转基因作物环境风险特性及其安全管理研究
|
摘要
众所周知,转基因作物研究和应用在给人类带来福利的同时,也会存在风险。转基因作物研究阶段的风险主要是环境风险,造成风险发生的主要因素是研究者的操作规程、实验室设施是否合乎要求等。因此,为了对转基因作物研究的环境风险进行控制,现有的工作主要是制定技术人员实验室和田间操作规范。但是,由于这些操作规范的执行涉及到人力和物力的投入,因而,规则和制度的遵守涉及到研究人员遵守规则的激励问题。这可能是转基因作物研究阶段风险控制的主要问题,但现有的研究对此很少涉及。即将启动投资35亿美元的转基因生物研究重大专项,标志着我国广泛开展转基因生物研究的时代已经到来,因此对研究阶段的环境风险控制研究具有重要的现实意义。
本研究主要研究四个方面的问题:首先对转基因技术的技术特性进行分析,从而推导出其经济特性;其次,基于商品品质属性的视角对转基因作物环境风险进行分类;第三,基于转基因技术的经济特性,推导出在现有的制度框架下我国转基因作物研究人员、行政监管人员和转基因检测中心人员的行为,并进行了实证调查;第四,通过问卷的方式对可能有效的监管政策的制度措施进行了核实。
所采用的方法有:问卷调查、访谈和理论分析。
根据我们的研究,得到以下几个结论:
(1)按照转基因作物研究的技术特性,可以将转基因作物环境风险分为搜寻品、经验品和信用品,其中信用品属性是转基因风险面临的主要问题。
转基因作物研究中的许多行为都会导致环境风险。其中,有些实验室操作的风险(包括实验室设备条件)容易识别,或者其发现成本相对较低,只要掌握了试验条件要求和操作规范的人员都能进行监管,外部行政监管是非常有效的方法。有些操作的风险或潜在风险,不可以立即预见到,只有在实施一段时间以后,才可以发现,具有经验品特征的风险,采用声誉机制和减少信息不对称(信息公开与共享)等进行治理,科研人员“自管”为主,行政监管为辅是较好的制度安排。更进一步,绝大多数的转基因作物研究操作风险,具有极强的信用品特征,一般在实验室内或在密封的温网室进行,同时操作过程的知识性很强,一般人很难判断其规范性;即使出现了环境安全问题,在环境中需要很长时间才能表现出来(效应严重滞后),也很难追溯到相应的责任人。转基因作物研究中的操作风险的识别成本高,再加上转基因环境风险控制中需要有物质和时间的投入,可能导致行为人可能有极强的机会主义激励,因此,要采用多种监管措施,如声誉机制、考核机制、市场竞争机制、法律措施等综合运用,对于转基因作物环境风险的控制,核心是这种极强信用品特性的风险控制。
(2)从事转基因作物研究的科研人员的调查结果显示,影响我国科研人员转基因环境风险控制行为的3个主因子是风险认知和控制能力、行为意向和同行影响,存在机会主义行为动机和监管的信息不对称。我国科研人员对转基因作物环境风险的认知还不够,对转基因作物安全管理的政策法规了解就更少,而科研人员对风险的认知程度和行为意向均显著影响其对风险的控制行为。目前我国从事转基因作物研究的单位,其安全设施不到位,一部分研究单位没有规范操作。行政监管部门监管不得力,多数流于形式,其监督行为对科研人员的转基因风险控制行为影响没有达到显著水平。科研单位内部的监管更多也更有效,科研人员也普遍认为以研究单位自管或以研究单位自管为主,行政监管为辅更有效。
(3)检测中心人员的调查结果显示,我国农业转基因生物检测中心主要依托于研究单位和大学,以副高级及正高级职称的人员为主。近三年来主要承担的任务是转基因成分检测,并且任务主要来源于政府委托。目前多数检测中心任务不饱满,一些设备条件还没有到位,运行经费不足。人才队伍知识结构不合理,缺乏既懂分子生物学又懂生物化学和分析化学的专门人才。目前我国没有专门研究经费支持检测技术研究工作,也未开展长期的监测研究工作。
(4)通过对国外主要三种监管模式的分析,以及对我国现行监管体系的分析,提出了我国现行监管体系存在的不足:强调技术性而忽视了行为管理,国务院与主管部门的责任与知识配置不当,各部委之间的关系不清难以协调,中央主管部门与省级行政主管部门的责任配置不当,缺少政府管理绩效评价机制。
基于本研究结果,提出了相应的政策建议:根据风险特点,采用分类管理;提高科研人员的风险认知和控制能力;加强科研单位风险防范设施建设;明确检测中心的地位和作用,建设专业化的检测机构;加强检测中心的条件和人才队伍建设,积极开展检测技术及监测研究;根据各相关机构的行为特征,采取相应的考核办法。
Transgenic crop has been expanded rapidly since the appearance of first transgenic tomato in America market in 1993. It is common knowledge that there are risks in this area just like all other new technologies, and the existing regulation and policy need to be updated to adapt to these new technologies. While taking the most advantages of this transgenic technology and keeping the accompanied risk under control is becoming one of the most important issues around the world.
There is limited number of publications related to the classification of these risks, and less was reported regarding to the combined effect of the risk characteristics and the management. The management of the risk is more to do with the proper management of related stuff and their activities. From our investigation of individual cases, such risk classification is very important in control the risks, and there are little report in risk classification in the world. Scientific research institutes can be the original source of these risks. The inspection and detection centre for transgenic security is the most important force in finding, assessing and analyzing any risks. According to above information, we first adopted theory of Planned Behavior, Goal-setting theory and Information Asymmetry and designed examinations to test the behavioral characteristics of research scientists. In the mean time, we also studied the current condition of the inspection and detection centre for transgenic security. From these results, we found the characteristics and the deficiency of administration.
The major results are:
1. Risk characteristics of transgenic crops have shown the knowledgeable, uncertainty, lagging relatively stagnates, public externality, irreversibility and credence characteristics, and the effect of government management has also shown the credence characteristics. These risks can be classified into three groups the risks with the attribute of search goods, risks with the attribute of experience goods and the risks with the attribute of credence goods, and the governance mechanism should be correspondence to the attributes of the risks. The risks with the attribute of search goods which can be called the operation risks were caused by the improper operations. Administration regulation can be effective, because the risks are easy to be indentified. The risks with the attribute of experience goods which are indentified more difficult than the risks with search goods attribute should be adapted reputation mechanism to reduce information asymmetry. So, internal management of the research institute, or administration management as an assistant should be the best regulation method which can be use the scientists' knowledge effectively. The last group of risks which is the most difficult to be indentified and most important and popular should be adapted integrated mechanism, such as reputation, examining, market competition, law and so on.
2. We first collected and analyzed the behavioral pattern of scientists in transgenic crop research area. The results indicated that their attitude are rather cautious and risk preventive, but not enough knowledge to recognize the early risks and understand little about the regulations. Their knowledge and understanding about the potential risks can influence their behavior in controlling those risks. At present the security control and management is not sufficient in our research institutes. These security regulations haven't been implemented and enforced efficiently. The security administration is not effective in monitor research activities. The internal supervision of research institute can be effective. Research scientists believe that the best security system should have internal supervision as the major force plus administration assistance.
3. Investigation result of the inspection and detection centre for transgenic security indicated that they strongly rely on the research institutes and universities, the stuff members mostly are senior research scientists. In the last three years, the major task is to detect the transgenic component, and these tasks are mainly from government. Currently their work load is well under their capacity and some of their equipments are still to be placed and the funding is not sufficient. There are also lack of specialists who have strong background both in biochemistry and genetic biotechnology. At present there is no specific funding to support the research of technology in risk testing and evaluation.
4. After analyzing and testing three existing models of regulatory system for transgenic organisms in the world, and regulatory system of China, we identified the problems in our regulatory system. We often over emphasized the characteristics of new technologies and overlooked the behavioral management. The responsibility and understanding of State Department and administration sector of Agricultural Ministry are mismatched and some major adjustments are needed. The relationship and responsibility need further clarification among associated departments, and the government management needs to be regularly evaluated.
Based on above results, we suggest:
1. according to the risk characteristics, adopting risk classification management, to help research scientists to recognize the potential risks and their risk control ability
2. to provide appropriate equipment in risk prevention in research institutes.
3. to identify and clarify the role and function of the inspection and detection centre for transgenic security, to improve the condition and to build an effective team, and to support some project for studying the detect technology of transgenic crops and building a sustainable system in place to manage these potential risks.
4. according to the behavioral characteristics, to adopt pertinent examinations
The material, data and researcher of this study has special feature and advanced and expanded the research area in this subject.
1. due to the risk characteristics, the risk management and study need solid background knowledge of the researcher in both science and economy, and the researcher happen to have extensive experience in both areas.
2. the data are random and collected from a wide range research individuals, can best present the current situations in risk management in transgenic crop development. All related procedure of transgenic crop were examined first hand, the behavioral pattern of research scientists were investigated and analyzed.
3. from the research results, the risk characteristics were first identified and classified, adopted theories of Planned Behavior and Goal-setting to obtain the behavioral patterns and to identified the key factors influencing those behaviors. It clarified the role, function and identified the problems of the inspection and detection centre for transgenic security. After analyzing these results, the problems in current administration and risk inspection were also identified.
These findings have expanded the research area in transgenic security management and provided reliable information for establishing an efficient security system.
本研究主要研究四个方面的问题:首先对转基因技术的技术特性进行分析,从而推导出其经济特性;其次,基于商品品质属性的视角对转基因作物环境风险进行分类;第三,基于转基因技术的经济特性,推导出在现有的制度框架下我国转基因作物研究人员、行政监管人员和转基因检测中心人员的行为,并进行了实证调查;第四,通过问卷的方式对可能有效的监管政策的制度措施进行了核实。
所采用的方法有:问卷调查、访谈和理论分析。
根据我们的研究,得到以下几个结论:
(1)按照转基因作物研究的技术特性,可以将转基因作物环境风险分为搜寻品、经验品和信用品,其中信用品属性是转基因风险面临的主要问题。
转基因作物研究中的许多行为都会导致环境风险。其中,有些实验室操作的风险(包括实验室设备条件)容易识别,或者其发现成本相对较低,只要掌握了试验条件要求和操作规范的人员都能进行监管,外部行政监管是非常有效的方法。有些操作的风险或潜在风险,不可以立即预见到,只有在实施一段时间以后,才可以发现,具有经验品特征的风险,采用声誉机制和减少信息不对称(信息公开与共享)等进行治理,科研人员“自管”为主,行政监管为辅是较好的制度安排。更进一步,绝大多数的转基因作物研究操作风险,具有极强的信用品特征,一般在实验室内或在密封的温网室进行,同时操作过程的知识性很强,一般人很难判断其规范性;即使出现了环境安全问题,在环境中需要很长时间才能表现出来(效应严重滞后),也很难追溯到相应的责任人。转基因作物研究中的操作风险的识别成本高,再加上转基因环境风险控制中需要有物质和时间的投入,可能导致行为人可能有极强的机会主义激励,因此,要采用多种监管措施,如声誉机制、考核机制、市场竞争机制、法律措施等综合运用,对于转基因作物环境风险的控制,核心是这种极强信用品特性的风险控制。
(2)从事转基因作物研究的科研人员的调查结果显示,影响我国科研人员转基因环境风险控制行为的3个主因子是风险认知和控制能力、行为意向和同行影响,存在机会主义行为动机和监管的信息不对称。我国科研人员对转基因作物环境风险的认知还不够,对转基因作物安全管理的政策法规了解就更少,而科研人员对风险的认知程度和行为意向均显著影响其对风险的控制行为。目前我国从事转基因作物研究的单位,其安全设施不到位,一部分研究单位没有规范操作。行政监管部门监管不得力,多数流于形式,其监督行为对科研人员的转基因风险控制行为影响没有达到显著水平。科研单位内部的监管更多也更有效,科研人员也普遍认为以研究单位自管或以研究单位自管为主,行政监管为辅更有效。
(3)检测中心人员的调查结果显示,我国农业转基因生物检测中心主要依托于研究单位和大学,以副高级及正高级职称的人员为主。近三年来主要承担的任务是转基因成分检测,并且任务主要来源于政府委托。目前多数检测中心任务不饱满,一些设备条件还没有到位,运行经费不足。人才队伍知识结构不合理,缺乏既懂分子生物学又懂生物化学和分析化学的专门人才。目前我国没有专门研究经费支持检测技术研究工作,也未开展长期的监测研究工作。
(4)通过对国外主要三种监管模式的分析,以及对我国现行监管体系的分析,提出了我国现行监管体系存在的不足:强调技术性而忽视了行为管理,国务院与主管部门的责任与知识配置不当,各部委之间的关系不清难以协调,中央主管部门与省级行政主管部门的责任配置不当,缺少政府管理绩效评价机制。
基于本研究结果,提出了相应的政策建议:根据风险特点,采用分类管理;提高科研人员的风险认知和控制能力;加强科研单位风险防范设施建设;明确检测中心的地位和作用,建设专业化的检测机构;加强检测中心的条件和人才队伍建设,积极开展检测技术及监测研究;根据各相关机构的行为特征,采取相应的考核办法。
Transgenic crop has been expanded rapidly since the appearance of first transgenic tomato in America market in 1993. It is common knowledge that there are risks in this area just like all other new technologies, and the existing regulation and policy need to be updated to adapt to these new technologies. While taking the most advantages of this transgenic technology and keeping the accompanied risk under control is becoming one of the most important issues around the world.
