基于电阻率法与激电法的隧道含水地质构造超前探测与突水灾害实时监测研究
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摘要
在我国的交通、矿山和水利水电等领域正在修建大量的隧道(洞)等地下工程,普遍具有埋深大、洞线长、水文地质条件复杂等显著特点,导致隧道施工中将面临突(涌)水等诸多地质灾害。在国内外隧道特大事故中,突(涌)水地质灾害在死亡人数和发生次数上均居于前列,已经成为制约隧道等地下工程建设的瓶颈问题之一,因此,隧道施工期含水地质构造的超前探测与突涌水灾害实时监测预测已经成为亟待研究和解决的重要科技工程难题。
针对上述难题,提出了以直流电阻率法和激发极化法等地球物理方法为先导的解决思路,以三维电阻率的正反演理论与水量估算方法研究为出发点,建立了隧道含水构造超前探测三维成像与水量估算技术体系,提出了基于电阻率层析成像法的隧道突涌水灾害实时监测预测系统与方法,相关研究成果在实际工程和物理模型试验中得到了较为成功的应用。本文的主要研究工作如下：
1)针对三维电阻率正演这一基础性问题,利用有限单元法实现了点源三维电场的求解,提出了基于预条件共轭梯度算法与Cholesky分解算法的大型线性方程组求解效率优化方案,实现了三维电阻率勘探的快速精确正演。在三维电阻率正演的基础上,利用“等效电阻率法”实现了三维极化率的数值正演。
2)针对三维电阻率反演成像这一核心问题,分别对线性反演方法、非线性反演方法和联合反演方法进行了研究。提出了基于光滑约束的最小二乘线性反演方法及其计算效率优化方案,该方法计算效率较高,但反演结果对初始模型依赖性较强。提出了基于光滑约束的改进遗传算法非线性反演方法,提出了变异方向控制技术解决了搜索效率极低这一阻碍遗传算法用于三维电阻率反演的瓶颈问题,有效降低了反演结果对初始模型的依赖,但存在计算时间成本大的缺陷。提出了线性方法与非线性方法相结合的联合反演方法,降低了对初始模型的依赖,在保证反演效果的前提下有效的提高了反演速度。基于上述方法编制了三维电阻率反演程序3D E-Imager,搭建了一个适用于三维电阻率反演的通用软件平台。
3)针对隧道含水地质构造超前探测三维成像与定位这一难题,提出了基于直流电阻率法的隧道含水构造超前探测三维成像方法。总结分析了隧道含水地质构造的类型和特点并进行了概化,解答了隧道超前探测的基本问题(如三维全空间点源电场求解、测量工作方式、干扰识别与去除方法),在对含水构造超前探测进行系统正演研究的基础上总结了观测数据响应特征,确定了超前探测反演目标区域,提出了基于三维电阻率反演方法的隧道含水构造超前探测三维成像方法,利用大量的反演算例验证了电阻率法对断层、溶洞等含导水地质构造三维成像的可行性与有效性,总结了不同类型含水构造的三维成像特点。
4)针对隧道含水构造水量估算与预测这一关键性难题,提出了基于二电流激发极化半衰时之差法的隧道含水构造水量预测方法,研发了二电流激发极化时差仪器设备,通过物理模型试验发现半衰时之差与水量之间存在线性正相关关系,在上述发现的基础上提出了隧道含水构造水量估算方法,为实现实际工程中含水构造的水量预测提供了一条可行的途径。
5)以三维电阻率反演成像技术和半衰时之差法水量估算方法为实现手段,综合地质分析以及其他预报方法,提出了隧道含水地质构造超前三维成像与水量估算综合技术体系,并将该技术体系应用于三峡翻坝公路鸡公岭隧道、锦屏二级电站4#输水隧洞等多个隧道工程的预报实践工作中,预报结果与实际开挖情况基本一致,从工程应用角度验证了基于直流电阻率法和激发极化法的隧道含水构造超前探测三维成像与水量估算技术的可行性和有效性。
6)针对隧道施工期突涌水地质灾害的监测与预测难题,提出了基于电阻率层析成像法的隧道突涌水灾害实时监测系统与方法。根据相关资料建立了隧道突水地电模型并进行了数值正演研究。设计了以快速反演成像方法为核心技术的具有全程自动监测、多参数综合判断等特点的电阻率层析成像实时监测系统,并将该系统应用到隧道涌水模型试验和煤矿采区突水模型试验的实时监测工作中,将渗流发展、岩层破断、突水通道形成等重要前兆过程以动态成像的方式直观形象表达出来,有效的捕捉到突水前兆信息,为突涌水灾害的预测提供了重要的参考。
7)最后,提出了基于直流电阻率法和激电法的“含水构造超前探测——突涌水灾害实时监测与预警”两阶段隧道突涌水灾害全程预报预警技术体系的架构和思路,为本文的下一步研究工作指明了方向,也为实现实际工程中突涌水灾害的全程预报预警奠定了基础。
Massive tunnels are being constructed in the field of transportation, mine and water conservancy and hydropower in China. These tunnels generally have the remarkable characteristics of large buried depth, long tunnel line and complicated geological condition, which lead to a lot of geological hazards such as water inrush in tunnel construction period. Among the tunnel serious accidents in the world, the water inrush hazard is in the front rank from the aspect of death toll and number of occurrence. The water inrush hazard has become one of the bottleneck problems that constrain the construction of underground engineering such as tunnels. Therefore, advanced detection of the water-bearing geological structures and real-time monitoring and prediction of the water inrush hazard in tunnel construction period has become the important scientific and engineering problem to be studied and solved urgently.
For the above problems, the solving methods with the electrical resistivity method and Induced Polarization (IP) method as the guide is proposed. Taking 3D resistivity forward modeling and inversion theory and water volume estimation method as the starting point, the technical system of 3D tomography and water volume estimation for tunnel water-bearing geological structures prediction is established. And the system and method of water inrush hazard real-time monitoring and prediction based on Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is put forward. And the research results have got successful application in practical engineering and physical model test. The main research work focuses on the following.
