanical deicing owns economic feasibility.
(5) Invents a kind of pulling-scraper online surfaces clean heat exchanger and heat exchanger to extract freezing latent heat of cold water, introduces its work principle and technical measures, presents design and calculation method of the initiative wring wheel and the cable diameter and designs the experimental prototype as an example. Through experiments on the heat pump heating and air conditioning system test-bed, validates the correctness of above freezing phase change heat exchange theory, the design and verification methods of FHE and deicing energy consumption forecast formula, at the same time validates reliability and technical feasibility of new heat exchange device. Through testing comprehensive properties of heat pump system, shows that heat pump of freezing latent heat has good technical and economic feasibility.
Through the work of dissertation, the theoretical research and design development of Freezing Heat Exchanger to extract freezing latent heat of cold water had been done, and validated their correctness and feasibility of freezing latent heat source heat pump, which leads a new approach for heat energy utilization of surface water and sewage.
论文简介了提取冷水凝固潜热的热泵系统,指出了凝固换热装置是该系统的关键设备,也是本文的研究目标。要开发凝固换热装置,必须解决冻结起始点的判定问题、凝固换热的计算问题、换热器的热工设计问题、冰层的清除问题、除冰装置的机械实现问题,因此论文的主要工作为:
1、从形核理论出发,着重研究了粗糙换热面上的锥尖、锥坑的形核功变化,给出了临界锥坑的概念及冰核长出锥坑的条件,分析了换热面的异质形核过程以及换热面的表面能和粗糙度对异质形核的影响,结论指出采用高能表面及表面粗糙化处理可以减小冷水冻结的过冷度。通过对比均质形核速率、换热面异质形核速率、悬浮微粒形核速率,指出接近0℃条件下,冷水只在换热表面形核并冻结。推导了冰核生长速率方程和冰相面积扩张速率方程,与文献数据进行对比分析,验证了其正确性,在此基础上给出了冷水在普通钢表面发生冻结的最小过冷度,并将之作为冻结判据。
2、论述了连续除冰条件下凝固换热的准稳态假设的合理性,建立了两侧对流主导条件下的相界面能量守恒方程,通过无因次化解析分析,分别得到了平面冻结、内环面冻结、外环面冻结三种情况下的冰层厚度、生长速率和极限冻结厚度的准则公式和冰层生长规律;定义了凝固传热系数,并以无因次冰层厚度为基础,推导给出了凝固换热在壁面法线方向上的瞬时与时均换热计算准则关联式。结论指出,三种冻结方式的冻结过程和特点是各不相同,而且凝固换热量不仅与换热总温差、总热阻有关,还与温差和热阻在相界面两侧的分配方式有关。
3、对换热器进行合理而必要的准稳态简化后,以冻结判据和法向时均换热准则关联式为基础,根据冻结判据给出了冻结起始点的参数公式,并以之为边界条件建立了冰浆换热的内热源模型和冷媒侧的温度-热流密度耦合方程,提出了温度-热量迭代算法。着重分析了顺流、逆流、冷媒定温、给定蒸发器参数四种已知条件下的设计和校核方法,通过编制的适用于计算和校核、不同冻结方式、不同流动换热形式、不同计算条件等30种组合的通用程序FHEDesign,分析了凝固换热装置的换热性能与特点,结论指出与其它相变换热器类似:流动换热形式和相变侧(冷水侧)参数变化对换热总量影响较小,具有很好的流量稳定性和温度稳定性。冻结过冷度和清冰周期是影响换热总量的主要因素。
4、通过建立应力平衡方程并进行应力状态分析,分别建立了垂直刮削、倾斜刮削条件下的冰层脱附模型和脆裂模型,依据材料强度理论分析得到了冰层清除所必需的外力及其影响因素,并进一步求解得到了机械刮削除冰的能耗预测公式,为刮冰机构的电机选型提供了依据。结论指出,倾斜刮削可极大地减小除冰能耗,40o倾斜角具有最小刮削力和能耗,冰层剥离能耗约为FHE换热量的1‰到1%,说明机械除冰具有很好的经济可行性。
5、发明了一种可用于提取冷水凝固潜热的拉环式凝固换热装置,介绍了其工作原理和技术措施,给出了主动绞轮和拉索直径的设计计算方法,并举例设计了实验用样机。通过样机在热泵供暖空调系统实验台上的实验,验证了上述凝固换热理论和凝固换热装置的设计校核方法、除冰能耗预测公式的正确性,同时验证了这种新型换热装置的可靠性和技术可行性。通过对热泵系统综合性能的测试,说明凝固潜热型热泵机组具有较好性能系数。通过本文的研究工作,完成了提取冷水凝固潜热换热装置的理论研究和设计开发,并实验验证了其理论和方法的正确性及凝固潜热型热泵的可行性,为地表水和污水热能资源化找到了新的途径。
There is a great lot of energy in urban sewage and surface water that can be used as lower heating or cooling source of heat pump for heating and air conditioning. In the process of exploitation there were two restrictions. First, in north china beyond Qinling mountain range and Huaihe River, surface water would be frozen in winter. Water under ice layer is 0℃, there is almost no sensible heat, and conditional heat exchanger would be frosted crack and destroyed. Second, the around sewage flux is always inadequate for building heating or air conditioning. This dissertation started from energy conservation and environment protection, has indicated the idea and method that is breaking through freezing point and obtaining freezing latent heat. Some correlative theory and technology had established, and the special heat exchanger has developed. So the unusable surface water and insufficient sewage would be usable and enough for heat pump. This new technology would greatly enlarge the application scale of water source heat pump. To develop the Freezing Heat Exchanger (FHE), there were several questions must be solved, such as judgment of freeze, freezing heat transfer, design of FHE, clear of ice layer, realization of mechanism. So the main work and produce of the dissertation are as following.