There is limited number of publications related to the classification of these risks, and less was reported regarding to the combined effect of the risk characteristics and the management. The management of the risk is more to do with the proper management of related stuff and their activities. From our investigation of individual cases, such risk classification is very important in control the risks, and there are little report in risk classification in the world. Scientific research institutes can be the original source of these risks. The inspection and detection centre for transgenic security is the most important force in finding, assessing and analyzing any risks. According to above information, we first adopted theory of Planned Behavior, Goal-setting theory and Information Asymmetry and designed examinations to test the behavioral characteristics of research scientists. In the mean time, we also studied the current condition of the inspection and detection centre for transgenic security. From these results, we found the characteristics and the deficiency of administration.
The major results are:
1. Risk characteristics of transgenic crops have shown the knowledgeable, uncertainty, lagging relatively stagnates, public externality, irreversibility and credence characteristics, and the effect of government management has also shown the credence characteristics. These risks can be classified into three groups the risks with the attribute of search goods, risks with the attribute of experience goods and the risks with the attribute of credence goods, and the governance mechanism should be correspondence to the attributes of the risks. The risks with the attribute of search goods which can be called the operation risks were caused by the improper operations. Administration regulation can be effective, because the risks are easy to be indentified. The risks with the attribute of experience goods which are indentified more difficult than the risks with search goods attribute should be adapted reputation mechanism to reduce information asymmetry. So, internal management of the research institute, or administration management as an assistant should be the best regulation method which can be use the scientists' knowledge effectively. The last group of risks which is the most difficult to be indentified and most important and popular should be adapted integrated mechanism, such as reputation, examining, market competition, law and so on.
2. We first collected and analyzed the behavioral pattern of scientists in transgenic crop research area. The results indicated that their attitude are rather cautious and risk preventive, but not enough knowledge to recognize the early risks and understand little about the regulations. Their knowledge and understanding about the potential risks can influence their behavior in controlling those risks. At present the security control and management is not sufficient in our research institutes. These security regulations haven't been implemented and enforced efficiently. The security administration is not effective in monitor research activities. The internal supervision of research institute can be effective. Research scientists believe that the best security system should have internal supervision as the major force plus administration assistance.
3. Investigation result of the inspection and detection centre for transgenic security indicated that they strongly rely on the research institutes and universities, the stuff members mostly are senior research scientists. In the last three years, the major task is to detect the transgenic component, and these tasks are mainly from government. Currently their work load is well under their capacity and some of their equipments are still to be placed and the funding is not sufficient. There are also lack of specialists who have strong background both in biochemistry and genetic biotechnology. At present there is no specific funding to support the research of technology in risk testing and evaluation.
4. After analyzing and testing three existing models of regulatory system for transgenic organisms in the world, and regulatory system of China, we identified the problems in our regulatory system. We often over emphasized the characteristics of new technologies and overlooked the behavioral management. The responsibility and understanding of State Department and administration sector of Agricultural Ministry are mismatched and some major adjustments are needed. The relationship and responsibility need further clarification among associated departments, and the government management needs to be regularly evaluated.
Based on above results, we suggest:
1. according to the risk characteristics, adopting risk classification management, to help research scientists to recognize the potential risks and their risk control ability
2. to provide appropriate equipment in risk prevention in research institutes.
3. to identify and clarify the role and function of the inspection and detection centre for transgenic security, to improve the condition and to build an effective team, and to support some project for studying the detect technology of transgenic crops and building a sustainable system in place to manage these potential risks.
4. according to the behavioral characteristics, to adopt pertinent examinations
The material, data and researcher of this study has special feature and advanced and expanded the research area in this subject.
1. due to the risk characteristics, the risk management and study need solid background knowledge of the researcher in both science and economy, and the researcher happen to have extensive experience in both areas.
2. the data are random and collected from a wide range research individuals, can best present the current situations in risk management in transgenic crop development. All related procedure of transgenic crop were examined first hand, the behavioral pattern of research scientists were investigated and analyzed.
3. from the research results, the risk characteristics were first identified and classified, adopted theories of Planned Behavior and Goal-setting to obtain the behavioral patterns and to identified the key factors influencing those behaviors. It clarified the role, function and identified the problems of the inspection and detection centre for transgenic security. After analyzing these results, the problems in current administration and risk inspection were also identified.
These findings have expanded the research area in transgenic security management and provided reliable information for establishing an efficient security system.
引文
1.蔡守秋.论生物安全法[J].河南省政法管理干部学院学报,2002(2):1-10
2.陈超,展进涛,廖西元.国外转基因生物安全管理分析及其启示[J].中国科技论坛,2007(9):112-115.
3.陈璇.世界风险社会、科技风险与政治再造-兼论中国政府转基因作物风险治理[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2008(3):79-83.
4.陈锦凤,杨虹,葛萍.浅谈转基因技术的“双刃性”及中国规避风险的策略[J].云南地理环境研究,2007,19(3):77-80.
5.程小兵,梁爱华.生物工程实验室与转基因植物的安全性评价[J].生物技术通讯,2004,15(6):636-638.
6.仇焕广,黄季昆,杨军.政府信任对消费者行为的影响研究[J].经济研究,2007(6):65-74.
7.崔洪志,郑爱中,王星海,等.我国转基因抗虫棉的产业化发展报告[R].内部报告,2005.5
8.邓平建,李良成,刘建军,等.转基因食品的技术特点及其卫生管理对策的研究[J].中国公共卫生管理,2003,19(5):410-415.
9.邓平建,李良成.制定转基因食品管理办法的研究[J].中国公共卫生管理,2002,18(1):39-42.
10.段文婷,江光荣.计划行为理论述评[J].心理科学进展,2008,16(2):315-320
11.范存会,黄季昆.如何分析生物技术的经济影响[J].南大商学评论,2004(2):167-177.
12.范存会,黄季昆.生物技术经济影响的分析方法与应用[J].中国科技论坛,2004(1):28-34.
13.范存会.我国采用Bt抗虫棉的经济和健康影响.[博士学位论文].北京:中国农业科学院图书馆,2002.
14.高毅,邱平荣.保护与管制并举的农业生物技术立法[J].科技与经济,2008,21(2):32-34.
15.葛立群,吕杰.欧盟、日本有关转基因食品的管理和法律规范对我国的启示[J].沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9(6):858-860.
16.官春云,李恂.转基因油菜应用研究[J].细胞生物学杂志,1997,19(1):18-23.
17.官春云.油菜的转基因育种[J].中国油料作物学报,2005,27(1):97-103.
18.黄方能.转基因Bt植物对非靶标物种的影响[A].刘同先,康乐.昆虫学研究进展与展望[C].北京:科学出版社,2005.316-333.
19.黄季昆,胡瑞法,宋军,等.农业技术从产生到采用:政府、科研人员、技术推广人员与农民的行为比较[J].科学对社会的影响,1999(1):55-60.
20.黄季昆,胡瑞法.中国农业科研投资:效益、利益分配及政策含义[J].中国软科学,2000(9):21-24.
21.黄季昆,林海,胡瑞法,等.推广转基因抗虫棉对次要害虫农药施用的影响分析[J].农业技术经济,2007(1):4-12.
22.惠大丰,姜长鉴.统计分析系统SAS软件实用教程[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 1996
23.金峰.转基因生物侵权法律问题研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学图书馆,2005
24.柯惠新,沈浩.调查研究中的统计分析法(第二版)[M].北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2005
25.李宁,连庆,付仲文.在转基因生物安全管理法规框架下健全《生物安全议定书》履约机制[J].农业科技管理,2006,25(6):21-29.
26.李宁,汪其怀,付仲文.美国转基因生物安全管理考察报告[J].农业科技管理,2005,24(5):12-17.
27.李伟民.论中国人社会行为的关系取向[J].社会科学战线,1998(2):190-195.
28.李文东,吴孔明,王小奇,等.转Cry I Ac和Cry I A+CpTI基因棉花对柞蚕生长发育影响的评价[J].农业生物技术学报,2003,11(5):489-493.
29.李文东,叶恭银,吴孔明,等.转抗虫基因棉花和玉米花粉对家蚕生长发育影响的评价[J].中国农业科学,2002,35,(11):1543-1549.
30.李向辉.转基因植物的安全性及其探讨[A].薛达元.转基因生物风险管理[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.30-35.
31.李扬汉.中国杂草志[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998..
32.李宇晗.我国转基因生物安全立法问题研究.[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:东北林业大学图书馆.2007.
33.刘谦,朱鑫泉.生物安全[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
34.刘信,宋贵文,沈平,等.国外转基因植物检测技术及其标准化研究综述[J].农业科技管理,2007,26(4):3-7.
35.刘信.农业转基因生物安全检测相关要求与注意事项.农业部农业转基因生物检测中心培训教材,2008年12月,北京
36.刘后利.油菜的遗传和育种[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985.
37.刘经伟.植物基因工程的风险评估与安全管理研究.[博士学位论文].哈尔滨市:东北林业大学图书馆,2004
38.刘培磊,李宁,汪其怀.日本农业转基因生物安全管理实施进展[J].世界农业,2006(8):43-46.
39.刘旭霞,田庚,王妍.转基因作物环境污染监管法律制度研究-多元互动的生态型监管模式构建[J].特区经济,2008(5):238-239.
40.刘旭霞,田庚.转基因作物环境污染监管制度的和谐建构[J].科学对社会的影响,2008(1):33-36.
41.刘治兰.21世纪新的经济增长点[J].全球科技经济了望,2006(7):44-46.
42.卢长明,肖玲,武玉花.中国转基因油菜的环境安全性分析.[A].薛达元.转基因生物风险与管理[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.119-132.
43.卢长明.转基因成分检测技术标准化.农业部农业转基因生物检测中心培训教材,2008年12月,北京
44.卢家骥.我国行政体制中的权力结构探述[J].中国人民大学学报,1992(4):71-74.
45.吕立才,罗高峰.现代农业生物技术与政府管理:一个研究综述.农业技术经济,2004(6):2-8.
46.马骏,王金艳,李刚.转基因作物的生物安全及安全管理的几点思考[J].杂粮作物,2007,27(3):248-249.