1) For 3D resistivity forward modeling problem, Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to solve 3D point source electric field. And the optimization scheme of computation efficiency for solving the large linear systems based on Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient algorithm and Cholesky decomposition algorithm is proposed and rapid and accurate forward modeling of 3D resistivity detection is realized. Based on the 3D resistivity forward modeling method, equivalent resistivity method is used for 3D polarizability forward modeling.
2) For 3D resistivity inversion and tomography problem, the linear inversion method, nonlinear inversion method and combined inversion method are studied respectively. Least square method as a linear-inversion method based on smooth constraint and its optimization scheme of computation efficiency are put forward. Least square method for inversion is efficient in computation but has a strong dependence on the initial model. The improved Genetic Algorithm (GA) as nonlinear inversion method based on smooth constraint is proposed. And the mutation direction control technology is studied for solving the problem of low searching efficiency that hinders the usage of GA method in 3D resistivity inversion. By this method, inversion result dependence on the initial model is basically eliminated, but it is quite time-consuming. The integrated inversion method combined with linear and nonlinear inversion methods is presented, by which inversion result dependence on the initial model is basically eliminated and the inversion speed is efficiently improved by the premise of guarantee of inversion effect. The 3D resistivity inversion program 3D E-Imager is compiled, building a general software platform for 3D resistivity inversion and forward modeling.
3) 3D tomography method for tunnel water-bearing geological structure advanced detection based on direct current (DC) resistivity method is proposed. The types and characteristics of water-bearing structures are analyzed and generalized. The basic problems of tunnel advanced detection are solved (e.g., solution of point source field in 3D whole space, measurement mode, recognition and removal of the measurement disturbance).The response characters of observation data are summarized on the foundation of further study on the forward modeling of advanced detection of water-bearing structures. And the inversion object region of advanced detection is determined.3D tomography and location method for water-bearing geological structure advanced detection based on 3D resistivity inversion method is put forward. The feasibility and effectiveness of 3D tomography for water-bearing structures (e.g., water-bearing faults, water-bearing caves) has been proved by massive inversion examples. And the tomography characters for different kinds of water-bearing structures are analyzed and summarized.
