北京山区水源涵养林结构与功能耦合关系研究
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摘要
本研究以北京山区水源涵养林为研究对象,调查、分析、归纳其典型森林类型结构特征,同时针对其涵养水源、保持水土、改善水质三大生态功能为目标,揭示北京山区水源林结构和功能耦合关系,提出北京山区水源涵养林理想结构,并提出调整建议,为水源涵养林经营奠定理论基础。本文主要取得了如下研究成果:
(1)对北京山区水源林整体分布特征和典型森林类型结构特征进行了研究。通过对北京山区水源林18种典型森林类型林分结构归纳总结,从林分物种结构、水平结构(混交度、年龄、郁闭度、大小比数)、垂直结构(林层、灌草盖度)、生物量、土壤厚度等方面,提出北京山区典型森林类型的结构特征,并定量化表达,从而总结出北京山区水源林结构的关键要素是:异龄、复层和混交。目前,北京山区天然林结构多为异龄、复层和混交,而人工林多数是同龄、单层和纯林。
(2)对林分层次和流域层次水源林结构与功能耦合关系进行研究。在林分层次研究中,整合已有研究成果,选取林分树种组成结构(X1)、林分年龄结构(X2)、林分郁闭度(X3)、林分起源结构(X4)、林分层次结构(X5)、林分生物量结构(X6)、林分土壤厚度(X7),建立研究区水源林林分结构与功能耦合关系模型,模型如下:保持水土功能(Y1): Y1=0.143X1+0.226X2+0.233X3+0.207X4+0.209X5+0.240X6+0.105X7涵养水源功能(Y2): Y2=0.221X1+0.016X2-0.184X3-0.372X4+0.367X5-0.229X6+0.597X7改善水质功能(Y3): Y3=0.923X1+0.065X2-0.361X3-0.116X4-0.123X5+0.122X6-0.404X7
并且,为将林分结构因子整体表达,本研究利用生物全息律构建理想的森林结构模式,绘制其“结构树”,采用“结构树”对水源林林分结构与功能耦合关系量化表达。
在流域层次上,提出与流域水源林功能密切相关的结构因子,包括水源林年龄结构、水源林面积比例、水源林空间分布,利用三个结构因子共同建立水源林流域结构与功能耦合模型,公式为:
(3)分别从林分层次和流域层次上提出了北京山区水源林的理想结构。首先,经过对北京山区水源林天然林和人工林结构要素的演替动态研究,提出其发展规律,同时依据水源林结构与功能耦合关系研究,从林分层次和流域层次上分别构建了水源林的理想结构,其中,林分层次上水源林的理想结构为:异龄、复层、混交的结构状态,林分结构趋于天然林结构的特征;在流域层次上水源林的理想结构为也应形成“复层”、“异龄”、“混交”的结构,即:在流域各水源林斑块间形成林冠层复层、斑块内部乔木、灌木、草本层的复层;不同水源林年龄面积上的均匀分布;形成不同水源林斑块间的镶嵌分布。最后,结合北京山区水源林理想结构的研究,提出北京山区水源涵养调整建议。
This study focused on the theoretical discipline of the realionship between structure and function of water conservation forest, and the structural characteristics of typical water conservation forest types in mountain Beijing by scientific methods. The realionship was researched from water and soil conservation in addition to improve water quality. The ideal structures of water conservation forest were advanced from stand level and watershed level. Furthermore, the management was proposed to protect and develope water conservation forest in mountain area Beijing. The mainly study results as follows:
(1) The study focused on the characteristics of whole distribution and typical structures of water conservation forest in moutain areas of Beijing. According to analized the structure of 18 typical forest stands, including the species structure, horizontal structure, vertical structure, quantitative indicators and standards.Conclusion that: uneven-aged, double layer and mixed structure were the key elements of forest structure. it is match that the structure of natural water conservation forest. However, the structure of same age, single and pure forest most in artificial plantation in mountain areas of Beijing.
(2) The coupling models were established from stand level and watershed level to describe the relationship between structure and function of water conservation forestin mountain area of Beijing. In the stand level, the coupling model was established using seven key factors (species composition-x1, age-x2, origin-x3, density-x4, level-x5, biomass-x6, thickness of soil-x7) which had proposed after extensive research. The stand coupling model of water conservation forest: Founction of soil conservation (Y1): Y1=0.143X1+0.226X2+0.233X3+0.207X4+0.209X5+0.240X6+0.105X7 Founction of water conservation (Y2): Y2=0.221X1+0.016X2-0.184X3-0.372X4+0.367X5-0.229X6+0.597X7 Founction of improving water quality (Y3): Y3=0.923X1+0.065X2-0.361X3-0.116X4-0.123X5+0.122X6-0.404X7
At the same time, using "structure tree"to describe the whole structure of stand factors which established from ECIWO biology.
In the watershed level, the coupling model was established using three key factors (age structure, the proportion of forest area, spatial distribution) with principles of Landscape Ecology. The watershed coupling model of water conservation forest:
(3) The ideal structures were established from the stand level and the watershed level for water conservation forests in mountain areas of Beijing. Firstly, according to study dynamic changes of the elements structures in succession about natural and artificial forest, then summarized regular patterns;at the same time.based on the study of Coupling Relationship between structure and function of water conservation forest established the ideal structures from the stand level and the watershed level. The ideal structures from the stand level: uneven-aged, double layer and mixed structure, and trend to natural forest. The watershed level followed the same principle, that is double layer patches, uneven-aged forest well-distributed and to build up different forest patches in watershed. Last, the management guidelines should focus to imitate the natural forest structure for water conservation forests in mountain area Beijing.