47.马缨.科技发展与科技风险管理[J].中国科技论坛,2005(1):33-36.
48.马缨.科技研究管理与风险预防原则[J].科技管理研究,2005(10):52-54
49.马建堂.我国政府行为转抵达的偏离与矫正[J].经济理论与经济管理,1987(3):39-45.
50.马述忠,黄祖辉.论我国农业科技进步的模式选择[J].科技导报,2001(2):
51.马述忠,黄祖辉.农户、政府与转基因农产品-对我国农民转基因作物种植意向的分析[J].中国农村经济,2003(4):34-40.
52.马述忠,袁山林.生物技术、转基因农产品与社会、经济发展之研究综述[J].技术经济,2002(12):31-33.
53.马述忠,史清华,陈洁.农业转基因生物安全管理及我国的策略选择[J].环境保护,2001(12):10-12.
54.马述忠.转基因农产品国际贸易及政府管理[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003.143-144.
55.毛新志,冯巍.转基因食品的风险及其社会控制[J].中国科技论坛,2007(4):112-115.
56.毛新志,张利平,李静.基因技术的社会风险[J].武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版),2006,8(3):1-4.
57.毛新志,周锋.美国、欧盟有关转基因食品的管理、法律法规对我国的启示[J].科技管理研究,2005(2):38-41.
58.毛新志.转基因食品的伦理问题研究[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004.
59.明莉.转基因生物的国际立法-浅析《生物安全协定书》[J].法制与社会,2007(2):2241-243.
60.农业转基因生物安全管理条例.中华人民共和国国务院令第304号.2001.5
61.农业转基因生物安全评价管理办法,2002
62.浦惠明,高建芹,戚存扣,等.油菜抗草丁膦性状的遗传与利用[J].江苏农业科学,2003,19(2):81-86.
63.钱迎倩,魏伟,马克平.对生物安全全问题的思考[J].科学对社会的影响,2002(4):24.
64.宋军,胡瑞法,黄季昆.农民的农业技术选择行为分析[J].农业技术经济,1998(6):36-44.
65.宋小玲,强胜.抗除草剂转基因油菜向杂草诸葛菜的潜在基因漂移[J].安徽农业科学,2003,31(4):526-529.
66.苏军,黄季昆,乔方彬.转Bt基因抗虫棉生产的经济效益分析[J].农业技术经济,2000(5):26-31.
67.苏岳静,胡瑞法,黄季昆.农民抗虫棉技术选择行为及其影响因素分析[J].棉花学报,2004,16(5):259-264.
68.孙彩红.政府及行政人员责任缺失的现实原因解析[J].行政论坛,2007(5):31-34.
69.唐晓纯.我国转基因食品市场准入和召回研究[J].食品科学,2006,27(10):574-577.
70.田昭容.中国服务型政府建构的路向分析[J].北京行政学院学报,200(6):27-30.
71.万福德,杨焕明,张德昌,等.分子生物学前沿技术[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998.
72.汪其怀.中国农业转基因生物安全管理回顾与展望[J].世界农业,2006(6):18-20.
73.王迁.美国转基因食品管制制度研究[J].东南亚研究,2006(2):46-51.
74.王锐,杨晓光.国际组织和世界各国对转基因食品的管理[J].卫生研究,2007,36(2):245-248.
75.王洋.转基因产品安全性问题的法律研究[J].当代经理人,2006(7):115-116.
76.王灿发.创建框架性法规体系-生物安全管理立法初探[J].国际贸易,2000(7):16-20.
77.王德平,王丽伟.我国转基因植物研究与产业化现状及发展对策[J].农业科技管理,2004,23(5):7-9,
78.王贵彦,吴玉红,梁卫理,等.转基因作物生产应用效果综合分析与评价-以转基因抗虫棉为例[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(2):368-370.
79.王贵彦,吴玉红,粱卫理,等.转基因作物对农户生计影响的实证分析-以转基因抗虫棉为例[J].河南农业科学,2007(4):29-32.
80.王贵彦,吴玉红,梁卫理,等.转基因抗虫棉对农户生产行为的影响分析[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(12):442-445.
81.王汉中.我国食用油供给安全形势分析与对策建议[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(3):347-349
82.王明远.“转基因生物安全”法律概念辨析[J].法学杂志,2008(1):79-81.
83.王明远.转基因生物安全监管模式及我国转基因生物安全立法研究[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2007,25(2):169-172.
84.王新发,王汉中,刘贵华,等.导入双价基因的转基因杂交油菜亲本及其对菌核病抗性的研究[J].植物学通报,2005,22(3):291-301.
85.王移收.提高农技推广人员和农民文化素质与促进科技成果转化[J].安徽农业科学,2004,32(6):1310-1312.
86.王移收.应改变农技推广人员及农民的思维定势[J].中国农技推广,2006(2):11-13.
87.王志霞,刘蔼民.科研院所转基因植物安全监管工作的现状与对策[J].农业科技管理,2007,26(2):16-18.
88.魏伟,钱迎倩.转基因生物安全吗[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006.29-30.
89.肖肖.欧盟食品安全预警原则研究[J].中国动物检疫,2004,21(12):3-6.
90.肖唐华,周德翼,李成贵.美国转基因生物安全行政监管特点分析[J].生态经济,2008a(3):91-94.
91.肖唐华,周德翼,李成贵.转基因生物风险类型及其监管特点[J].中国科技论坛,2008b(4):120-124.
92.肖显静,陆群峰.国家农业转基因生物安全政策合理性分析[J].公共管理学报,2008,5(1):91-99.
93.徐宏,吴江,柳鹏程.农户转基因作物选择与安全管理研究[J].当代经济,2007(7):99-100.
94.徐建祥,尤志斌,王渭芹,等.转基因Bt棉种植的经济学分析[J].扬州大学学报, 2004,25(3):65-69.
95.闫新甫.转基因植物[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.120.
96.杨通进.转基因技术的伦理争论:困境与出路[J].中国人民大学学报,2006(5):53-59.
97.杨永岗.高度重视基因工程技术应用中的环境问题[J],科学导报,1998(4):53.
98.易仁森.美国转基因生物技术发展与安全管理情况(内部资料).2005
99.于晶,崔野.体育运动中的目标设置理论研究述评[J].体育学刊,2005,12(4):46-49.
100.翟雪峰,刘经纬.在我国建成立转基因植物风险金制度的必要性[J].理论研究,2006(2):10-11.
101.詹姆斯D盖斯福德,吉尔E霍布斯,威廉A克尔,等著.黄祖辉,马述忠,皇甫宏,等译.生物技术经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003
102.张华,王冲.欧盟转基因生物安全立法和管理情况[J].政策与管理,2001(11):14-16.
103.张谨.生物安全问题及我们的对策[J].社会科学,2004(9):64-69.
104.张德亮.转基因作物经济研究综述[J].农业技术经济,2005(4):64-70.
105.张美兰,车宏生.目标设置理论及其新进展[J].心理学动态,1999,7(2):35-40
106.张启发.转基因作物研发、产业化、安全性与管理[J].中国大学教学,2003(3):35-40.
107.张社梅,赵芝俊,张锐.国产转基因棉花研究体系及投资结构分析[J].中国科技论坛,2007(5):104-108.
108.张一宾.世界耐除草剂转基因作物的发展及应用[J].农药研究与应用,2007,11(3):1-5.
109.赵凯,潘爱虎,赵星海.上海转基因生物安全管理技术支撑体系与能力建设浅析[J].上海农业学报,2007,23(2):102-104.
110.赵建欣.农户安全蔬菜供给决策机制研究[D].浙江杭州浙江大学博士学位论文,2008
111.周德翼,吕志轩.食品安全的逻辑[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
112.周德翼.我国与西方农业科研与推广体制的产权结构、激励与知识利用方式比较.待发表.
113.周洁红.生鲜蔬菜质量安全管理问题研究[D].浙江杭州浙江大学博士学位论文,2005
114.周曙东,崔奇峰.我国转基因农产品管理中存在的问题及对策建议[J].中国科技论坛,2006(1):60-63.
115.周志忍.我国行政体制的特征与政府职能优化[J].唯实,1997(6):32-35.
116.转基因产品库.http://www.apqchina.org
117.A physical survey of representative Australian roadside vegetation to evaluate the incidence and distribution of canola and key Brassicaceae weeds.Monsanto/0118/1,2001.1-46.
118.Adamczyk J J Jr,Gore J.Laboratory and field performance of cotton containing cry I Ac,cry I F,and both cry I Ac,cry I F against best armyworm and fall armyworm larvae (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)[J].Florida Entomol,2004,87(4):427-432.
119.Adler J H.More Sorry than Safe,Assessing the Precautionary Principle and the proposed international Biosafety Protocol[J].Texas Int.Law Journal,2000,35:173-205.
120.Aemi Philipp.Stakeholder attitudes towards the risks and benefits of genetically modified crops in South Africa[J].Environmental Science & Policy,2005(8):464-476.
121.Ahmed F E.Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods[J].Trends in Biotechnology, 2002,22:215-223.
122. Ajzen Icek. Constructing a TpB questionnaire:conceptual and methodological considerations[online]. http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/～aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf
123. Altieri Miguel A, Rosset Peter. Ten reasons why biotechnology will not ensure food security,protect the environment and reduce poverty in the developing world[J]. AgBioForum,1999,2(3-4): 155-162.
124. Anderson Kym, Jackson Lee Ann. Why are US and EU policies toward GMOs so different?AgBioForum, 2003,6(3):95-100.
125. Anne Ingeborg Myhr Traavik. Genetically Modified (GM) Crops:Precautionary Science and Conflicts of Interests[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,2003,16:227-247)
126. Anthony J C, Travis R G, Jan P N. The release of genetically modified crops into the environment - part II. Overview of ecological risk assessment [J]. The Plang Journal,2003,33:23-24.
127. Auer Carol A. Tracking genes from seed to supermarket:techniques and trends[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2003,8(12):591-597.
128. Bandura A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency[J]. American Psychologist,1982,37:122-147.
129. Barratt B I P, Moeed A, Malone L A. Biosafety assessment protocols for new organisms in New Zealand: Can they apply internationally to emerging technologies? [J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2006,26: 339-358.
130. Bates S L, Zhao J Z, Roush R T, et al. Insect resistance management in GM crops:past, present and future[J]. Nat Biotechnol., 2005,23(1):57-62]
131. Belcher Ken, Nolan James, Phillips Peter W B. Genetically modified crops and agricultural landscapes: spatial patterns of contamination [J]. Ecological Economics, 2005,53:387-401.
132. Bennett R M , Ismael Y, Kambhampati U, et al. Economic impact of genetically modified cotton in India[J]. AgBioForum, 2004, 7(3), 96-100.
133. Bernard E, Whitley JR. Principles of research in behavioral science(Second edition)[M]. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001
134. Black Julia. Regulation as facilitation: negotiating the genetic revolution [J]. The Modern Law Review, 1998, 61(5): 621-660.
135. Brimner T A, Gallivan G J, Stephenson G R. Influence of herbicide-resistant canola on the environmental impact of weed management[J]. Pest Management Science, 2004, 61(1), 47-52.
136. Brookes G. The farm level impact of using Bt maize in Spain. Frampton, UK: PG Economics Limited. Available on the World Wide Web, 2002: http://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/pdf/bt_maize_in_spain.pdf.
137. Brookes G The farm level impact of using Roundup Ready soybeans in Romania. Frampton, UK:PG Economics Limited. Available on the World Wide Web, 2003: http://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/pdf/GM_soybeans_Romania.pdf.
138. Brookes Graham, Barfoot Peter. GM crops: the global economic and environmental impace-the first nine years 1996-2004 [J]. Journal of agrobiotechnology management economics,2005,8(2-3):
139. Buhl-Mortensen L, Welin S. The ethics of Doing Policy Relevant Science:The Precautionary Principle and the Significance of Non-Significant Result[J]. Science and Engineering Ethics 1998(4):401-412.