4) For the problem of water volume estimation in water-bearing structure, the water volume estimation method based on half-decay time difference of two-current induced polarization is proposed. The time domain two-current induced polarization equipment is developed. It is found that the relation between difference of half-decay time and water volume is linear positive correlation by physical model test. And the method of water volume estimation is established on the basis of above discovery, providing a feasible way for solving the problem of water volume estimation in practical engineering.
5) Taking 3D resistivity inversion technique and water volume estimation method with half-decay time difference as the solving way, the technical system of 3D tomography and water volume estimation for tunnel water-bearing geological structures prediction is established combined with the geological analysis method and other prediction technique. And this technical system is introduced into geological forecast work in tunnel engineering (e.g., Jigongling Tunnel in Fanba Highway,4# diversion tunnel in Jinping II Hydropower Station). The prediction result is basically identical with the practical excavation result, by which the feasibility and effectiveness of 3D tomography and water volume estimation technique for water-bearing geological structures is verified in the aspect of engineering application.
6) For the problem of water inrush geological hazard real-time monitoring and prediction in tunnel construction, the system and method of water inrush hazard real-time monitoring and prediction based on ERT method is put forward. The geo-electrical models of tunnel water inrush are established according to related data, and numerical forward modeling is performed. Taking rapid inversion and tomography method for 3D resistivity as key technology, the real-time monitoring system with ERT is designed. This system has advantages of automatic monitoring and comprehensive judgment with multiple parameters. And this system is used in tunnel water gushing model test and mining area water bursting model test for real-time monitoring work. The intuitive dynamic images of important precursory process is obtained, e.g., seepage development, rock fracture, water inrush channel formation. And the precursory information for water inrush is captured, providing an important reference for water inrush hazard prediction.
7) In the end, the thought and framework of two-stage prediction and early-warning system for tunnel water inrush is proposed based on the DC resistivity and IP method, pointing out the direction for future study work of this paper and laying a solid foundation for prediction and early-warning of water inrush hazards in practical engineering.
针对上述难题,提出了以直流电阻率法和激发极化法等地球物理方法为先导的解决思路,以三维电阻率的正反演理论与水量估算方法研究为出发点,建立了隧道含水构造超前探测三维成像与水量估算技术体系,提出了基于电阻率层析成像法的隧道突涌水灾害实时监测预测系统与方法,相关研究成果在实际工程和物理模型试验中得到了较为成功的应用。本文的主要研究工作如下：
