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中国陆相白垩系沉积特征与古地理面貌
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摘要
陆地是地球表层系统的重要组成部分,白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件在陆地上也得到良好的响应。科学界已经认识到:缺乏来自陆地沉积记录的研究,将很难完整而准确地探索白垩纪地球表层系统变化的性质和机制。东亚大陆是白垩纪时期最大的陆地,而中国处于东亚大陆东部边缘,白垩纪地层发育,对研究白垩纪构造体制的转变及气候变化具有重要意义。
     白垩纪地层格架的建立是本文的工作基础。本文在前人成果的基础上,补充了大量火山岩同位素年代地层学数据、生物地层学数据及磁性地层学数据,建立了中国陆相白垩纪地层格架。早白垩世早期地层只在西部地区发育,而早白垩世晚期地层在全国范围内广泛发育;晚白垩世早期,西北地区地层缺失,东北地区除松辽盆地外地层缺失,华北及东南地区地层分布局限,西南及中南地区地层发育;晚白垩世晚期,东南地区及华北地区地层缺失,西北及东北地区零星分布,西南及中南地区地层发育。
     对不同地区典型剖面进行了岩相、充填序列及沉积相研究,结合白垩纪沉积盆地的性质讨论了不同地区盆地沉积特征在不同盆地演化阶段沉积特征的异同。在此基础上,将中国陆相白垩纪地层划分为东北地层区、西北地层区、华北地层区、西南地层区、中南地层区及东南地层区。认为西南地层区及西北地层区盆地具有挠曲盆地的性质,在干旱-半干旱气候环境下形成了以红色碎屑岩系为主的河湖相沉积;而东北地层区、华北地层区、中南地层区及华南地层区形成了巨大的裂谷盆地系统,这些裂谷盆地在不同地层区充填序列的差异受构造活动和气候状况共同控制。
     中国白垩纪古地理面貌的重建是本文研究的最终目的。在白垩纪地层数据库的支撑下,本文限定了白垩纪中国的海陆边界,统计了白垩纪恐龙和“特殊沉积”的分布,在此基础上编制了《中国白垩纪古地理面貌资料底图》并最终重建了中国白垩纪古地理面貌。早白垩世早期,沉积盆地主要在西部地区发育,中国的古地理面貌为“东高西低”;早白垩世晚期,沉积盆地遍布全国,大兴安岭-太行山-华蓥山一线及祁连山-秦岭-大别山一线分别构成了中国东、西与南、北的分界线,中国东部进入大规模伸展时期。晚白垩世早期,沉积盆地主要发育在中南及西南地层区,古地理面貌特征为“西高东低”,古亚洲高原形成,华北地层区及东北地层区(除松辽盆地外)隆起剥蚀。晚白垩世晚期,西北地层区及东北地层区局部凹陷接受沉积,沉积盆地主要发育在中南及西南地层区,华北高原及东部山脉扩张。
Continent is an important part of earth surface system. Some important event happened in Cretaceous occurred on continent too. Scientists had realized that it is impossible to research the characteristic and mechanism of earth surface system changing in Cretaceous. East Asia is the largest continent in Cretaceous. China lies in its east margin. It is important to research Cretaceous stratum in China. They contain information of tectonic system change, basin-mountain coupling, and climate change.
     Continental stratigraphic framework in China is the base of this paper. Basis in the former study, a new stratigraphic framework which includes many new data of lava ages, biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy is established. Cretaceous stratums only occur in western China in early Early Cretaceous and they grow all over China in late Early Cretaceous, In early Late Cretaceous, northwestern China and northeastern China except Songliao basin are lack of Cretaceous stratum. Cretaceous stratums occur locally in North China and southeastern China but they extensively occur in southwestern and central South China through early Late Cretaceous. In late Late Cretaceous, southeastern China and North China are lack of Cretaceous stratum and Cretaceous stratums occur locally in northwestern and northeastern China but they extensively occur in southwestern and central South China.
     Based on the study of lithofacies, filling sequence, basin type and sedimentary facies from many typical profiles in different basins, Cretaceous continental stratums are divided into six types which are named Northeast area, Northwest area, North China area, Southwest area, Central South area and Southeast area. It is considered that basins in Southwest area and Northwest area are flexural basins. They are filled by red bed which is formed in river and lake system under arid to semi-arid climate. Northeast area, North China area, Central South area and Southeast area lied in a huge rift basin system. The differences between these basins in filling sequence are controlled by both tectonic activity and climate.
     Reconstruction of the paleogeography of China in Cretaceous is the most important matter. Under the help of continental Cretaceous stratum data-base, Cretaceous dinosaurs and'special deposition'in China are checked. And the boundary of the land in China has been suggested. A chart named'Data chart of Cretaceous paleography in China'has been finished. And Cretaceous paleogeography in China has been reconstructed. A huge plateau named'East plateau'lied across the east margin of China, and basins lied in western China in early Early Cretaceous. In late Early Cretaceous, eastern China is under extension condition. Sediment basins are exist all over China. The Da Hinggan-Taihang mountain-Huaying mountain and Qilian mountain-Qinling-Dabie mountain have existed and they are the boundary of western-eastern China and North-South China. There is a huge plateau in central Asian, which is named Ancient Asian plateau. North area and Northeast area (except Songliao basin) lifted in early Late Cretaceous. In late Late Cretaceous, North China plateau and east range exist. Northeast area and Northwest area are locally filled by clastic rock formed in river and lake. Central South area and Southeast area are the main depositional location through Late Cretaceous.
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