140. Canola Council of Canada. An agronomic & economic assessment of transgenic canola. Winnipeg: Author. Available on the World Wide Web,2001: http://www.canola-council.org.
141.Carew Richard. Science policy and agricultural biotechnology in Canada[J]. Review of Agricultural Economics, 2005,27(3): 300-316.
142. Carpenter J , Gianessi L. Agricultural biotechnology: Updated benefit estimates. Washington, DC: National Center for Food and Agriculture Policy. Available on the World Wide Web,2001:http://www.ncfap.org/reports/biotech/updatedbenefits.pdf.
143. Carsin Bertrand. The role of science in EU regulatory policies[J]. AgBioForum, 2000,3(2-3):132-136.
144. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety http://www.biodiv.org/biosafe/protocol,2000
145. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Article 1, 2000
146. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Article 1, 2000
147. Caulder Jerry. Agricultural biotechnology and public perceptions[J]. AgBioForum,1998,1(1):38-39.
148. Clive James. 2007 ISAAA Report on Global Status of Biotech/GM Crops
149. Cockburn Andrew. Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods:the importance of an holistic, integrative approach. Monsanto UK Ltd. Available on line 8 May, 2002
150. Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 1, Article 8,1990
151. Dale P J, Irwin J A, Scheffler J A. The experimental and commercial release of transgenic crop plants [J]. Plant Breeding, 1993,111: 1-22.
152. Darby M R, Kami E. Free competition and the amount of fraud[J]. Journal of Law and Economics,1973,16(1):67-88.
153. David E, Ervin, Rick Welsh. Environmental effects of genetically modified crops.differentiated risk assessment and management. In: Justus Wesseleer. Environmental benefits and costs of transgenic crops. Wageningen Netherlands, May 2004.
154. Demont Matty, Wesseler Justus, Tollens Eric. Irreversible costs and benefits of transgenic crops:what are they? In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
155. Dignam M. Bush, park, road and rail weed management survey. Re:CMD. 2001, 274:1-24.Monsanto Australia Ltd.
156. Doyle B, et al. The performance of roundup ready cotton 2001-2002 in the Australian cotton sector. Armidale, Australia: University of New England. 2003
157. Emireglu Haluk. Foods produced using biotechnology: how does the law protect consumers?[J].. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 2002,26(3): 198-209.
158. Ervin David E, Rick Welsh. Environmental effects of genetically modified crops:differentiated risk assessment and management. In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
159. Ervin David E., Welsh Rick. Environmental effects of genetically modified crops:differentiated risk assessment and management. In:Wesseler, J H H (ed.Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series ,2005, Vol 7 :7-29)
160. EU:Commission of the European Communities, Communication on the Precautionary Principle(Brussels,2000)http://europa.eu.int
161. Fabrizzi K P, Moronc A, Garcia F O. Soil carbon and nitrogen organic fractions in degraded vs non-degraded mollisols in Argentina [J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003, 67,1831-1841.
162. Ferre J, Van Rie J. Biochemistry and genetics of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis[J].Annu Rev Enotoml, 2002,47:501-533.
163. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention , and behavior:An introduction to theory and research reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975
164. Fitt G Deployment and impact of transgenic Bt cotton in Australia. In N.G. Kalaitzandonakes (Ed.), The economic and environmental impacts of agbiotech: A global perspective. New York:Kluwer, 2003: 141-164
165. Flannery Marie-louise, Thorne Fiona S, Kelly Paul W et al. An Economic cost-benefit analysis of GM crop cultivation: An Irish case study [J]. AgBioForum, 2004,7(4): 149-157.
166. Fontes Eliana M G. Legal and regulatory concerns about transgenic plants in Brazil[J], 2003,83:100-103.
167. Franks Jeremy R. The status and prospects for genetically modified crops in Europe[J]. Food Policy, 1999,24:565-584.
168. Freestone, Hey Freestone D, Hey E. Origins and Development of the Precautionary Principle and International Law. Kluwer law International ,Netherlands, 1996. 3-5.
169. Gaskell G, Brauer M W, Durant J et al. Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the U. S. [J]. Science, 1999, 295: 384-387.
170. Gaskell George. Agricultural biotechnology and public attitudes in the European Union[J].AgBioForum, 2000,3(2-3): 87-96.
171. Gianessi L, Carpenter J. Agricultural biotechnology: Insect control benefits. Washington, DC:National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy. Available on the World Wide Web,1999:http://www.ncfap.org/reports/biotech/insectcontrolbenefits.
172. Gijs A, Kleter,Harry A Kuiper. Assessing the environmental impact of changes in pesticide use on transgenic crops.in: Justus Wesseleer. Environmental benefits and costs of transgenic crops.Wageningen Netherlands, May 2004.
173. Gouse Marnus, Pray Carl, Schimmelpfenning David. The distribution of benefits from Bt cotton adoption in South Africa [J]. AgBioForum, 2004,7(4): 187-194.
174. Greenplate J T, Mullins, J w, Perm S R, et al. Partial characterization of cotton plants expressing two toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis relative toxin contribution, toxin interaction, and resistance management[J]. J. Appl. Entomol, 2003, 127:340-347.
175. Guideline for Research involving trcombinant DNA Molecules, NIH, USA,1976
176. Guo Yuhua. A perspective on genetic modification: An exploration from the perspective of social anthropology [J]. Social Sciences in China, 2005(1): 15-27.
177. Hackman J R, Oldham G R. Work redesign. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1980
178. Hall L K, Topinka K, Huffman J, et al. Pollen flow between herbicide-resistant Brassica napus is the cause of multiple-resistant B. Napus volunteers [J]. Weed Science, 2000,48(6): 688-694.
179. Haniotis Tassos. Regulating agri-food production in the US and the EU[J]. AgBioForum,2000,3(2-3): 84-86.
180. Harrington,Morgenstern and Nelson,1999;US EPA,2000
181. Hathcock John N. The precautionary principle-an impossible burden of proof for new products[J].AgBioForum, 2000,3(4): 255-258.
182. Heinemann J A, Sparrow A D, Traavik T. Is confidence in the monitoring of GM foods justified [J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2004(22): 331-336.
183. Hollenbeck J R, Klein H J. Goal commitment and the goal-setting process[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1987,72:212-220.
184. Hoist-Jensen A, Ronning S B, Lovseth A, et al. PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms(GMOs)[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2003,375:985-993.
185. Holtug N. The harm principle [J]. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2002,5(4):357-389.
186. Holtug N. The harm principle and genetically modified food [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2000, 14: 169-178.
187. Holtug Nils. The harm principle and genetically modified food [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2001,14: 169-178.
188. Huang J, Hu R, Pray C E, et al. Biotechnology as an alternative to chemical pesticides: A case study of Bt cotton in China [J]. Agricultural Economics, 2003,29: 55-67.
189. Huang J, Hu R, Pray C E, et al. Small holders, transgenic varieties, and production efficiency:The case of cotton farmers in China [J]. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2002,46(3): 367-387.
190. Huang J, Hu R, Rozelle S, et al. Transgenic varieties and productivity of small holder cotton farmers in China. Agricultural Economics, 2002a,46(3):367-387.
191. Huang J, Scott R, Rau C, et al. Plang biotechnology in China. Science, 2002b,295(25):674-676.
192. Huang Jikun, Wang Qinfang. Agricultural biotechnology development and policy in China[J].AgBioForum, 2002, 5(4):122-135.
193. Hurley Terrance M. Bacillus thuringiensis resistance management:experiences from the USA. In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
194. Isaac G E, Philips P W B. The potential impact of the biosafety protocol: The agricultural commodities case, a final report for the Biotechnology Unit of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, CFIA Biotechnology University, Ottawa, March 1999.
195. Isaac G E. Agricultural Biotechnology and Transatlantic Trade: An International Political Economy Analysis of Social Regulatory Barriers[D]. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2001
196. Jackson L A B. Regulatory harmonization in international trading systems: the case of agricultural biotechnology labeling, a doctor thesis ,the graduate school of the university of Minesota, 2001
197. James C. Global review of commercialized transgenic crops 2002: feature Bt maize. Ithaca, NY: Internationa] Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, 2003..
198. James C. Global status of transgenic crops (various global review briefs from 1996 to 2002).Ithaca, NY: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. 2002.
199. Juma Calestous. Biotechnology in the global economy: beyond technical advances and risks[J].AgBioForum, 1999,2(3-4):218-222.
200. Justus Wesseleer. Environmental benefits and costs of transgenic crops. Wageningen Netherlands,May 2004
201. Kaiser M. Fish-Farming and the Precautionary Principle:Context and Values in Environmental Science for PoIicy[J]. Foundation of Science, 1997(2):307-341)
202. Kalaitzandonakes Nicholas. Why does biotech regulation differ so much between the EU and the US?[J]. AgBioForum, 2000,3(2-3): 75-76.
203. Kaminski D. A year in review:2001 pest problems across Manitoba.2001.22-26. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, university of Manitoba
204. Kershen D. Biotechnology: An essay on the academy, cultural attitudes and public policy [J].AgBioForum, 1999,2(2): 137-146.
205. Kessler D A, Taylor M R, Maryanski J H, et al. The safety of foods developed by biotechnology [J]. Scoemce. 1992,256: 1747-1832.
206. Kleter Gijs A, Kuiper Harry A. Assessing the environmental impact of changes in pesticide use on transgenic crops. In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
207. Kowalski Stanley P, Ebora Reynaldo V, Kryder R David. Transgenic crops, biotechnology and ownership rights: what scientists need to know [J]. The Plant Journal, 2002,31(4): 407-421.
208. Koziel, M G, Beland G L, Bowman C, et al. Field performance of Elite Transgenic maize plants expressing an insecticidal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis [J]. BioTechnology, 1993,4(11): 194-200.
209. Kristine Malmkvist Grimskud. Optimal control of pest resistance to transgenic crop varieties [D]. Washington D C:Washington State University,2002
210.Lavigne C,Manac'h H,Guyard C,et al.The cost of herbicide resistance in white-chicory:ecological implications for its commercial release[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,1995,91:1301-1308.
211.Leskien Dan.成功译.欧盟生物技术立法综述:生物安全框架[A].薛达元.转基因生物风险与管理[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.71-74.
212.Loader Rupert,Henson Spencer.A view of GMOs from the U K[J].AgBioForum,1998,1(1):31-34.
213.Locke E A,Latham G P.Work motivation and satisfaction:Light at the end of the tunnel[J].Psychology Science,1990(1):240-246
214.Losey J E,Rayor L S,Carter M E.Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae[J].Nature,1999,399:214.
215.Lu Changming.Agriculture Biotechnology and its Management in China.The regional training workshop on risk assessment and risk management of GM crops.Tsukuba-Tokyo,Japan 26-29July 2005
216.Macer Darryl.Ethical,legal and social issues of genetically modifying insect vectors for public health[J].Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2005,35:649-660.
217.Marchant Mary A,Fang Chang,Song Baohui.Issues on adoption,import regulations,and policies for biotech commodities in China with a focus on soybean[J].AgBioForum,2002,5(4):167-174.
218.Masden S B.Germination of buried and dry stored seeds Ⅲ.1934-1960 Proc Int Seed Testing Association.1962.920-928.
219.McHugh Susan.The call of the other 0.1%:genetic aesthetics and the new Moreaus[J].AI&Soc,2006,20:63-81.
220.Mehta M.Risk and decision-making:A theoretical approach to public participation in techno-scientific conflict situations[J].Technology and Society,1998,20:87-98.
221.Mesquida J,Renard M.Study of the pollen dispersal by wind and of the importance of wind pollination in rapeseed[J].Apidologie,1982,4:353-366.