(1)对北京山区水源林整体分布特征和典型森林类型结构特征进行了研究。通过对北京山区水源林18种典型森林类型林分结构归纳总结,从林分物种结构、水平结构(混交度、年龄、郁闭度、大小比数)、垂直结构(林层、灌草盖度)、生物量、土壤厚度等方面,提出北京山区典型森林类型的结构特征,并定量化表达,从而总结出北京山区水源林结构的关键要素是:异龄、复层和混交。目前,北京山区天然林结构多为异龄、复层和混交,而人工林多数是同龄、单层和纯林。
(2)对林分层次和流域层次水源林结构与功能耦合关系进行研究。在林分层次研究中,整合已有研究成果,选取林分树种组成结构(X1)、林分年龄结构(X2)、林分郁闭度(X3)、林分起源结构(X4)、林分层次结构(X5)、林分生物量结构(X6)、林分土壤厚度(X7),建立研究区水源林林分结构与功能耦合关系模型,模型如下:保持水土功能(Y1): Y1=0.143X1+0.226X2+0.233X3+0.207X4+0.209X5+0.240X6+0.105X7涵养水源功能(Y2): Y2=0.221X1+0.016X2-0.184X3-0.372X4+0.367X5-0.229X6+0.597X7改善水质功能(Y3): Y3=0.923X1+0.065X2-0.361X3-0.116X4-0.123X5+0.122X6-0.404X7
并且,为将林分结构因子整体表达,本研究利用生物全息律构建理想的森林结构模式,绘制其“结构树”,采用“结构树”对水源林林分结构与功能耦合关系量化表达。
在流域层次上,提出与流域水源林功能密切相关的结构因子,包括水源林年龄结构、水源林面积比例、水源林空间分布,利用三个结构因子共同建立水源林流域结构与功能耦合模型,公式为:
(3)分别从林分层次和流域层次上提出了北京山区水源林的理想结构。首先,经过对北京山区水源林天然林和人工林结构要素的演替动态研究,提出其发展规律,同时依据水源林结构与功能耦合关系研究,从林分层次和流域层次上分别构建了水源林的理想结构,其中,林分层次上水源林的理想结构为:异龄、复层、混交的结构状态,林分结构趋于天然林结构的特征;在流域层次上水源林的理想结构为也应形成“复层”、“异龄”、“混交”的结构,即:在流域各水源林斑块间形成林冠层复层、斑块内部乔木、灌木、草本层的复层;不同水源林年龄面积上的均匀分布;形成不同水源林斑块间的镶嵌分布。最后,结合北京山区水源林理想结构的研究,提出北京山区水源涵养调整建议。
This study focused on the theoretical discipline of the realionship between structure and function of water conservation forest, and the structural characteristics of typical water conservation forest types in mountain Beijing by scientific methods. The realionship was researched from water and soil conservation in addition to improve water quality. The ideal structures of water conservation forest were advanced from stand level and watershed level. Furthermore, the management was proposed to protect and develope water conservation forest in mountain area Beijing. The mainly study results as follows:
(1) The study focused on the characteristics of whole distribution and typical structures of water conservation forest in moutain areas of Beijing. According to analized the structure of 18 typical forest stands, including the species structure, horizontal structure, vertical structure, quantitative indicators and standards.Conclusion that: uneven-aged, double layer and mixed structure were the key elements of forest structure. it is match that the structure of natural water conservation forest. However, the structure of same age, single and pure forest most in artificial plantation in mountain areas of Beijing.
(2) The coupling models were established from stand level and watershed level to describe the relationship between structure and function of water conservation forestin mountain area of Beijing. In the stand level, the coupling model was established using seven key factors (species composition-x1, age-x2, origin-x3, density-x4, level-x5, biomass-x6, thickness of soil-x7) which had proposed after extensive research. The stand coupling model of water conservation forest: Founction of soil conservation (Y1): Y1=0.143X1+0.226X2+0.233X3+0.207X4+0.209X5+0.240X6+0.105X7 Founction of water conservation (Y2): Y2=0.221X1+0.016X2-0.184X3-0.372X4+0.367X5-0.229X6+0.597X7 Founction of improving water quality (Y3): Y3=0.923X1+0.065X2-0.361X3-0.116X4-0.123X5+0.122X6-0.404X7
At the same time, using "structure tree"to describe the whole structure of stand factors which established from ECIWO biology.
In the watershed level, the coupling model was established using three key factors (age structure, the proportion of forest area, spatial distribution) with principles of Landscape Ecology. The watershed coupling model of water conservation forest:
(3) The ideal structures were established from the stand level and the watershed level for water conservation forests in mountain areas of Beijing. Firstly, according to study dynamic changes of the elements structures in succession about natural and artificial forest, then summarized regular patterns;at the same time.based on the study of Coupling Relationship between structure and function of water conservation forest established the ideal structures from the stand level and the watershed level. The ideal structures from the stand level: uneven-aged, double layer and mixed structure, and trend to natural forest. The watershed level followed the same principle, that is double layer patches, uneven-aged forest well-distributed and to build up different forest patches in watershed. Last, the management guidelines should focus to imitate the natural forest structure for water conservation forests in mountain area Beijing.
引文
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