1)针对三维电阻率正演这一基础性问题,利用有限单元法实现了点源三维电场的求解,提出了基于预条件共轭梯度算法与Cholesky分解算法的大型线性方程组求解效率优化方案,实现了三维电阻率勘探的快速精确正演。在三维电阻率正演的基础上,利用“等效电阻率法”实现了三维极化率的数值正演。
2)针对三维电阻率反演成像这一核心问题,分别对线性反演方法、非线性反演方法和联合反演方法进行了研究。提出了基于光滑约束的最小二乘线性反演方法及其计算效率优化方案,该方法计算效率较高,但反演结果对初始模型依赖性较强。提出了基于光滑约束的改进遗传算法非线性反演方法,提出了变异方向控制技术解决了搜索效率极低这一阻碍遗传算法用于三维电阻率反演的瓶颈问题,有效降低了反演结果对初始模型的依赖,但存在计算时间成本大的缺陷。提出了线性方法与非线性方法相结合的联合反演方法,降低了对初始模型的依赖,在保证反演效果的前提下有效的提高了反演速度。基于上述方法编制了三维电阻率反演程序3D E-Imager,搭建了一个适用于三维电阻率反演的通用软件平台。
3)针对隧道含水地质构造超前探测三维成像与定位这一难题,提出了基于直流电阻率法的隧道含水构造超前探测三维成像方法。总结分析了隧道含水地质构造的类型和特点并进行了概化,解答了隧道超前探测的基本问题(如三维全空间点源电场求解、测量工作方式、干扰识别与去除方法),在对含水构造超前探测进行系统正演研究的基础上总结了观测数据响应特征,确定了超前探测反演目标区域,提出了基于三维电阻率反演方法的隧道含水构造超前探测三维成像方法,利用大量的反演算例验证了电阻率法对断层、溶洞等含导水地质构造三维成像的可行性与有效性,总结了不同类型含水构造的三维成像特点。
4)针对隧道含水构造水量估算与预测这一关键性难题,提出了基于二电流激发极化半衰时之差法的隧道含水构造水量预测方法,研发了二电流激发极化时差仪器设备,通过物理模型试验发现半衰时之差与水量之间存在线性正相关关系,在上述发现的基础上提出了隧道含水构造水量估算方法,为实现实际工程中含水构造的水量预测提供了一条可行的途径。
5)以三维电阻率反演成像技术和半衰时之差法水量估算方法为实现手段,综合地质分析以及其他预报方法,提出了隧道含水地质构造超前三维成像与水量估算综合技术体系,并将该技术体系应用于三峡翻坝公路鸡公岭隧道、锦屏二级电站4#输水隧洞等多个隧道工程的预报实践工作中,预报结果与实际开挖情况基本一致,从工程应用角度验证了基于直流电阻率法和激发极化法的隧道含水构造超前探测三维成像与水量估算技术的可行性和有效性。
6)针对隧道施工期突涌水地质灾害的监测与预测难题,提出了基于电阻率层析成像法的隧道突涌水灾害实时监测系统与方法。根据相关资料建立了隧道突水地电模型并进行了数值正演研究。设计了以快速反演成像方法为核心技术的具有全程自动监测、多参数综合判断等特点的电阻率层析成像实时监测系统,并将该系统应用到隧道涌水模型试验和煤矿采区突水模型试验的实时监测工作中,将渗流发展、岩层破断、突水通道形成等重要前兆过程以动态成像的方式直观形象表达出来,有效的捕捉到突水前兆信息,为突涌水灾害的预测提供了重要的参考。
7)最后,提出了基于直流电阻率法和激电法的“含水构造超前探测——突涌水灾害实时监测与预警”两阶段隧道突涌水灾害全程预报预警技术体系的架构和思路,为本文的下一步研究工作指明了方向,也为实现实际工程中突涌水灾害的全程预报预警奠定了基础。
Massive tunnels are being constructed in the field of transportation, mine and water conservancy and hydropower in China. These tunnels generally have the remarkable characteristics of large buried depth, long tunnel line and complicated geological condition, which lead to a lot of geological hazards such as water inrush in tunnel construction period. Among the tunnel serious accidents in the world, the water inrush hazard is in the front rank from the aspect of death toll and number of occurrence. The water inrush hazard has become one of the bottleneck problems that constrain the construction of underground engineering such as tunnels. Therefore, advanced detection of the water-bearing geological structures and real-time monitoring and prediction of the water inrush hazard in tunnel construction period has become the important scientific and engineering problem to be studied and solved urgently.
For the above problems, the solving methods with the electrical resistivity method and Induced Polarization (IP) method as the guide is proposed. Taking 3D resistivity forward modeling and inversion theory and water volume estimation method as the starting point, the technical system of 3D tomography and water volume estimation for tunnel water-bearing geological structures prediction is established. And the system and method of water inrush hazard real-time monitoring and prediction based on Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is put forward. And the research results have got successful application in practical engineering and physical model test. The main research work focuses on the following.