222.Meyer Gitte,Folker Paldam Anna,Jorgensen Rikke Bagger et al.The factualization of uncertainty:Risk,politics,and genetically modified crops- a case of rape[J].Agriculture and Human Values,2005,22:235-242.
223.Miller H I,Conko G Genetically Modified Fear and the International Regulation of Biotechnology In:J.Morris(eds.) Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle Butterworth-Heinemann,Oxford,2000:84-104)
224.Mooney S,Klein K.Environmental Concerns and Risks of Genetically Modified Crops:Economic Contributions to the Debate[J].Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics,1999,47,(4):437-444.
225.Mullins W,Hudson J.Bollgard Ⅱ versus bollgard sister line economic comparisons,2004.Paper presented at the Beltwide cotton conferences, San Antonio, 2004
226. Munson Abby. Genetically manipulatd organisms: international policy- making and implications [J]. International Affairs, 1993,69(3): 497-517.
227. Myhr Anne Ingeborg, Traavik Terje. Genetically modified (GM)crops:precautionary science and conflicts of interests[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2003,16:227-247.
228. Myskja Bjornk. The moral dirrerence between intragenic and transgenic modification of plants [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2006, 19: 225-238.
229. Nelson P. Information and consumer behavior[J]. The Journal of Political Economy, 1970, 78(2):311-329.
230. Nielsen K M. Transgenic organisms:time for conceptual diversification?[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2003,21(3):227-228)
231. Nuffield Council on Bioethics:Genetically Modified Crops:the Ethical and Social Issues, 1999a: 82
232. Nuffield Council on Bioethics:Genetically Modified Crops:the Ethical and Social Issues,1999b.8.
233. O'Callaghan M, Glare T R, Burgess E P J,et al. Effects of plant genetically modified for insect resistance on montarget organism[J]. Annu Rew Entomol, 2005,50:271-292.
234. O' Riordan T, Jordan A. The Precautionary Principle in Contemporary Environmental Politics[J]. Environ Values, 1995(4): 191-212)
235. Office of science and technology policy, 51 FR 23302, June 26, 1986. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/brsmain.shtml http://www.usda.gov Federal Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology
236. Om V. Singh, Shivni Ghai, Debarati Paul, et al. Genetically modified crops: success, safety assessment, and public concern[J]. App Microbiol Biotechnol, 2006,71:598-607.
237. Pekrun C, Hewitt J D J, Lutman P L W. Cultural control of volunteer oilseed rape[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1998,130:155-163.
238. Power M, McCarty L S. A comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 36: 224A-231A.
239. Pray C , Huang J , Hu R, et al. Five years of Bt cotton in China: The benefits continue [J]. The Plant Journal, 2002, 31(4), 423-430.
240. Qaim M, De Janvry A. Bt cotton and pesticide use in Argentina: Economic and environmental effects [J]. Environment and Development Economics, 2005, 10, 179-200. Available on the World Wide Web: http://are.berkeley.edu/～sadoulet/papers/Argentina _EDE.pdf.
241. Rabino Isaac. How European and U. S. genetic engineering scientists view the impact of public attention on their field: A comparison [J]. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 1994, 19(1):23-46.
242. Raffensperger C, Tickner J. "Lessons from Wingspread", in : Raffensperger C, Tickner J. (eds.).Protection Public Healty and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle , Island Press, Washington DC, 1999:349-355
243.Ramsay G,Thompson C E,Neilson S,et al.Honeybees as vectors of GM oilseed rape pollen[J].Gene Flow and Agriculture:Relevance for transgenic Crops,1999,72:209-214.
244.Richardson John B.EU Agricultural policies and implications for agrobiotechnology[J].AgBioForum,2000,3(2-3):77-83.
245.Richardson John B.EU agricultural policies and implications for agrobiotechnology[J].AgBioForum,2000,3(2-3):77-83.
246.Robertson G P,Paul E A,Harwood R R.Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture:Contributions of individual gases to the radioactive forces of the atmosphere[J].Science,2000,289,1922-1925.
247.Ruibal- Mendieta Nike L,Lints Frederic A.Novel and transgenic food crops:Overview of scientific versus public perception[J].Transgenic Research,1998,7:379-386.
248.Rusbult C E,Farrell D.A longitudinal test of the investment model:The impact on job satisfaction,job commitment,and turnover of variations in rewards,costs,alternatives,and investments[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1983,68:429-438.
249.Sara Scatasta.Comment on Van de Wiel,Groot and Den Nijs:Gene flow from crop o wild plant and its population-ecological consequences in the context of GM-crop biosafety,including some recent experiences from lettuce.
250.Sarah Annette Hartley.The risk society and policy responses to environmental risk:A comparison of risk decision-making for GM crops in Canada and the UK,1973-2004[D].Toronto:Department of Political Science,University of Toronto,2005.
25 I.Sharma Kirank,Sharma H C,Seetharama N,et al.Development and deployment of transgenic plants:biosafety considerations[J].Society for in Vitro Biology,2002,38:106-115.
252.Spangenberg Joachim H.Biodiversity pressure and the driving forces behind[J].Ecological Economics,2007,61:146-158.
253.Stabinsky Doreen.郑央萍译.对美国生物安全法规和执行现状的批评[A].薛达元.转基因生物风险管理[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.87-92.
254.Staniland B K,McVetty P B E,Friesen L F,et al.Effectiveness of border areas in confining the spread of transgenic Brassica napus pollen[J].Can J Plang Sci,2000,80:521-526.
255.Stewart S D,Adamezyk J J Jr,Knighten K S,et al.Impact of Bt cotton expressing one or two insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Bediner on growth and survival of noctuid (Lepidoptera) larvae[J].J.Econ Entomol,2001,94(3):752-760.
256.Stphen Nottingham.Eat your genes-how genetically modified food is entering our diet[M].London & New York:Zed Books Ltd.1998.156-171.
257.Sundlof Stephen.The role of science in regulation and decision making[J].AgBioForum,2000,3(2-3):137-140.
258.Swansn,Timothy M.The Economics of managing biotechnologies[J].Economy &Environment,2002,22]
259.Swanson Timothy M.The Economics of managing biotechnologies[M].Publication:Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers,2002
260. Thomas G, Frick B L, Hall L M. Alberta weed survey of cereal and oilseed crops in 1997.Saskatoon, SK: Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Weed Survey Series Publ. 1998.283.
261. Thompson C E, Sqiore G, Mackay G R, et al. Regional patterns of gene flow and its consequences for GM oilseed rape[J]. Lutman, P L W. 1999;
262. Thompson P B. The ethics of truth-telling and the problem of risk [J]. Science and Engineering Ethics, 1999,5:489-510.
263. Tickner J, Raffensperger C, Myancy M. The precautionary principle in action: A handbook.Science and Environmental Health Network. 1999.7.
264. Tomiko Yamaguchi. A discourse perspective on agrifood biotechnology controversies: Bt cotton in India[D]. Michigan State University. 2004
265. Traill Bruce W, Jaeger Sara R, Yee Wallace M S, et al. Categories of GM risk-benefit perceptions and their antecedents[J]. AgBioForum, 2004,7(4): 176-186.
266. Tyrone P. Wilson. Agricultural Biotechnology and Environmental Discourse:An Evaluation of the Environmental Regulatory Framework and Polic Process for Insecticidal Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis-Corn in the United States, Germany, and Mexico[D]. College of Arts and Sciences,George Mason University, Fairfax VA, 2004
267. US Environmental Protection Agency. Bt Plant-pesticides Biopesticides Registration Action Document. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2000/october/brag2-scienceassessment
268. Weaver Robert D. Ex post evidence on adoption of transgenic crops:US soybeans. In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
269. Weed Science Society of America crop losses due to weeds in the United States. Champaign,Illinois, 1992
270. West T O, Post W M. Soil Organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation: A global analysis[J]. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 2002, 66,:930-1046.
271.Willeme J. Stiekema. Comment on Ervin and Welsh:Environmental effects of genetically modified crops:differentiated risk assessment and management. In:Wesseler, J H H (ed.Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series ,2005, Vol 7:31
272. Wilson William W, Dahl Bruce. Costs and risks of segregating GM wheat in Canada[J].Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2006,54: 341-359.
273. Wolt Jeffrey D, Peterson Robert K D. Agricultural biotechnology and societal decision-making: the role of risk analysis[J]. AgBioForum, 2000, 3(1): 39-46.
274. Wu K M, Li WD, Feng H Q,et al. Seasonal abundance of the mirids, Lygus lucorum and Adelphocoris spp. On Bt cotton in Northern China[J]. Crop Prot, 2002,21:997-1002.
275. Wynne B. Creationg public alienation: Expert cultures of risk and ethics on GMOs [J]. Science as Culture, 2001,10: 445-481.
276. Zadoks J C, Hermann Waibel. From chemical pesticides to genetically modified crops—history, economics, politics [J]. Netherland Journal of Agricultural Science, 2000,48: 125-149.
2.陈超,展进涛,廖西元.国外转基因生物安全管理分析及其启示[J].中国科技论坛,2007(9):112-115.
3.陈璇.世界风险社会、科技风险与政治再造-兼论中国政府转基因作物风险治理[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2008(3):79-83.
4.陈锦凤,杨虹,葛萍.浅谈转基因技术的“双刃性”及中国规避风险的策略[J].云南地理环境研究,2007,19(3):77-80.
5.程小兵,梁爱华.生物工程实验室与转基因植物的安全性评价[J].生物技术通讯,2004,15(6):636-638.
6.仇焕广,黄季昆,杨军.政府信任对消费者行为的影响研究[J].经济研究,2007(6):65-74.
7.崔洪志,郑爱中,王星海,等.我国转基因抗虫棉的产业化发展报告[R].内部报告,2005.5
8.邓平建,李良成,刘建军,等.转基因食品的技术特点及其卫生管理对策的研究[J].中国公共卫生管理,2003,19(5):410-415.
9.邓平建,李良成.制定转基因食品管理办法的研究[J].中国公共卫生管理,2002,18(1):39-42.
10.段文婷,江光荣.计划行为理论述评[J].心理科学进展,2008,16(2):315-320
11.范存会,黄季昆.如何分析生物技术的经济影响[J].南大商学评论,2004(2):167-177.
12.范存会,黄季昆.生物技术经济影响的分析方法与应用[J].中国科技论坛,2004(1):28-34.
13.范存会.我国采用Bt抗虫棉的经济和健康影响.[博士学位论文].北京:中国农业科学院图书馆,2002.
14.高毅,邱平荣.保护与管制并举的农业生物技术立法[J].科技与经济,2008,21(2):32-34.
15.葛立群,吕杰.欧盟、日本有关转基因食品的管理和法律规范对我国的启示[J].沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9(6):858-860.
16.官春云,李恂.转基因油菜应用研究[J].细胞生物学杂志,1997,19(1):18-23.
17.官春云.油菜的转基因育种[J].中国油料作物学报,2005,27(1):97-103.
18.黄方能.转基因Bt植物对非靶标物种的影响[A].刘同先,康乐.昆虫学研究进展与展望[C].北京:科学出版社,2005.316-333.
19.黄季昆,胡瑞法,宋军,等.农业技术从产生到采用:政府、科研人员、技术推广人员与农民的行为比较[J].科学对社会的影响,1999(1):55-60.
20.黄季昆,胡瑞法.中国农业科研投资:效益、利益分配及政策含义[J].中国软科学,2000(9):21-24.
21.黄季昆,林海,胡瑞法,等.推广转基因抗虫棉对次要害虫农药施用的影响分析[J].农业技术经济,2007(1):4-12.
22.惠大丰,姜长鉴.统计分析系统SAS软件实用教程[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 1996
23.金峰.转基因生物侵权法律问题研究[博士学位论文].北京:清华大学图书馆,2005
24.柯惠新,沈浩.调查研究中的统计分析法(第二版)[M].北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2005
25.李宁,连庆,付仲文.在转基因生物安全管理法规框架下健全《生物安全议定书》履约机制[J].农业科技管理,2006,25(6):21-29.