(1) Used nucleation theory, the changes of nucleated work on cone pit and cone tip of rough surface had been researched. The concept of critical cone pit and condition of nucleus growth out had been given. The process of hetero-nucleation and influence to hetero-nucleation by surface energy and roughness had been analyzed and indicated that the high-energy surface and coarsening treatment can reduce the frozen degree of supercooling. Contrasted the velocities of homo-nucleation, hetero-nucleation and suspend particle nucleation, discovered that cold water can only be frozen on surface in low temperature. Deduced the growth velocity of ice phase and spread velocity of ice area, proved their correction by results in literatures. At last through experiment data, the minimum supercooling degree of water frozen on real steel surface, and it’s the judgment of freezing.
(2) On the basis of quasi-steady assumption, the energy conservation differential equation of phase interface under double dominative convection conditions has been established. By analysis of non-dimensional analytic method, the non-dimensional criteria formula of ice thickness, growth velocity and limited frozen thickness had been all given out. Through integral average of time, the calculated criteria formula of freezing heat transfer under continuously de-icing. Analyzed results indicated that the three modes freezing had different process and characteristics, and the quantity of freezing heat transfer was not only related to total temperature difference and total thermo-resistance, it’s also related to the ratio of temperature distribution and ratio of thermo-resistance.
(3) On the basis of freezing judgment and time-averaged heat transfer criteria formula, calculated method of freezing start point has been given. Established the internal heat source model of ice-slurry meltage and equation of cooling medium temperature, in order to solve them, the iterative method of temperature and heat has been created. The design method of parallel-flow, counter-flow and constant temperature of cooling medium had analyzed. Through the general program for FHE design and check called FHEDesign, the heat transfer performance and characteristics of FHE had been analyzed; results indicated that FHE is similar to other phase-changing heat-exchanger, such as evaporator or condenser. The flow mode and change of parameters of cold water had very little influence to total transferred heat, and FHE had very good stability of flux and temperature. The freezing degree of supercooling and period of de-icing is the most important factor to total transferred heat of FHE.
(4) Through the establishment of stress balance equation and analysis of stress status, de-icing model and brittle fracture model under the conditions of vertical scraping and tilt scraping are presented respectively. According to material strength theory, the thesis analyses necessary external force to eliminate ice layer and its influencing factors, and then gains energy consumption forecast formula of mechanical scraping deicing, which provides the basis for motor selection of ice-scraping mechanism. Conclusion shows that tilt scraping can greatly reduce deicing energy consumption, that the smallest scraping force and energy consumption are obtained with tilt angle of 40o and that energy consumption of scraping ice is less than 1‰to 1% of heat exchange amount, which shows mechanical deicing owns economic feasibility.
(5) Invents a kind of pulling-scraper online surfaces clean heat exchanger and heat exchanger to extract freezing latent heat of cold water, introduces its work principle and technical measures, presents design and calculation method of the initiative wring wheel and the cable diameter and designs the experimental prototype as an example. Through experiments on the heat pump heating and air conditioning system test-bed, validates the correctness of above freezing phase change heat exchange theory, the design and verification methods of FHE and deicing energy consumption forecast formula, at the same time validates reliability and technical feasibility of new heat exchange device. Through testing comprehensive properties of heat pump system, shows that heat pump of freezing latent heat has good technical and economic feasibility.
Through the work of dissertation, the theoretical research and design development of Freezing Heat Exchanger to extract freezing latent heat of cold water had been done, and validated their correctness and feasibility of freezing latent heat source heat pump, which leads a new approach for heat energy utilization of surface water and sewage.
引文
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