1) For 3D resistivity forward modeling problem, Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to solve 3D point source electric field. And the optimization scheme of computation efficiency for solving the large linear systems based on Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient algorithm and Cholesky decomposition algorithm is proposed and rapid and accurate forward modeling of 3D resistivity detection is realized. Based on the 3D resistivity forward modeling method, equivalent resistivity method is used for 3D polarizability forward modeling.
2) For 3D resistivity inversion and tomography problem, the linear inversion method, nonlinear inversion method and combined inversion method are studied respectively. Least square method as a linear-inversion method based on smooth constraint and its optimization scheme of computation efficiency are put forward. Least square method for inversion is efficient in computation but has a strong dependence on the initial model. The improved Genetic Algorithm (GA) as nonlinear inversion method based on smooth constraint is proposed. And the mutation direction control technology is studied for solving the problem of low searching efficiency that hinders the usage of GA method in 3D resistivity inversion. By this method, inversion result dependence on the initial model is basically eliminated, but it is quite time-consuming. The integrated inversion method combined with linear and nonlinear inversion methods is presented, by which inversion result dependence on the initial model is basically eliminated and the inversion speed is efficiently improved by the premise of guarantee of inversion effect. The 3D resistivity inversion program 3D E-Imager is compiled, building a general software platform for 3D resistivity inversion and forward modeling.
3) 3D tomography method for tunnel water-bearing geological structure advanced detection based on direct current (DC) resistivity method is proposed. The types and characteristics of water-bearing structures are analyzed and generalized. The basic problems of tunnel advanced detection are solved (e.g., solution of point source field in 3D whole space, measurement mode, recognition and removal of the measurement disturbance).The response characters of observation data are summarized on the foundation of further study on the forward modeling of advanced detection of water-bearing structures. And the inversion object region of advanced detection is determined.3D tomography and location method for water-bearing geological structure advanced detection based on 3D resistivity inversion method is put forward. The feasibility and effectiveness of 3D tomography for water-bearing structures (e.g., water-bearing faults, water-bearing caves) has been proved by massive inversion examples. And the tomography characters for different kinds of water-bearing structures are analyzed and summarized.
4) For the problem of water volume estimation in water-bearing structure, the water volume estimation method based on half-decay time difference of two-current induced polarization is proposed. The time domain two-current induced polarization equipment is developed. It is found that the relation between difference of half-decay time and water volume is linear positive correlation by physical model test. And the method of water volume estimation is established on the basis of above discovery, providing a feasible way for solving the problem of water volume estimation in practical engineering.
5) Taking 3D resistivity inversion technique and water volume estimation method with half-decay time difference as the solving way, the technical system of 3D tomography and water volume estimation for tunnel water-bearing geological structures prediction is established combined with the geological analysis method and other prediction technique. And this technical system is introduced into geological forecast work in tunnel engineering (e.g., Jigongling Tunnel in Fanba Highway,4# diversion tunnel in Jinping II Hydropower Station). The prediction result is basically identical with the practical excavation result, by which the feasibility and effectiveness of 3D tomography and water volume estimation technique for water-bearing geological structures is verified in the aspect of engineering application.
6) For the problem of water inrush geological hazard real-time monitoring and prediction in tunnel construction, the system and method of water inrush hazard real-time monitoring and prediction based on ERT method is put forward. The geo-electrical models of tunnel water inrush are established according to related data, and numerical forward modeling is performed. Taking rapid inversion and tomography method for 3D resistivity as key technology, the real-time monitoring system with ERT is designed. This system has advantages of automatic monitoring and comprehensive judgment with multiple parameters. And this system is used in tunnel water gushing model test and mining area water bursting model test for real-time monitoring work. The intuitive dynamic images of important precursory process is obtained, e.g., seepage development, rock fracture, water inrush channel formation. And the precursory information for water inrush is captured, providing an important reference for water inrush hazard prediction.
7) In the end, the thought and framework of two-stage prediction and early-warning system for tunnel water inrush is proposed based on the DC resistivity and IP method, pointing out the direction for future study work of this paper and laying a solid foundation for prediction and early-warning of water inrush hazards in practical engineering.
引文
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