26.李宁,汪其怀,付仲文.美国转基因生物安全管理考察报告[J].农业科技管理,2005,24(5):12-17.
27.李伟民.论中国人社会行为的关系取向[J].社会科学战线,1998(2):190-195.
28.李文东,吴孔明,王小奇,等.转Cry I Ac和Cry I A+CpTI基因棉花对柞蚕生长发育影响的评价[J].农业生物技术学报,2003,11(5):489-493.
29.李文东,叶恭银,吴孔明,等.转抗虫基因棉花和玉米花粉对家蚕生长发育影响的评价[J].中国农业科学,2002,35,(11):1543-1549.
30.李向辉.转基因植物的安全性及其探讨[A].薛达元.转基因生物风险管理[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.30-35.
31.李扬汉.中国杂草志[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998..
32.李宇晗.我国转基因生物安全立法问题研究.[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:东北林业大学图书馆.2007.
33.刘谦,朱鑫泉.生物安全[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
34.刘信,宋贵文,沈平,等.国外转基因植物检测技术及其标准化研究综述[J].农业科技管理,2007,26(4):3-7.
35.刘信.农业转基因生物安全检测相关要求与注意事项.农业部农业转基因生物检测中心培训教材,2008年12月,北京
36.刘后利.油菜的遗传和育种[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985.
37.刘经伟.植物基因工程的风险评估与安全管理研究.[博士学位论文].哈尔滨市:东北林业大学图书馆,2004
38.刘培磊,李宁,汪其怀.日本农业转基因生物安全管理实施进展[J].世界农业,2006(8):43-46.
39.刘旭霞,田庚,王妍.转基因作物环境污染监管法律制度研究-多元互动的生态型监管模式构建[J].特区经济,2008(5):238-239.
40.刘旭霞,田庚.转基因作物环境污染监管制度的和谐建构[J].科学对社会的影响,2008(1):33-36.
41.刘治兰.21世纪新的经济增长点[J].全球科技经济了望,2006(7):44-46.
42.卢长明,肖玲,武玉花.中国转基因油菜的环境安全性分析.[A].薛达元.转基因生物风险与管理[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.119-132.
43.卢长明.转基因成分检测技术标准化.农业部农业转基因生物检测中心培训教材,2008年12月,北京
44.卢家骥.我国行政体制中的权力结构探述[J].中国人民大学学报,1992(4):71-74.
45.吕立才,罗高峰.现代农业生物技术与政府管理:一个研究综述.农业技术经济,2004(6):2-8.
46.马骏,王金艳,李刚.转基因作物的生物安全及安全管理的几点思考[J].杂粮作物,2007,27(3):248-249.
47.马缨.科技发展与科技风险管理[J].中国科技论坛,2005(1):33-36.
48.马缨.科技研究管理与风险预防原则[J].科技管理研究,2005(10):52-54
49.马建堂.我国政府行为转抵达的偏离与矫正[J].经济理论与经济管理,1987(3):39-45.
50.马述忠,黄祖辉.论我国农业科技进步的模式选择[J].科技导报,2001(2):
51.马述忠,黄祖辉.农户、政府与转基因农产品-对我国农民转基因作物种植意向的分析[J].中国农村经济,2003(4):34-40.
52.马述忠,袁山林.生物技术、转基因农产品与社会、经济发展之研究综述[J].技术经济,2002(12):31-33.
53.马述忠,史清华,陈洁.农业转基因生物安全管理及我国的策略选择[J].环境保护,2001(12):10-12.
54.马述忠.转基因农产品国际贸易及政府管理[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003.143-144.
55.毛新志,冯巍.转基因食品的风险及其社会控制[J].中国科技论坛,2007(4):112-115.
56.毛新志,张利平,李静.基因技术的社会风险[J].武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版),2006,8(3):1-4.
57.毛新志,周锋.美国、欧盟有关转基因食品的管理、法律法规对我国的启示[J].科技管理研究,2005(2):38-41.
58.毛新志.转基因食品的伦理问题研究[博士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004.
59.明莉.转基因生物的国际立法-浅析《生物安全协定书》[J].法制与社会,2007(2):2241-243.
60.农业转基因生物安全管理条例.中华人民共和国国务院令第304号.2001.5
61.农业转基因生物安全评价管理办法,2002
62.浦惠明,高建芹,戚存扣,等.油菜抗草丁膦性状的遗传与利用[J].江苏农业科学,2003,19(2):81-86.
63.钱迎倩,魏伟,马克平.对生物安全全问题的思考[J].科学对社会的影响,2002(4):24.
64.宋军,胡瑞法,黄季昆.农民的农业技术选择行为分析[J].农业技术经济,1998(6):36-44.
65.宋小玲,强胜.抗除草剂转基因油菜向杂草诸葛菜的潜在基因漂移[J].安徽农业科学,2003,31(4):526-529.
66.苏军,黄季昆,乔方彬.转Bt基因抗虫棉生产的经济效益分析[J].农业技术经济,2000(5):26-31.
67.苏岳静,胡瑞法,黄季昆.农民抗虫棉技术选择行为及其影响因素分析[J].棉花学报,2004,16(5):259-264.
68.孙彩红.政府及行政人员责任缺失的现实原因解析[J].行政论坛,2007(5):31-34.
69.唐晓纯.我国转基因食品市场准入和召回研究[J].食品科学,2006,27(10):574-577.
70.田昭容.中国服务型政府建构的路向分析[J].北京行政学院学报,200(6):27-30.
71.万福德,杨焕明,张德昌,等.分子生物学前沿技术[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998.
72.汪其怀.中国农业转基因生物安全管理回顾与展望[J].世界农业,2006(6):18-20.
73.王迁.美国转基因食品管制制度研究[J].东南亚研究,2006(2):46-51.
74.王锐,杨晓光.国际组织和世界各国对转基因食品的管理[J].卫生研究,2007,36(2):245-248.
75.王洋.转基因产品安全性问题的法律研究[J].当代经理人,2006(7):115-116.
76.王灿发.创建框架性法规体系-生物安全管理立法初探[J].国际贸易,2000(7):16-20.
77.王德平,王丽伟.我国转基因植物研究与产业化现状及发展对策[J].农业科技管理,2004,23(5):7-9,
78.王贵彦,吴玉红,梁卫理,等.转基因作物生产应用效果综合分析与评价-以转基因抗虫棉为例[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(2):368-370.
79.王贵彦,吴玉红,粱卫理,等.转基因作物对农户生计影响的实证分析-以转基因抗虫棉为例[J].河南农业科学,2007(4):29-32.
80.王贵彦,吴玉红,梁卫理,等.转基因抗虫棉对农户生产行为的影响分析[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(12):442-445.
81.王汉中.我国食用油供给安全形势分析与对策建议[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(3):347-349
82.王明远.“转基因生物安全”法律概念辨析[J].法学杂志,2008(1):79-81.
83.王明远.转基因生物安全监管模式及我国转基因生物安全立法研究[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2007,25(2):169-172.
84.王新发,王汉中,刘贵华,等.导入双价基因的转基因杂交油菜亲本及其对菌核病抗性的研究[J].植物学通报,2005,22(3):291-301.
85.王移收.提高农技推广人员和农民文化素质与促进科技成果转化[J].安徽农业科学,2004,32(6):1310-1312.
86.王移收.应改变农技推广人员及农民的思维定势[J].中国农技推广,2006(2):11-13.
87.王志霞,刘蔼民.科研院所转基因植物安全监管工作的现状与对策[J].农业科技管理,2007,26(2):16-18.
88.魏伟,钱迎倩.转基因生物安全吗[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006.29-30.
89.肖肖.欧盟食品安全预警原则研究[J].中国动物检疫,2004,21(12):3-6.
90.肖唐华,周德翼,李成贵.美国转基因生物安全行政监管特点分析[J].生态经济,2008a(3):91-94.
91.肖唐华,周德翼,李成贵.转基因生物风险类型及其监管特点[J].中国科技论坛,2008b(4):120-124.
92.肖显静,陆群峰.国家农业转基因生物安全政策合理性分析[J].公共管理学报,2008,5(1):91-99.
93.徐宏,吴江,柳鹏程.农户转基因作物选择与安全管理研究[J].当代经济,2007(7):99-100.
94.徐建祥,尤志斌,王渭芹,等.转基因Bt棉种植的经济学分析[J].扬州大学学报, 2004,25(3):65-69.
95.闫新甫.转基因植物[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.120.
96.杨通进.转基因技术的伦理争论:困境与出路[J].中国人民大学学报,2006(5):53-59.
97.杨永岗.高度重视基因工程技术应用中的环境问题[J],科学导报,1998(4):53.
98.易仁森.美国转基因生物技术发展与安全管理情况(内部资料).2005
99.于晶,崔野.体育运动中的目标设置理论研究述评[J].体育学刊,2005,12(4):46-49.
100.翟雪峰,刘经纬.在我国建成立转基因植物风险金制度的必要性[J].理论研究,2006(2):10-11.
101.詹姆斯D盖斯福德,吉尔E霍布斯,威廉A克尔,等著.黄祖辉,马述忠,皇甫宏,等译.生物技术经济学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003
102.张华,王冲.欧盟转基因生物安全立法和管理情况[J].政策与管理,2001(11):14-16.
103.张谨.生物安全问题及我们的对策[J].社会科学,2004(9):64-69.
104.张德亮.转基因作物经济研究综述[J].农业技术经济,2005(4):64-70.
105.张美兰,车宏生.目标设置理论及其新进展[J].心理学动态,1999,7(2):35-40
106.张启发.转基因作物研发、产业化、安全性与管理[J].中国大学教学,2003(3):35-40.
107.张社梅,赵芝俊,张锐.国产转基因棉花研究体系及投资结构分析[J].中国科技论坛,2007(5):104-108.
108.张一宾.世界耐除草剂转基因作物的发展及应用[J].农药研究与应用,2007,11(3):1-5.
109.赵凯,潘爱虎,赵星海.上海转基因生物安全管理技术支撑体系与能力建设浅析[J].上海农业学报,2007,23(2):102-104.
110.赵建欣.农户安全蔬菜供给决策机制研究[D].浙江杭州浙江大学博士学位论文,2008
111.周德翼,吕志轩.食品安全的逻辑[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
112.周德翼.我国与西方农业科研与推广体制的产权结构、激励与知识利用方式比较.待发表.
113.周洁红.生鲜蔬菜质量安全管理问题研究[D].浙江杭州浙江大学博士学位论文,2005
114.周曙东,崔奇峰.我国转基因农产品管理中存在的问题及对策建议[J].中国科技论坛,2006(1):60-63.
115.周志忍.我国行政体制的特征与政府职能优化[J].唯实,1997(6):32-35.
116.转基因产品库.http://www.apqchina.org
117.A physical survey of representative Australian roadside vegetation to evaluate the incidence and distribution of canola and key Brassicaceae weeds.Monsanto/0118/1,2001.1-46.
118.Adamczyk J J Jr,Gore J.Laboratory and field performance of cotton containing cry I Ac,cry I F,and both cry I Ac,cry I F against best armyworm and fall armyworm larvae (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)[J].Florida Entomol,2004,87(4):427-432.
119.Adler J H.More Sorry than Safe,Assessing the Precautionary Principle and the proposed international Biosafety Protocol[J].Texas Int.Law Journal,2000,35:173-205.
120.Aemi Philipp.Stakeholder attitudes towards the risks and benefits of genetically modified crops in South Africa[J].Environmental Science & Policy,2005(8):464-476.
121.Ahmed F E.Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods[J].Trends in Biotechnology, 2002,22:215-223.
122. Ajzen Icek. Constructing a TpB questionnaire:conceptual and methodological considerations[online]. http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/～aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf
123. Altieri Miguel A, Rosset Peter. Ten reasons why biotechnology will not ensure food security,protect the environment and reduce poverty in the developing world[J]. AgBioForum,1999,2(3-4): 155-162.
124. Anderson Kym, Jackson Lee Ann. Why are US and EU policies toward GMOs so different?AgBioForum, 2003,6(3):95-100.
125. Anne Ingeborg Myhr Traavik. Genetically Modified (GM) Crops:Precautionary Science and Conflicts of Interests[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,2003,16:227-247)
126. Anthony J C, Travis R G, Jan P N. The release of genetically modified crops into the environment - part II. Overview of ecological risk assessment [J]. The Plang Journal,2003,33:23-24.
127. Auer Carol A. Tracking genes from seed to supermarket:techniques and trends[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2003,8(12):591-597.
128. Bandura A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency[J]. American Psychologist,1982,37:122-147.
129. Barratt B I P, Moeed A, Malone L A. Biosafety assessment protocols for new organisms in New Zealand: Can they apply internationally to emerging technologies? [J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2006,26: 339-358.
130. Bates S L, Zhao J Z, Roush R T, et al. Insect resistance management in GM crops:past, present and future[J]. Nat Biotechnol., 2005,23(1):57-62]
131. Belcher Ken, Nolan James, Phillips Peter W B. Genetically modified crops and agricultural landscapes: spatial patterns of contamination [J]. Ecological Economics, 2005,53:387-401.
132. Bennett R M , Ismael Y, Kambhampati U, et al. Economic impact of genetically modified cotton in India[J]. AgBioForum, 2004, 7(3), 96-100.
133. Bernard E, Whitley JR. Principles of research in behavioral science(Second edition)[M]. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001
134. Black Julia. Regulation as facilitation: negotiating the genetic revolution [J]. The Modern Law Review, 1998, 61(5): 621-660.
135. Brimner T A, Gallivan G J, Stephenson G R. Influence of herbicide-resistant canola on the environmental impact of weed management[J]. Pest Management Science, 2004, 61(1), 47-52.
136. Brookes G. The farm level impact of using Bt maize in Spain. Frampton, UK: PG Economics Limited. Available on the World Wide Web, 2002: http://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/pdf/bt_maize_in_spain.pdf.
137. Brookes G The farm level impact of using Roundup Ready soybeans in Romania. Frampton, UK:PG Economics Limited. Available on the World Wide Web, 2003: http://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/pdf/GM_soybeans_Romania.pdf.
138. Brookes Graham, Barfoot Peter. GM crops: the global economic and environmental impace-the first nine years 1996-2004 [J]. Journal of agrobiotechnology management economics,2005,8(2-3):
139. Buhl-Mortensen L, Welin S. The ethics of Doing Policy Relevant Science:The Precautionary Principle and the Significance of Non-Significant Result[J]. Science and Engineering Ethics 1998(4):401-412.
140. Canola Council of Canada. An agronomic & economic assessment of transgenic canola. Winnipeg: Author. Available on the World Wide Web,2001: http://www.canola-council.org.
141.Carew Richard. Science policy and agricultural biotechnology in Canada[J]. Review of Agricultural Economics, 2005,27(3): 300-316.
142. Carpenter J , Gianessi L. Agricultural biotechnology: Updated benefit estimates. Washington, DC: National Center for Food and Agriculture Policy. Available on the World Wide Web,2001:http://www.ncfap.org/reports/biotech/updatedbenefits.pdf.
143. Carsin Bertrand. The role of science in EU regulatory policies[J]. AgBioForum, 2000,3(2-3):132-136.
144. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety http://www.biodiv.org/biosafe/protocol,2000
145. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Article 1, 2000
146. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Article 1, 2000
147. Caulder Jerry. Agricultural biotechnology and public perceptions[J]. AgBioForum,1998,1(1):38-39.
148. Clive James. 2007 ISAAA Report on Global Status of Biotech/GM Crops
149. Cockburn Andrew. Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods:the importance of an holistic, integrative approach. Monsanto UK Ltd. Available on line 8 May, 2002
150. Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 1, Article 8,1990
151. Dale P J, Irwin J A, Scheffler J A. The experimental and commercial release of transgenic crop plants [J]. Plant Breeding, 1993,111: 1-22.
152. Darby M R, Kami E. Free competition and the amount of fraud[J]. Journal of Law and Economics,1973,16(1):67-88.
153. David E, Ervin, Rick Welsh. Environmental effects of genetically modified crops.differentiated risk assessment and management. In: Justus Wesseleer. Environmental benefits and costs of transgenic crops. Wageningen Netherlands, May 2004.
154. Demont Matty, Wesseler Justus, Tollens Eric. Irreversible costs and benefits of transgenic crops:what are they? In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
155. Dignam M. Bush, park, road and rail weed management survey. Re:CMD. 2001, 274:1-24.Monsanto Australia Ltd.
156. Doyle B, et al. The performance of roundup ready cotton 2001-2002 in the Australian cotton sector. Armidale, Australia: University of New England. 2003
157. Emireglu Haluk. Foods produced using biotechnology: how does the law protect consumers?[J].. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 2002,26(3): 198-209.
158. Ervin David E, Rick Welsh. Environmental effects of genetically modified crops:differentiated risk assessment and management. In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
159. Ervin David E., Welsh Rick. Environmental effects of genetically modified crops:differentiated risk assessment and management. In:Wesseler, J H H (ed.Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series ,2005, Vol 7 :7-29)
160. EU:Commission of the European Communities, Communication on the Precautionary Principle(Brussels,2000)http://europa.eu.int
161. Fabrizzi K P, Moronc A, Garcia F O. Soil carbon and nitrogen organic fractions in degraded vs non-degraded mollisols in Argentina [J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003, 67,1831-1841.
162. Ferre J, Van Rie J. Biochemistry and genetics of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis[J].Annu Rev Enotoml, 2002,47:501-533.
163. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention , and behavior:An introduction to theory and research reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975
164. Fitt G Deployment and impact of transgenic Bt cotton in Australia. In N.G. Kalaitzandonakes (Ed.), The economic and environmental impacts of agbiotech: A global perspective. New York:Kluwer, 2003: 141-164
165. Flannery Marie-louise, Thorne Fiona S, Kelly Paul W et al. An Economic cost-benefit analysis of GM crop cultivation: An Irish case study [J]. AgBioForum, 2004,7(4): 149-157.
166. Fontes Eliana M G. Legal and regulatory concerns about transgenic plants in Brazil[J], 2003,83:100-103.
167. Franks Jeremy R. The status and prospects for genetically modified crops in Europe[J]. Food Policy, 1999,24:565-584.
168. Freestone, Hey Freestone D, Hey E. Origins and Development of the Precautionary Principle and International Law. Kluwer law International ,Netherlands, 1996. 3-5.
169. Gaskell G, Brauer M W, Durant J et al. Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the U. S. [J]. Science, 1999, 295: 384-387.
170. Gaskell George. Agricultural biotechnology and public attitudes in the European Union[J].AgBioForum, 2000,3(2-3): 87-96.
171. Gianessi L, Carpenter J. Agricultural biotechnology: Insect control benefits. Washington, DC:National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy. Available on the World Wide Web,1999:http://www.ncfap.org/reports/biotech/insectcontrolbenefits.
172. Gijs A, Kleter,Harry A Kuiper. Assessing the environmental impact of changes in pesticide use on transgenic crops.in: Justus Wesseleer. Environmental benefits and costs of transgenic crops.Wageningen Netherlands, May 2004.
173. Gouse Marnus, Pray Carl, Schimmelpfenning David. The distribution of benefits from Bt cotton adoption in South Africa [J]. AgBioForum, 2004,7(4): 187-194.
174. Greenplate J T, Mullins, J w, Perm S R, et al. Partial characterization of cotton plants expressing two toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis relative toxin contribution, toxin interaction, and resistance management[J]. J. Appl. Entomol, 2003, 127:340-347.
175. Guideline for Research involving trcombinant DNA Molecules, NIH, USA,1976
176. Guo Yuhua. A perspective on genetic modification: An exploration from the perspective of social anthropology [J]. Social Sciences in China, 2005(1): 15-27.
177. Hackman J R, Oldham G R. Work redesign. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1980
178. Hall L K, Topinka K, Huffman J, et al. Pollen flow between herbicide-resistant Brassica napus is the cause of multiple-resistant B. Napus volunteers [J]. Weed Science, 2000,48(6): 688-694.
179. Haniotis Tassos. Regulating agri-food production in the US and the EU[J]. AgBioForum,2000,3(2-3): 84-86.
180. Harrington,Morgenstern and Nelson,1999;US EPA,2000
181. Hathcock John N. The precautionary principle-an impossible burden of proof for new products[J].AgBioForum, 2000,3(4): 255-258.
182. Heinemann J A, Sparrow A D, Traavik T. Is confidence in the monitoring of GM foods justified [J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2004(22): 331-336.
183. Hollenbeck J R, Klein H J. Goal commitment and the goal-setting process[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1987,72:212-220.
184. Hoist-Jensen A, Ronning S B, Lovseth A, et al. PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms(GMOs)[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2003,375:985-993.
185. Holtug N. The harm principle [J]. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2002,5(4):357-389.
186. Holtug N. The harm principle and genetically modified food [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2000, 14: 169-178.
187. Holtug Nils. The harm principle and genetically modified food [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2001,14: 169-178.
188. Huang J, Hu R, Pray C E, et al. Biotechnology as an alternative to chemical pesticides: A case study of Bt cotton in China [J]. Agricultural Economics, 2003,29: 55-67.
189. Huang J, Hu R, Pray C E, et al. Small holders, transgenic varieties, and production efficiency:The case of cotton farmers in China [J]. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2002,46(3): 367-387.
190. Huang J, Hu R, Rozelle S, et al. Transgenic varieties and productivity of small holder cotton farmers in China. Agricultural Economics, 2002a,46(3):367-387.
191. Huang J, Scott R, Rau C, et al. Plang biotechnology in China. Science, 2002b,295(25):674-676.
192. Huang Jikun, Wang Qinfang. Agricultural biotechnology development and policy in China[J].AgBioForum, 2002, 5(4):122-135.
193. Hurley Terrance M. Bacillus thuringiensis resistance management:experiences from the USA. In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
194. Isaac G E, Philips P W B. The potential impact of the biosafety protocol: The agricultural commodities case, a final report for the Biotechnology Unit of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, CFIA Biotechnology University, Ottawa, March 1999.
195. Isaac G E. Agricultural Biotechnology and Transatlantic Trade: An International Political Economy Analysis of Social Regulatory Barriers[D]. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2001
196. Jackson L A B. Regulatory harmonization in international trading systems: the case of agricultural biotechnology labeling, a doctor thesis ,the graduate school of the university of Minesota, 2001
197. James C. Global review of commercialized transgenic crops 2002: feature Bt maize. Ithaca, NY: Internationa] Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, 2003..
198. James C. Global status of transgenic crops (various global review briefs from 1996 to 2002).Ithaca, NY: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. 2002.
199. Juma Calestous. Biotechnology in the global economy: beyond technical advances and risks[J].AgBioForum, 1999,2(3-4):218-222.
200. Justus Wesseleer. Environmental benefits and costs of transgenic crops. Wageningen Netherlands,May 2004
201. Kaiser M. Fish-Farming and the Precautionary Principle:Context and Values in Environmental Science for PoIicy[J]. Foundation of Science, 1997(2):307-341)
202. Kalaitzandonakes Nicholas. Why does biotech regulation differ so much between the EU and the US?[J]. AgBioForum, 2000,3(2-3): 75-76.
203. Kaminski D. A year in review:2001 pest problems across Manitoba.2001.22-26. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, university of Manitoba
204. Kershen D. Biotechnology: An essay on the academy, cultural attitudes and public policy [J].AgBioForum, 1999,2(2): 137-146.
205. Kessler D A, Taylor M R, Maryanski J H, et al. The safety of foods developed by biotechnology [J]. Scoemce. 1992,256: 1747-1832.
206. Kleter Gijs A, Kuiper Harry A. Assessing the environmental impact of changes in pesticide use on transgenic crops. In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
207. Kowalski Stanley P, Ebora Reynaldo V, Kryder R David. Transgenic crops, biotechnology and ownership rights: what scientists need to know [J]. The Plant Journal, 2002,31(4): 407-421.
208. Koziel, M G, Beland G L, Bowman C, et al. Field performance of Elite Transgenic maize plants expressing an insecticidal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis [J]. BioTechnology, 1993,4(11): 194-200.
209. Kristine Malmkvist Grimskud. Optimal control of pest resistance to transgenic crop varieties [D]. Washington D C:Washington State University,2002
210.Lavigne C,Manac'h H,Guyard C,et al.The cost of herbicide resistance in white-chicory:ecological implications for its commercial release[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,1995,91:1301-1308.
211.Leskien Dan.成功译.欧盟生物技术立法综述:生物安全框架[A].薛达元.转基因生物风险与管理[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.71-74.
212.Loader Rupert,Henson Spencer.A view of GMOs from the U K[J].AgBioForum,1998,1(1):31-34.
213.Locke E A,Latham G P.Work motivation and satisfaction:Light at the end of the tunnel[J].Psychology Science,1990(1):240-246
214.Losey J E,Rayor L S,Carter M E.Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae[J].Nature,1999,399:214.
215.Lu Changming.Agriculture Biotechnology and its Management in China.The regional training workshop on risk assessment and risk management of GM crops.Tsukuba-Tokyo,Japan 26-29July 2005
216.Macer Darryl.Ethical,legal and social issues of genetically modifying insect vectors for public health[J].Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2005,35:649-660.
217.Marchant Mary A,Fang Chang,Song Baohui.Issues on adoption,import regulations,and policies for biotech commodities in China with a focus on soybean[J].AgBioForum,2002,5(4):167-174.
218.Masden S B.Germination of buried and dry stored seeds Ⅲ.1934-1960 Proc Int Seed Testing Association.1962.920-928.
219.McHugh Susan.The call of the other 0.1%:genetic aesthetics and the new Moreaus[J].AI&Soc,2006,20:63-81.
220.Mehta M.Risk and decision-making:A theoretical approach to public participation in techno-scientific conflict situations[J].Technology and Society,1998,20:87-98.
221.Mesquida J,Renard M.Study of the pollen dispersal by wind and of the importance of wind pollination in rapeseed[J].Apidologie,1982,4:353-366.
222.Meyer Gitte,Folker Paldam Anna,Jorgensen Rikke Bagger et al.The factualization of uncertainty:Risk,politics,and genetically modified crops- a case of rape[J].Agriculture and Human Values,2005,22:235-242.
223.Miller H I,Conko G Genetically Modified Fear and the International Regulation of Biotechnology In:J.Morris(eds.) Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle Butterworth-Heinemann,Oxford,2000:84-104)
224.Mooney S,Klein K.Environmental Concerns and Risks of Genetically Modified Crops:Economic Contributions to the Debate[J].Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics,1999,47,(4):437-444.
225.Mullins W,Hudson J.Bollgard Ⅱ versus bollgard sister line economic comparisons,2004.Paper presented at the Beltwide cotton conferences, San Antonio, 2004
226. Munson Abby. Genetically manipulatd organisms: international policy- making and implications [J]. International Affairs, 1993,69(3): 497-517.
227. Myhr Anne Ingeborg, Traavik Terje. Genetically modified (GM)crops:precautionary science and conflicts of interests[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2003,16:227-247.
228. Myskja Bjornk. The moral dirrerence between intragenic and transgenic modification of plants [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2006, 19: 225-238.
229. Nelson P. Information and consumer behavior[J]. The Journal of Political Economy, 1970, 78(2):311-329.
230. Nielsen K M. Transgenic organisms:time for conceptual diversification?[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2003,21(3):227-228)
231. Nuffield Council on Bioethics:Genetically Modified Crops:the Ethical and Social Issues, 1999a: 82
232. Nuffield Council on Bioethics:Genetically Modified Crops:the Ethical and Social Issues,1999b.8.
233. O'Callaghan M, Glare T R, Burgess E P J,et al. Effects of plant genetically modified for insect resistance on montarget organism[J]. Annu Rew Entomol, 2005,50:271-292.
234. O' Riordan T, Jordan A. The Precautionary Principle in Contemporary Environmental Politics[J]. Environ Values, 1995(4): 191-212)
235. Office of science and technology policy, 51 FR 23302, June 26, 1986. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/brsmain.shtml http://www.usda.gov Federal Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology
236. Om V. Singh, Shivni Ghai, Debarati Paul, et al. Genetically modified crops: success, safety assessment, and public concern[J]. App Microbiol Biotechnol, 2006,71:598-607.
237. Pekrun C, Hewitt J D J, Lutman P L W. Cultural control of volunteer oilseed rape[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1998,130:155-163.
238. Power M, McCarty L S. A comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 36: 224A-231A.
239. Pray C , Huang J , Hu R, et al. Five years of Bt cotton in China: The benefits continue [J]. The Plant Journal, 2002, 31(4), 423-430.
240. Qaim M, De Janvry A. Bt cotton and pesticide use in Argentina: Economic and environmental effects [J]. Environment and Development Economics, 2005, 10, 179-200. Available on the World Wide Web: http://are.berkeley.edu/～sadoulet/papers/Argentina _EDE.pdf.
241. Rabino Isaac. How European and U. S. genetic engineering scientists view the impact of public attention on their field: A comparison [J]. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 1994, 19(1):23-46.
242. Raffensperger C, Tickner J. "Lessons from Wingspread", in : Raffensperger C, Tickner J. (eds.).Protection Public Healty and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle , Island Press, Washington DC, 1999:349-355
243.Ramsay G,Thompson C E,Neilson S,et al.Honeybees as vectors of GM oilseed rape pollen[J].Gene Flow and Agriculture:Relevance for transgenic Crops,1999,72:209-214.
244.Richardson John B.EU Agricultural policies and implications for agrobiotechnology[J].AgBioForum,2000,3(2-3):77-83.
245.Richardson John B.EU agricultural policies and implications for agrobiotechnology[J].AgBioForum,2000,3(2-3):77-83.
246.Robertson G P,Paul E A,Harwood R R.Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture:Contributions of individual gases to the radioactive forces of the atmosphere[J].Science,2000,289,1922-1925.
247.Ruibal- Mendieta Nike L,Lints Frederic A.Novel and transgenic food crops:Overview of scientific versus public perception[J].Transgenic Research,1998,7:379-386.
248.Rusbult C E,Farrell D.A longitudinal test of the investment model:The impact on job satisfaction,job commitment,and turnover of variations in rewards,costs,alternatives,and investments[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1983,68:429-438.
249.Sara Scatasta.Comment on Van de Wiel,Groot and Den Nijs:Gene flow from crop o wild plant and its population-ecological consequences in the context of GM-crop biosafety,including some recent experiences from lettuce.
250.Sarah Annette Hartley.The risk society and policy responses to environmental risk:A comparison of risk decision-making for GM crops in Canada and the UK,1973-2004[D].Toronto:Department of Political Science,University of Toronto,2005.
25 I.Sharma Kirank,Sharma H C,Seetharama N,et al.Development and deployment of transgenic plants:biosafety considerations[J].Society for in Vitro Biology,2002,38:106-115.
252.Spangenberg Joachim H.Biodiversity pressure and the driving forces behind[J].Ecological Economics,2007,61:146-158.
253.Stabinsky Doreen.郑央萍译.对美国生物安全法规和执行现状的批评[A].薛达元.转基因生物风险管理[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.87-92.
254.Staniland B K,McVetty P B E,Friesen L F,et al.Effectiveness of border areas in confining the spread of transgenic Brassica napus pollen[J].Can J Plang Sci,2000,80:521-526.
255.Stewart S D,Adamezyk J J Jr,Knighten K S,et al.Impact of Bt cotton expressing one or two insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Bediner on growth and survival of noctuid (Lepidoptera) larvae[J].J.Econ Entomol,2001,94(3):752-760.
256.Stphen Nottingham.Eat your genes-how genetically modified food is entering our diet[M].London & New York:Zed Books Ltd.1998.156-171.
257.Sundlof Stephen.The role of science in regulation and decision making[J].AgBioForum,2000,3(2-3):137-140.
258.Swansn,Timothy M.The Economics of managing biotechnologies[J].Economy &Environment,2002,22]
259.Swanson Timothy M.The Economics of managing biotechnologies[M].Publication:Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers,2002
260. Thomas G, Frick B L, Hall L M. Alberta weed survey of cereal and oilseed crops in 1997.Saskatoon, SK: Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Weed Survey Series Publ. 1998.283.
261. Thompson C E, Sqiore G, Mackay G R, et al. Regional patterns of gene flow and its consequences for GM oilseed rape[J]. Lutman, P L W. 1999;
262. Thompson P B. The ethics of truth-telling and the problem of risk [J]. Science and Engineering Ethics, 1999,5:489-510.
263. Tickner J, Raffensperger C, Myancy M. The precautionary principle in action: A handbook.Science and Environmental Health Network. 1999.7.
264. Tomiko Yamaguchi. A discourse perspective on agrifood biotechnology controversies: Bt cotton in India[D]. Michigan State University. 2004
265. Traill Bruce W, Jaeger Sara R, Yee Wallace M S, et al. Categories of GM risk-benefit perceptions and their antecedents[J]. AgBioForum, 2004,7(4): 176-186.
266. Tyrone P. Wilson. Agricultural Biotechnology and Environmental Discourse:An Evaluation of the Environmental Regulatory Framework and Polic Process for Insecticidal Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis-Corn in the United States, Germany, and Mexico[D]. College of Arts and Sciences,George Mason University, Fairfax VA, 2004
267. US Environmental Protection Agency. Bt Plant-pesticides Biopesticides Registration Action Document. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2000/october/brag2-scienceassessment
268. Weaver Robert D. Ex post evidence on adoption of transgenic crops:US soybeans. In: Welleleeer J H H(ed.). Environment costs and benefits of transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series, Vol 7
269. Weed Science Society of America crop losses due to weeds in the United States. Champaign,Illinois, 1992
270. West T O, Post W M. Soil Organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation: A global analysis[J]. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 2002, 66,:930-1046.
271.Willeme J. Stiekema. Comment on Ervin and Welsh:Environmental effects of genetically modified crops:differentiated risk assessment and management. In:Wesseler, J H H (ed.Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transgenic crops. Wageningen U R Frontis Series ,2005, Vol 7:31
272. Wilson William W, Dahl Bruce. Costs and risks of segregating GM wheat in Canada[J].Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2006,54: 341-359.
273. Wolt Jeffrey D, Peterson Robert K D. Agricultural biotechnology and societal decision-making: the role of risk analysis[J]. AgBioForum, 2000, 3(1): 39-46.
274. Wu K M, Li WD, Feng H Q,et al. Seasonal abundance of the mirids, Lygus lucorum and Adelphocoris spp. On Bt cotton in Northern China[J]. Crop Prot, 2002,21:997-1002.
275. Wynne B. Creationg public alienation: Expert cultures of risk and ethics on GMOs [J]. Science as Culture, 2001,10: 445-481.
276. Zadoks J C, Hermann Waibel. From chemical pesticides to genetically modified crops—history, economics, politics [J]. Netherland Journal of Agricultural Science, 2000,48: 125-149.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |