1945-1949年美国的中国东北政策
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摘要
本文试图通过对1945-1949年美国中国东北政策的研究,阐述美国对中国国内政治的影响,揭示战后美国对华政策走向失败的根源,分析亚洲冷战的起源。第二次世界大战结束后,远东国际政治格局发生了巨大变化。为了在远东制衡苏联,扶持中国成为一个对美国友好的大国成为美国对华政策的核心目标。战后,美国在中国的势力已无其他国家可匹敌,惟有东北,在雅尔塔会议上确立了苏联在这里的优势地位。在美国看来,一个不包括东北在内的中国是无力与苏联抗衡的,因此从插手中苏谈判,到为国民党进入东北进行海空大抢运,再到派出军事顾问团助蒋打内战,美国极力支持国民党夺取东北地区。然而,国民党与共产党斗争失败的结局使美国的计划化为泡影。当中国共产党在与苏联毗邻的东北首先取得胜利时,美国政府提出了“楔子”战略,企图在中共与苏联之间制造分裂。但中国共产党出于自身安全和意识形态的考虑,很快作出“一边倒”的外交决策,对美国关上了大门。美国的东北政策难以为继,无可奈何地退出了东北。
Since the late 19th century, Northeast China had become a focus of contest of Western capitalist countries and the imperialist powers in China, and once was alluded to as“Asian Balkan”. Due to its special strategic position, Northeast China continually attracted the U. S. attention. U. S. Open Door Policy with China was derived from Northeast China and also ceased there. This study begins with the proposal of Northeast China issue in the several Big-Nation meetings in late WWII, and discusses and analyzes the U.S. policy towards Northeast China, which would be put in the background of the U. S. policy towards China and the Far East, even the U.S. Global Strategy.
Except for the Introduction (Chapter 1) and the Conclusion, this thesis contains four parts, and all of them focus on the U.S. policy towards Northeast China between 1945 and 1949.
Chapter 2 reviews the origins of the U. S. policy towards Northeast China and the course of its evolution. In 1899, the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay proposed an“Open Door”policy in China. Its initial motivation was to prevent Russia from establishing a monopoly in Northeast China. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the U. S. attention to Northeast China mainly focused on economic interests. Although the U. S. participated in the struggle in Northeast China between Russia and Japan before 1931, its diplomatic focus was on Europe instead of the Far East. By 1931,“9.18”Incident broke out, the U. S. carried out“Non-Recognition Policy”and tried to appease Japanese aggressor together with other western countries. The contest of great powers in Northeast China ended in Japan’s monopoly. This thesis analyzes the reasons and backgrounds of the U. S. policy’s evolutions by probing into both the U. S. Government and the Soviet Union Government policies towards Northeast China in their respective post-war plans in Cairo, Teheran and Yalta Conferences in the late WWII. In order to achieve its goal in wartime, the U. S. sacrificed the Chinese rights in Northeast to strive the Soviet entering the war against Japan. Yalta Agreement erected the preeminent interests of Soviet Union in Northeast China, which was contradictory to Open Door Policy and hindered the U. S. achieving its post-war objections in East Asia.
Chapter 3 analyzes the U. S. policy toward Northeast China from the end of the war to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. After the WWII ended, the situation of Northeast China was complicated. The U. S. - Soviet global rivalry waged in Northeast China firstly. The U. S. tried to break with Yalta agreement. It aided Kuomintang trooping to Northeast China, reopened the American consulates in the big cities of Northeast China, and sent General Marshall to China to mediate the conflict between Kuomintang and Chinese Communist. This Chapter also explores the interaction between the United States and the Soviet Union policies towards Northeast China. The Truman Administration always considered its strategy to the Soviet Union when it formulated its Northeast China policy. American concern and claim for Northeast China also strived the Soviet competing for it. The U. S. and the Soviet Union waged a political, economic and diplomatic war on Northeast China through supporting Kuomintang and Communist respectively. The increasingly fierce conflict between Kuomintang and Communist not only made it difficult to achieve the American post-war China policy aiming a united, steady China and complying with American interests in East Asia, but also made the U. S. up to the chin to Chinese Affairs.
Chapter 4 discusses the U. S. policy towards Northeast China during the Chinese Civil War. The mediation of Marshall ended with a failure. A full-scale war between Kuomintang and Communist broke out. Against a background of global cold war, the contest in Northeast between Kuomintang and Communist cannot help but be interlaced with the competition between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Chinese Civil War was subordinated to the cold war system and became a part of cold war. The U. S. Government never viewed Chinese Communist as an independent political organization, but a tool of the Soviet policy towards China. It was bound to deepen the cold war crisis. Ultimately, the U. S. established an“Aiding Chiang Kai-shek and Anti-Communist”policy and intervened in Chinese Civil War. In addition, the U. S. had a direct confrontation with the Soviet Union on Lushun and Dalian problem, and obtained information about the Soviet Union through espionage.
Chapter 5 has a discussion on the U. S. policy towards Northeast China after the Chinese Communist won the civil war in Northeast. During this period, the U. S. policy was ambiguous and indecisive. Under the circumstances of global cold war, the U. S. Government carried out Containment Policy to the communist world. In the wake of the victory of Chinese Communist, Truman administration drew up“the wedge strategy”which wanted to accept an anti-Soviet Communist China. At the same time, the United States changed its severe Japanese economic policy to rehabilitation, and encouraged the trade between Japan and Northeast China. The goal of the policies was bringing about a split between Chinese Communist and the Soviet Union through giving Chinese Communist economic benefits. These actions no doubt made a great impact on Containment Policy. But under the background of cold war, neither the United States nor Chinese Communist could break away from their mutual hostility. The Ward Case which happened in Shenyang soon after the liberation of whole Northeast China affected the Sino-American relation and the U. S. policy towards China greatly. Hereafter, Chinese Communist adopted“Lean to One-side”foreign policy and a guideline of forcing American and other western diplomats to leave China. New China closed its door to the American. The American had to leave China gloomily.
The U. S. policy towards Northeast China from 1945 to 1949 was closely related to its global strategy and policy towards whole China. American policy makers always took account of the Soviet, paid close attention to Soviet intention and pondered the relation between Chinese Communist and the Soviet Union when they considered China issues. As the Cold War was in full swing, the cooperative and competitive Yalta system in the post-war early stage was increasingly moving towards cold war system which was complete confrontation between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. In China, Kuomintang was defeated; China was going into the Soviet group. Containment to China was bound to become a part of the U. S. containment to Communism in the whole world. By the end of 1949, Northeast Asia international pattern in Cold War era had basically established.
The American attitude and standpoint on Northeast China reflected the objectives of its Open Door Policy. In the post-war period, most of China had become the U. S. sphere of influence except Northeast. Although the U. S. made a deal with the Soviet Union and promised“the preeminent interests of Soviet Union in Northeast China”, it insisted a guarantee of Open Door in Northeast China from Stalin. The victory of Chinese Communist in autumn of 1948 was undoubtedly a crushing blow to American traditional Open Door Policy in China. Because the U. S. Government was unwilling to admit New China and decided“waiting for the dust to settle”, the door of New China certainly closed to American.
Since the late 19th century, Northeast China had become a focus of contest of Western capitalist countries and the imperialist powers in China, and once was alluded to as“Asian Balkan”. Due to its special strategic position, Northeast China continually attracted the U. S. attention. U. S. Open Door Policy with China was derived from Northeast China and also ceased there. This study begins with the proposal of Northeast China issue in the several Big-Nation meetings in late WWII, and discusses and analyzes the U.S. policy towards Northeast China, which would be put in the background of the U. S. policy towards China and the Far East, even the U.S. Global Strategy.
Except for the Introduction (Chapter 1) and the Conclusion, this thesis contains four parts, and all of them focus on the U.S. policy towards Northeast China between 1945 and 1949.
Chapter 2 reviews the origins of the U. S. policy towards Northeast China and the course of its evolution. In 1899, the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay proposed an“Open Door”policy in China. Its initial motivation was to prevent Russia from establishing a monopoly in Northeast China. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the U. S. attention to Northeast China mainly focused on economic interests. Although the U. S. participated in the struggle in Northeast China between Russia and Japan before 1931, its diplomatic focus was on Europe instead of the Far East. By 1931,“9.18”Incident broke out, the U. S. carried out“Non-Recognition Policy”and tried to appease Japanese aggressor together with other western countries. The contest of great powers in Northeast China ended in Japan’s monopoly. This thesis analyzes the reasons and backgrounds of the U. S. policy’s evolutions by probing into both the U. S. Government and the Soviet Union Government policies towards Northeast China in their respective post-war plans in Cairo, Teheran and Yalta Conferences in the late WWII. In order to achieve its goal in wartime, the U. S. sacrificed the Chinese rights in Northeast to strive the Soviet entering the war against Japan. Yalta Agreement erected the preeminent interests of Soviet Union in Northeast China, which was contradictory to Open Door Policy and hindered the U. S. achieving its post-war objections in East Asia.
Chapter 3 analyzes the U. S. policy toward Northeast China from the end of the war to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. After the WWII ended, the situation of Northeast China was complicated. The U. S. - Soviet global rivalry waged in Northeast China firstly. The U. S. tried to break with Yalta agreement. It aided Kuomintang trooping to Northeast China, reopened the American consulates in the big cities of Northeast China, and sent General Marshall to China to mediate the conflict between Kuomintang and Chinese Communist. This Chapter also explores the interaction between the United States and the Soviet Union policies towards Northeast China. The Truman Administration always considered its strategy to the Soviet Union when it formulated its Northeast China policy. American concern and claim for Northeast China also strived the Soviet competing for it. The U. S. and the Soviet Union waged a political, economic and diplomatic war on Northeast China through supporting Kuomintang and Communist respectively. The increasingly fierce conflict between Kuomintang and Communist not only made it difficult to achieve the American post-war China policy aiming a united, steady China and complying with American interests in East Asia, but also made the U. S. up to the chin to Chinese Affairs.
Chapter 4 discusses the U. S. policy towards Northeast China during the Chinese Civil War. The mediation of Marshall ended with a failure. A full-scale war between Kuomintang and Communist broke out. Against a background of global cold war, the contest in Northeast between Kuomintang and Communist cannot help but be interlaced with the competition between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Chinese Civil War was subordinated to the cold war system and became a part of cold war. The U. S. Government never viewed Chinese Communist as an independent political organization, but a tool of the Soviet policy towards China. It was bound to deepen the cold war crisis. Ultimately, the U. S. established an“Aiding Chiang Kai-shek and Anti-Communist”policy and intervened in Chinese Civil War. In addition, the U. S. had a direct confrontation with the Soviet Union on Lushun and Dalian problem, and obtained information about the Soviet Union through espionage.
Chapter 5 has a discussion on the U. S. policy towards Northeast China after the Chinese Communist won the civil war in Northeast. During this period, the U. S. policy was ambiguous and indecisive. Under the circumstances of global cold war, the U. S. Government carried out Containment Policy to the communist world. In the wake of the victory of Chinese Communist, Truman administration drew up“the wedge strategy”which wanted to accept an anti-Soviet Communist China. At the same time, the United States changed its severe Japanese economic policy to rehabilitation, and encouraged the trade between Japan and Northeast China. The goal of the policies was bringing about a split between Chinese Communist and the Soviet Union through giving Chinese Communist economic benefits. These actions no doubt made a great impact on Containment Policy. But under the background of cold war, neither the United States nor Chinese Communist could break away from their mutual hostility. The Ward Case which happened in Shenyang soon after the liberation of whole Northeast China affected the Sino-American relation and the U. S. policy towards China greatly. Hereafter, Chinese Communist adopted“Lean to One-side”foreign policy and a guideline of forcing American and other western diplomats to leave China. New China closed its door to the American. The American had to leave China gloomily.
The U. S. policy towards Northeast China from 1945 to 1949 was closely related to its global strategy and policy towards whole China. American policy makers always took account of the Soviet, paid close attention to Soviet intention and pondered the relation between Chinese Communist and the Soviet Union when they considered China issues. As the Cold War was in full swing, the cooperative and competitive Yalta system in the post-war early stage was increasingly moving towards cold war system which was complete confrontation between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. In China, Kuomintang was defeated; China was going into the Soviet group. Containment to China was bound to become a part of the U. S. containment to Communism in the whole world. By the end of 1949, Northeast Asia international pattern in Cold War era had basically established.
The American attitude and standpoint on Northeast China reflected the objectives of its Open Door Policy. In the post-war period, most of China had become the U. S. sphere of influence except Northeast. Although the U. S. made a deal with the Soviet Union and promised“the preeminent interests of Soviet Union in Northeast China”, it insisted a guarantee of Open Door in Northeast China from Stalin. The victory of Chinese Communist in autumn of 1948 was undoubtedly a crushing blow to American traditional Open Door Policy in China. Because the U. S. Government was unwilling to admit New China and decided“waiting for the dust to settle”, the door of New China certainly closed to American.
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(7) Foreign Relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1944, Volume IV, Europe, Washington: GPO, 1966.
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①时殷弘:《解放战争时期的美国对华政策与中美关系──中国大陆学者近年研究述评》,《近代史研究》,1995年第5期,第249-250页。
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977.
①[美]孔华润著,张静尔译,《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,上海:复旦大学出版社,1997年,第37,51页。
①Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921, Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971, p.14.
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第450页。
③[苏]鲍里斯·罗曼诺夫著,陶文钊等译:《俄国在满洲(1892-1906)》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第212页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第452页。
②学术界一般认为有两次“门户开放”照会。董小川认为应有三次。第三次“门户开放”照会的主要内容仍是“保持中国领土和行政完整”。见董小川:《关于美国对华门户开放政策的几个问题》,《美国研究》,1998年第4期,第114-128页。
③转引自杨生茂、陆镜生著:《美国史新编》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1990年,第284页。
④1903年10月签订的《中美商约》,中方承诺在《商约》批准互换后,开放奉天和安东两地。但由于日俄战争的爆发,增开新口岸的问题被搁置起来。
⑤关于这次美俄谈判,苏联学者戈列里克的专著《1898-1903美国在满洲的政策和“门户开放”主义》(黑龙江教育出版社,1991年,中译本)一书有详细的论述。
①Roosevelt to Taft, December 22, 1910. A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964, p.132.
①[美]迈克尔·H·亨特著,禇律元译:《意识形态与美国外交政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1999年,第139页。
①1917-1928年任北洋政府总统府顾问。
②The Minister in China (Johnson) to the Secretary of State, September 21, 1931, Foreign Relations of the United States (Hereafter cited as FRUS), Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: United States Government Printing Office (Hereafter cited as GPO), 1943, p.3.
③Henry L.Stimson, The Far Eastern crisis, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1936, p.32
④Memorandum by the Secretary of State, September 22, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, pp.5-6.
⑤The Minister in China (Johnson) to the Secretary of State, September 21, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, p.3.
⑥Memorandum by the Secretary of State, September 22, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, p.8.
①罗家伦主编:《革命文献》第35辑,台北:中央文物供应社,1968年,第7943页。
②Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs (Hornbeck), October 8, 1931, FRUS, 1931, The Far East, Volume III, Washington: GPO, 1946, p.139.
①白里安(Monsieur Briand),法国外长,本次国联理事会主席。
②Memorandum of Trans-Atlantic Telephone Conversation Between Mr. Stimson in Washington and Ambassador Dawes in London, November 10, 1931, FRUS, 1931, The Far East, Volume III, Washington: GPO, 1946, p.408.
③The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Forbes), December 8, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, pp. 55-56.
④The Ambassador in Japan (Forbes) to the Secretary of State, December 24, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, p. 67.
⑤《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第476页。
①Memorandum by the Secretary of State, January 7, 1932, FRUS, 1932, Volume III, The Far East, Washington: GPO, 1948, p.8.
②转引自金安泰:《九一八事变与美国外交》,《史学集刊》1983年第3期,第78页。
③Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service: In Peace and War, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947, p.220.
①[美]舍伍德著,福建师范大学外语系编译室译:《罗斯福与霍普金斯》(下册),商务印书馆,1980年,第350页。
②Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain and the War against Japan, 1941-1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, p.25.
③[美]约瑟夫·W·史迪威著,黄加林等译:《史迪威日记》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年,第36页。
④Memorandum of Conversation, By the Secretary of State, March 27, 1943, FRUS, 1943, Volume III, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East, Washington: GPO, 1963, p.37
①Memorandum of Conversation, by the Under Secretary of State (Welles), FRUS, 1943, China, Washington: GPO, 1957, pp.845-846.
②Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State: U.S.S.R. Aims in the Far East, August 19, 1943, FRUS, 1943, China, Washington: GPO, 1957, pp.317-320.
③John W. Garver, Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, p.198.
①《驻华商务参事(李查德)与中国经济部长谈话备忘录》,1943年5月14日。[美]柏金斯等编:《一九四三年中美外交关系文件》,台北:联合报社印行,1962年,第444页。
②[美]D.包瑞德著,万高潮、卫大匡等译:《美军观察组在延安》,北京:解放军出版社,1984年,第24页。
③《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第587页。
④《美国总统罗斯福自华盛顿致蒋委员长询可否赞助美国派遣观察团来华搜集敌人情报函(译文)》(1944年2月10日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第163页。
⑤《蒋委员长自重庆致美国总统罗斯福告以愿尽量协助其派遣军事视察团来华搜集敌人情报之计划电》(1944年2月22日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第164页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第597-598页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第587-588页。
②《军事委员会参事室自重庆呈蒋委员长关于开罗会议中我方应提出之问题草案》(1943年11月),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(三),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第499页。
③Minutes of the President’s Meeting With the Joint Chiefs of Staff, November 19, 1943, FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, p.257.
①Roosevelt-Chiang Dinner Meeting, November 23, 1943, Chinese Summary Record (Translation), FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, pp.323-324.
②陶文钊著:《中美关系史1911-1949》(上卷),上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第229-230页。
③American Draft of the Communiqué, With Amendments by the President’s Special Assistant (Hopkins), FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, p.401.
④《罗斯福总统行政助理居里先生致远东司长(韩密尔顿)》(1943年1月13日),《一九四三年中美外交关系文件》,台北:联合报社印行,1962年,第438页。
⑤British Draft of the Communiqué, FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, p.404.
①Minutes of a Meeting of the Pacific War Council, January 12, 1944, FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, pp. 868-869.
②Memorandum Prepared by the Inter-Divisional Area Committee on the Far East, May 9, 1944, FRUS, 1944, Volume V, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, the Far East, Washington: GPO, 1965, pp. 1255-1256.
③The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State, December 4, 1943, FRUS, 1943, China, Washington: GPO, 1957, p.177.
①The British Prime Minister (Churchill) to President Roosevelt, October 11, 1944, FRUS, Volume IV, Europe, Washington: GPO, 1966, p.1011.
②[美]塔奇曼著,汪溪等译:《逆风沙——史迪威与美国在华经验》,重庆:重庆出版社,1994年,第663页;Major General Patrick J. Hurley to President Roosevelt, FRUS, 1944, Volume VI, China, Washington: GPO, 1967, pp.166-170.
③[挪威]文安立著,陈之宏、陈兼译:《冷战与革命——苏美冲突与中国内战的起源》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002年,第26页。
④[美]赫伯特·菲斯著,林海等译:《中国的纠葛》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第258页。
⑤《驻英大使顾维钧自华盛顿呈蒋主席报告与美参谋总长李海商讨苏联在远东取得不冻港问题之谈话情形电》(1944年10月14日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第539页。
①The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the President, December 15, 1944, FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta 1945, Washington: GPO, 1955, pp.378-379.
②[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第443-444页。
③Unity of Anglo-American-Soviet Policy toward China, FRUS, The Conference at Malta and Yalta, 1945, Washington: GPO, 1955, pp.353-354.
①[美]迈克尔·谢勒著,徐泽荣译:《二十世纪的美国与中国》,北京:生活、读书、新知三联书店,1985年,第146页。
②着重线为原书所有。本书编译组编:《德黑兰、雅尔塔、波茨坦会议纪录摘编》,上海:上海人民出版社,1974年,第236-241页。
③[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第477页。
①此文本系根据俄文本译出。《苏美英三国关于远东问题的协定》(1945年2月11日),沈志华(执行总主编)、张盛发(分卷主编)主编:《苏联历史档案选编》第18卷,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第623页。
①[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第477页。
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p. 861.
①Minutes of the Secretary of State’s Staff Committee, April 21, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume V, Europe, Washington: GPO, 1967, p.843.
②Minutes of the Secretary of State’s Staff Committee, April 20, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume V, Europe, Washington: GPO, 1967, p.840.
③1945年4月,美国驻华大使赫尔利在前往重庆的途中访问莫斯科,与斯大林商讨与雅尔塔有关的协议。
④《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第162页。
⑤Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Eastern European Affairs (Durbrow), May 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.863-865.
⑥The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to President Truman, May 10, 1945, FRUS 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.865-868.
⑦Walter Millis edited, The Forrestal Diaries, New York, Viking Press, 1951, p.55.
①[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第550-551页。
②Joseph C. Grew, Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, Volume II, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952, p.1446.
③Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Navy (Forrestal), May 12, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.869-870.
①Secretary of War Henry Stimson’s Diary, May 14, 1945. http://nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/stimson-henry/corr_diary_stimson.htm.[2009-11-23]
②Secretary of War Henry Stimson’s Diary, May 15, 1945, http://nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/stimson-henry/corr_diary_stimson.htm.[2009-11-23]
③The Secretary of War (Stimson) to the Acting Secretary of State, May 12, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.876-878.
④The Secretary of Navy (Forrestal) to the Acting Secretary of State, May 21, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.878.
⑤The Secretary of War (Stimson) to the Acting Secretary of State, May 21, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.877.
①The Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Navy (Forrestal), May 21, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.879-882.
②[美]哈里·杜鲁门著,李石译:《杜鲁门回忆录》(上卷),北京:东方出版社,2007年,第198,204页。
①[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第563-564页。
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the President, June 8, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.62.
③如1945年3月12日,中国驻美大使魏道明与罗斯福总统的谈话;4月13日,中国驻英大使顾维钧与李海上将的谈话;4月15日,代理行政院长宋子文与霍普金斯的谈话,都谈到了雅尔塔会议上斯大林对日作战及其对中国东北的要求的问题。相关文件见秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第542-545页。
①《行政院长宋子文与美国总统杜鲁门第三次会谈纪录》(1945年6月9日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第556-557页。
②Memorandum of Conversation, by the Acting Secretary of State, June 11, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.898-899.
③Memorandum of Conversation, by the Acting Secretary of State, June 14, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.901-903.
①《蒋主席自重庆致行政院长宋子文嘱对美表示中国今后决不能再有租借地名义出现电》(1945年6月11日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第557-558页。
②The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to the Secretary of State, June 15, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.903-904.
③President Truman to Marshal Stalin, June 15, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.904.
④The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Hurley), June 18, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.907.
①《行政院长宋子文自重庆致美国驻华大使赫尔利告以即将往莫斯科与苏联政府谈判关于谈判之进行情形将随时通知美国政府函》(1945年6月25日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第569页。
②The Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of State, July 12, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.861.
③The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman, June 28, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.909.
④The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to President Truman, May 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.867.
⑤The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to the Secretary of State, June 27, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.908.
①《行政院长宋子文自莫斯科呈蒋主席报告苏方所提大连、旅顺及铁路等条件之内容电》,1945年7月9日,秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第607-608页。
①《行政院长宋子文自莫斯科呈蒋主席报告美大使对中苏交涉中之东北各项问题之意见电》,1945年7月9日,秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第608页。
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, July 9[8], 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.924.
③U. S. Interpretation of the Yalta Agreement and Terms Which China Might Appropriately Accept in Regard to Outer Mongolia and Manchuria, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.935-942.
①Memorandum by the Special Assistant to the Secretary of State (Bohlen), March 28, 1960, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.1586.
②Henry L. Stimson Diary, July 17, 1945.转引自[美]罗伯特·梅斯尔,《罗斯福、杜鲁门和中国》,载袁明、[美]哈丁主编:《中美关系史上沉重的一页》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第109页。
③Ferrel, Robert H, ed., Dear Bess: the Letter from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910-1959, New York: Norton, 1983, p.519.
④The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to the Secretary of State, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.948-949.
⑤President Truman to the Ambassador in China (Hurley), July 23, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.950.
①Memorandum of Conversation, by the Minister Counselor in the Soviet Union (Kennan), August 8, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.960-965.
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President and the Secretary of State, August 8, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.965.
③《行政院长宋子文、外交部长王世杰自莫斯科呈蒋主席报告对苏联坚持参加管理大连行政问题拟于必要时为权宜之拒纳电》,1945年8月9日,秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第644页。
④The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.966-967.
⑤The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman), August 11, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.969.
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第608页。
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 14, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.973-974.
③The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman), August 22, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.980.
④The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, September 1, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.982.
①Stimson’s Diary, Undated entry inserted before July 14, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.1224.
②The Secretary of War (Stimson) to the President, July 16, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960, pp.1223-1224.
③Steven I. Levine, Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945-1948, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, p.35.
①The Secretary of War (Stimson) to the President, July 16, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960, pp.1223-1224.
②Briefing Book Paper, Soviet Support of the Cairo Declaration, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.927.
③SWNCC 299/1, Report by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Subcommittee for the Far East, FRUS, 1946, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.935.
④Van Slyke, Lyman P., ed., The Chinese Communist Movement: A Report of the United States War Department, July 1945, Stanford University Press, 1968, p. 258, p.266.
①Memorandum by the Secretaries of War (Patterson) and Navy (Forrestal) to the Secretary of State, November 26, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.672.
②Steven I. Levine, Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945-1948, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, p.30
③《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第183页。
①The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.967.
②Walter Millis edited, The Forrestal Diaries, New York: Viking Press, 1951, p.78.
③Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy And The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p.71
④The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.967.
⑤Ambassador Edwin W. Pauley, Personal Representative of President Truman on the Reparations Commission, to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.149.
①Oral History Interview with Edwin W. Pauley,by J. R. Fuchs, March 1971, Los Angeles, California, pp.79-80. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/pauleye.htm. [2009-01-29]
②[美]赫伯特·菲斯著,林海等译:《中国的纠葛》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第386页。
③Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy And The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 75.
④Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy And The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 79.
⑤Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, pp. 81-82.
①[英]F. C.琼斯、休·博顿、B. R.皮尔恩著,复旦大学外语系英语教研组译:《1942-1946年的远东》,上海:上海译文出版社,1979年,第741页。
②Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 85.
③Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, pp. 85-86.
④Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 87.
⑤Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and the Fall of the Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p87.
①Memorandum by the Secretaries of War (Patterson) and Navy (Forrestal) to the Secretary of State, November 26, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.673.
②[日]古屋奎二著:《蒋总统秘录》第一册,台湾:中央日报社译印,1986年,第83-84页。
①《延安总部命令第二号》(1945年8月11日),中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(15),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1991年,第219页。
②《蒋介石委员长致行政院长宋子文商请美国政府提供船舶供东北运兵电》(1945年9月11日),秦孝仪主编:《中华民国重要史料初编——对日抗战时期》第七编《战后中国》(以下简称《战后中国》)(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第115-116页。
③《宋子文院长上蒋主席报告与美总统商谈中国战后问题经过电》(1945年8月18日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第25-26页。
④罗斯福在开罗会议上口头上答应蒋介石为中国提供90个师的装备,此时已装备约30个师。
⑤Memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Truman, September 3, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Far East China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp. 547-549.
⑥The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, August 29, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1026.
①《蒋委员长致宋子文院长嘱商请美政府提早供给船舶运输国军至东北接防电》(1945年9月11日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第116页。
②Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to President Truman, September 12, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1027.
③《行政院长宋子文自华盛顿呈蒋主席报告与杜鲁门总统商谈关于派遣军事顾问团来华、供给军火及借款等事之谈话情形电》,秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第530页。
④Suggested Oral Statement to Dr. Soong Concerning Assistance to China, September 14, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.561.
⑤The Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), September 18, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.565.
⑥Memorandum by President Truman to the Acting Secretary of State, September 18, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1028.
①《美军总部斯特梅耶代总司令为中国第十三军自大连至沈阳运输问题呈蒋委员长备忘录》(1945年10月8日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第119-120页。
②《外交部致苏联驻华大使馆告我军登陆大连照会》(1945年10月1日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第117页。
③《傅秉常大使致外交部告苏联反对我军在大连登陆电》(1945年10月7日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第119页。
④《军事委员会委员长东北行营主任熊式辉到长春后与苏方代表谈话经过之情形》(1945年10月12日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第121页。
⑤The Consul General at Shanghai (Josselyn) to the Secretary of State, October 30, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1466.
⑥姚崧龄编著:《张公权先生年谱初稿》(上册),台北:传记文学出版社,1982年,第537页
①董彦平著:《苏俄据东北》,台北:文海出版社,1982年,第18页。
②汪朝光著:《中华民国史》第三编第五卷《从抗战胜利到内战爆发前后》,北京:中华书局,2000年,第450页。
③陶文钊著:《中美关系史1911-1949》(上卷),上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第288页。
①牛军著:《从赫尔利到马歇尔:美国调处国共矛盾始末》,福州:福建人民出版社,1989年,第150页。
②The Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), 10 August 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp. 527-528.
③The Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), to the Chief of Staff (Marshall), August 19, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p. 532.
①The Chief of Staff, United States Army (Marshall), to the Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), November 3, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.601.
②The Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), to the Chief of Staff, United States Army (Marshall), November 14, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.627.
③The Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), to the Chief of Staff, United States Army (Marshall), November 9, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.613.
④Minutes of the Meeting of the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy, November 6, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.606.
①McCloy to SWNCC, November 11, 1945.转引自Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy And The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p.119.
②Memorandum by the Acting Chairman of the State- War- Navy Coordinating Committee (Matthews) to the Secretary of State, November 13, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.620.
③Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (Drumright), November 16, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.629-634.
①Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Vincent), November 19, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp. 639-643.
②The Chief of Staff, United States Army (Eisenhower), to the Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), November 20, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp. 644-645.
①The Commanding General, U. S. Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer) , to the Chief of Staff, United States Army (Eisenhower), November 20, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.650-660.
②The Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), to the Chief of Staff, United States Army (Eisenhower), November 23, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p. 665.
①The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, January 30, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1131.
②Mr. Chang Kia-ngau to the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Vincent), October 9, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1033.
③The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, February 16, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1133.
④The Secretary of State to the Embassy in China, February 19, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1133.
⑤General George C. Marshall to the Secretary of State, February 19, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1134.
⑥The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, February 20, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1134.
⑦Oral History Interview with O. Edmund Clubb, by Richard D. McKinzie, June 24, 1976, New York, p.34. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/clubb.htm. [2009-01-29]
⑧The Consul General at Muken (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, April 15, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1137.
①The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, October 17, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1148.
②The Consul at Peiping (Freeman) to the Secretary of State, July 23, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1139.
③Memorandum by the Minister-Counselor of Embassy in China (Butterworth) to General Marshall, September 10, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1143.
④The Consul at Mukden (Conffey) to the Secretary of State, September 28, 1946; The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart) , October 5, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1144-1147.
⑤The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, December 12, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1152.
⑥The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, November 7, 1946, FRUS, 1946, the Far East, China, Volume X, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1150.
①General George C. Marshall to the Secretary of State, February 19, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1134.
②The Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State, March 25, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1157-1158.
③The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, February 7, 1947, FRUS, 1947, The Far East: China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.492.
④The Vice Consul at Tsingtao (Service) to the Secretary of State, March 18, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1155.
①The Consul General at Dairen (Benninghoff) to the Chargéin China (Robertson), May 10, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1171.
②The Consul General at Dairen (Benninghoff) to the Chargéin the China (Robertson), April 27, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1165.
③《宋子文院长上蒋主席报告与美总统商谈中国战后问题经过电》(1945年8月18日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第25-26页。
①《张嘉璈主任委员访苏军经济顾问斯拉特科夫斯基请苏方作最后让步之谈话纪录》,1946年1月28日,秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第425页。
②《张嘉璈主任委员呈蒋委员长关于中苏经济合作问题与苏军总司令马林诺夫斯基谈话纪录》,1946年2月1日,秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第432页。
③《斯大林同志同蒋介石的私人代表蒋经国的会谈记录》,1945年12月30日,[俄]A. M.列多夫斯基著,陈春华、刘存宽等译:《斯大林与中国》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第23-24页。
①《美国总统杜鲁门驻赔偿委员会的私人代表埃德温·W·波利(即鲍莱——引者注)大使致国务卿电》,1945年11月27日,薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第9页。
②《美国驻符拉迪沃斯托克总领事柯乐博致国务卿贝尔纳斯电》,1945年12月6日,薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第50页。
③The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, January 20, 1946, FRUS 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1099.
④The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, January 30, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.l100.
⑤Mr. Max W. Bishop to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1103-1104.
①The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, January 30, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1101-1102.
②The Secretary of State to the Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kennan), February 9, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp. 1104-1105.
③The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, February 26, FRUS 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1110-1111.
①The Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State, March 5, FRUS 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1112.
②《驻沈阳苏军司令宣称苏拆运东北机器设备系据雅尔塔协定》,1946年2月21日,薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第304页。
③《美国政府声明绝不承认东北设备为苏联战利品》,1946年3月1日,薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第305页。
①The Secretary of State to the Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kennan) , March 5, 1946, FRUS 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1113-1114.
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第619、621页。
③参见薛衔天著:《中苏关系史(1945-1949)》,成都:四川人民出版社,2003年,第118-119页。
④郭廷以著:《近代中国史纲》(下册),香港:中文大学出版社,1980年,第760页。
①姚崧龄编著:《张公权先生年谱初稿》(上册),台北:传记文学出版社,1982年,第661页。
②姚崧龄编著:《张公权先生年谱初稿》(上册),台北:传记文学出版社,1982年,第698页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第186页。
②Memorandum of Conversation between the Three Foreign Ministers, December 19, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.841.
③《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第185页。
①陆毅主编:《韩光党史工作文集》,北京:中央文献出版社,1997年,第302、305页。
②《彭真传》编写组编:《彭真年谱(1902-1997)》,北京:中央文献出版社,2002年,第292页。
③《中央关于控制长春、哈尔滨及中东路保卫北满给东北局的指示》(1946年3月24日),中共中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(16),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年,第100页。
④金冲及主编:《刘少奇传》上册,北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第521页。
①[美]赫伯特·菲斯著,林海、吕浦、曾学白译:《中国的纠葛》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第433页。争论的主要内容见本文3.1.4.。
②Minutes of Meeting of the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy, November 27, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.686.
③Ernest R. May, The Truman Administration and China, 1945-1949, Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, 1975, p.10.
①Memorandum of Conversation, by General Marshall, December 11, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.768.
②U. S. Policy Towards China, December 15, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.771-772.
③《新华日报》,1946年1月11日。中共江苏省委党史工作委员会等编:《中共中央南京局》,北京:中共党史出版社,1990年,第20页。
①刘崇文、陈绍畴主编:《刘少奇年谱》(下卷),北京:中央文献出版社,1996年,第33页。
②《军调部致东北执行小组美方代表密令》(1946年3月),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(三),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第94页。
①按2月25日通过的《整军方案》规定:在第12个月结束时,东北一共有6个军,其中5个军(每军3师)为政府军,1个军(3个师)为中共军。
②秦孝仪主编:《先总统蒋公思想言论总集》,中国国民党中央委员会党史委员会编,台北:中央文物供应社,1984年,第285-286页。
③《中央关于控制长春、哈尔滨及中东路保卫北满给东北局的指示》(1946年3月24日),中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(16),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年,第100页。
④Draft of Additional Instructions for Field Teams Entering, April 8, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.745-746.
⑤Memorandum by Colonel Ivan D. Yeaton, United States Army, Final Report of Yenan Observer Group, April 15, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.777-779.
①中国社会科学院近代史研究所翻译室译:《马歇尔使华(美国特使马歇尔出使中国报告书)》,北京:中华书局,1981年,第115-117页。
②《蒋主席日记》(1946年4月19至23日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(三),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第116页。
③中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第676页。
④Draft Prepared by General Marshall for the Immediate Cessation of Hostilities in Manchuria, April 23, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.793.
⑤中国社会科学院近代史研究所翻译室译:《马歇尔使华(美国特使马歇尔出使中国报告书)》,北京:中华书局,1981年,第119-120页。
①中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第678页。
②刘崇文、陈绍畴主编:《刘少奇年谱》(下卷),北京:中央文献出版社,1996年,第40页。
③中国社会科学院近代史研究所翻译室译:《马歇尔使华(美国特使马歇尔出使中国报告书)》,北京:中华书局,1981年,第191页。
④Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs edited, Uncertain Years: Chinese-American relations, 1947-1950, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980, p.10.
①Notes on Conference Between General Marshall and Premier T. V. Soong in General Marshall’s Residence, Chungking, December 24, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Far East: China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.804-805.
②General Marshall to the Secretary of State, December 26, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p. 813.
③General Marshall to President Truman, February 9, 1946, FRUS, 1946, the Far East: China, Volume IX, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.428-429.
①Memorandum by the Second Secretary of Embassy in China (Davies), Will the Communists take over China? November 7, 1944, FRUS 1944, Volume VI, China, Washington: GPO, 1967, p.671.
①Memorandum by the Second Secretary of Embassy in China (Davies), American Chinese Relations During the Next Six Months, November 15, 1944, FRUS 1944, Volume VI, China, Washington: GPO, 1967, p.696.
②[美]孔华润著,张静尔等译:《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,上海:复旦大学出版社,1989年,第154页。
①中共中央文献研究室编:《朱德年谱》,北京:人民出版社,1986年,第279页。
②《中央关于采取强硬态度拒绝美军登陆的指示》,1945年10月6日,中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(15),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1991年,第319页。
③中共中央文献研究室编:《朱德年谱》,北京:人民出版社,1986年,第279页。
④《军委关于争夺东北的战略方针与具体部署的指示》(1945年9月28日),中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(15),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1991年,第299页。
⑤杜建时:《国民党劫收平津的经过》,中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会文史资料研究委员会编:《文史资料选辑》(合订本),第19卷第55辑,北京:中国文史出版社,2000年,第33页。
①[美]哈里·杜鲁门著,李石译:《杜鲁门回忆录》(下),北京:东方出版社,2007年,第128页。
①中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第87页。
②Draft Policy Memorandum Prepared in the Embassy in China, September 6, 1946, FRUS, 1946 Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.148.
③General Marshall to Colonel Marshall S. Carter, May 18, 1946, FRUS, 1946 Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1038.
④赵学功著:《巨大的转变:战后美国对东亚的政策》,天津:天津人民出版社,2002年,第5页。
①Colonel Marshall S. Carter to General Marshall, August 14, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.27-28.
②魏道明致蒋介石电,1946年3月21日,转引自[挪威]文安立著,陈之宏、陈兼译,《冷战与革命──苏美冲突和中国内战的起源》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002年,第183页。
③《杜鲁门总统关于美国对华政策的声明》(1946年12月18日),《中美关系资料汇编》(第一辑),北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第706页。
①中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第152、155页。
②[美]福雷斯特·C·波格著,施旅译:《马歇尔传(1945-1959)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第267页。
①[美]福雷斯特·C·波格著,施旅译:《马歇尔传(1945-1959)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第273页。
②中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第203页。
③Directive to General Wedemeyer, July 9, 1947, FRUS, 1947, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.640.
④资中筠著:《追根溯源—战后美国对华政策的缘起与发展(1945-1950)》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2007年,第102页。
①Memorandum by the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), August 3, 1947, FRUS, 1947, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.705-706.
②Memorandum by the Assistant Military Attachéin China (Barrett), August 6, 1947, FRUS, 1947, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp. 707-709.
③中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第191页。
①《魏德迈中将致杜鲁门总统的报告》(1947年9月19日),《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第820页。
②《魏德迈中将致杜鲁门总统的报告》(1947年9月19日),《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第820、772-773页。
①Memorandum by the Director of the Special Political Affairs (Rusk) to the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Butterworth), United Nations Aspects of Guardianship or Trusteeship for Manchuria, FRUS, 1947, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp. 320-324.
①[美]威廉·斯图克:《马歇尔与魏德迈使华》,载袁明、[美]哈里·哈丁主编:《中美关系史上沉重的一页》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第165页。
②[美]邹谠著,王宁、周先进译:《美国在中国的失败,1941-1950》,上海:上海人民出版社,1997年,第399页。
①《中国外交部对美致中苏照会表示欢迎》(1947年1月7日),薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第125页。
②《外交部为我接收大连行政人员通过旅顺防区事致苏联驻华大使馆照会》(1947年1月27日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第494页。
③《外交部复美驻华大使馆关于大连等问题节略》(1947年2月1日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第495页。
④《苏联外交部复美驻莫斯科大使馆关于大连等问题节略》(1947年2月27日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第495-496页。
①《苏联驻华大使彼得洛夫面递外交部长王世杰重申履行中苏条约义务之备忘录》(1947年3月7日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第497页。
②《外交部为旅顺大连及中长铁路等问题致苏联驻华大使馆备忘录》(1946年3月31日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第499页。
③《苏联驻华大使彼得洛夫复外交部申明俄方立场备忘录》(1946年4月10日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第500-501页。
④The Secretary of State to the Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kohler), August 12, 1947, FRUS, 1947, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.535.
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第357页。
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第743-744页。
③《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第293页。
④《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第298页。
①A Report to American People on China, Life, Volume 23, No.15; Paper of Harry S. Truman, Official Files, Harry S. Truman Library.转引自陶文钊著:《中美关系史(1911-1949)》,上卷,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第331,333-334页。
②中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第246-247页。
③[美]邹谠著,王宁、周先进译:《美国在中国的失败,1941-1950》,上海:上海人民出版社,1997年,第400页。
④陶文钊著:《中美关系史(1911-1949)》,上卷,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第334页。
⑤《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第365页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第381页。
②Department of State Policy Statement on China, September 27, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.612.
①CIA, Memorandum for General Arnold, July 17, 1945. http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18]
②余茂春著,李滟波译:《美国间谍在中国》,香港:明镜出版社,1999年,第413页。
③Clemens, Peter, Operation‘cardinal’: The OSS in Manchuria, August 1945, Intelligence and National Security, 13:4(Winter 1998), p.93.
①Clemens, Peter, Operation‘cardinal’: The OSS in Manchuria, August 1945, Intelligence and National Security, 13:4(Winter 1998), p.94.
②余茂春著,李滟波译:《美国间谍在中国》,香港:明镜出版社,1999年,第437页。
③见http://www.foia.cia.gov/.[2006-12-18]
④CIA, Implementation of Soviet Objectives in China (ORE45), 15 September 1947, http://www.foia.cia.gov/.[2006-12-18]
①辽宁省档案馆藏东北行辕档案,JE18-1-37。
②The Secretary of State to the Embassy in China, February 19, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1133.
③西田,美籍日人。
④新华社6月19日报道。见The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, June 19, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.965.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.xiv, p.74, p.85.
②Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.83-84.
③Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.190.
①《东北日报》,1947年4月15日。
②Oral History Interview with O. Edmund Clubb,by Richard D. McKinzie, June 24, 1976, New York, pp.59-60. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/clubb.htm. [2009-01-29]
③关于沃德事件发生后引起的一系列外交活动及其对美国对华政策的影响,我们将在下一章里讨论。这里只是对该事件与美国情报活动有关的部分进行简单论述。
④华庆昭著:《从雅尔塔到板门店》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006年,第177-178页。
①NSC48/2, The Position of the United States With Respect to Asia, December 30, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VII, The Far East and Australasia, Part 2, Washington: GPO, 1976, p.1219.
②X, The Sources of Soviet Conduct, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 4 (July, 1947), pp. 566-582. The citation from p.575.p.580.p.
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第362-363页。
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第327页。
①[美]福雷斯特·C·波格著,施旅译:《马歇尔传(1945-1959)》,北京:世界知识出版社,第284页。
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第330页。
③The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), November 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.545.
④总统秘书档案,第249盒,1945-1948年卷宗,中央情报局备忘录,1948年12月15日。转引自华庆昭著:《从雅尔塔到板门店》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006年,第153页。
①Memorandum by the Policy Planning Staff, September 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VIII, pp.146-155.
②Oral History Interview with John F. Melby, by Robert Axxinelli, November 14, 1986, Ontario, Canada, p.123. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/melby2.htm. [2009-01-29]
③Memorandum by the Policy Planning Staff, September 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VIII, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.148.
①NSC 34/1, United States Policy Toward China, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.474-475.
②CIA, Relative US Security Interest in the European-Mediterranean Area and the Far East, September 12, 1949, http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18]
③[美]孔华润著,张静尔译:《美国对中国的反应──中美关系的历史剖析》,上海:复旦大学出版社,1989年,第175-176页。
④Memorandum of Conversation, by Mr. Jacob D. Beam, Acting Special Assistant in the Office of German and Austrian Affairs, April 4, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VII, The Far East and Australasia, Washington: GPO, 1975, p.1141.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.137.
②CIA, Possible Developments in China, November 19, 1949, PSF, Papers of HST, Intelligence File, ORE, Box 255, Truman Library.转引自Wang Xiaodong, Cold War in Manchuria: Sino-Soviet-United States relations, 1948-1953, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, UMI Microform 3129833., ProQuest Information and Learning Company, p.202.
③The Vice Consul at Changchun (Siebens) to the Secretary of State, January 24, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.58.
④Compiled and edited by Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945-1996, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001, pp.51-52.
⑤1948年3月,美国根据冷战形势的发展,实行贸易管制制度,将管制对象分为两类:第一类称为“R”类,包括苏联集团和西欧各国;第二类称为“O”类,包括除苏联集团和西欧以外的其他国家。美国政府对向“R”类国家出口的所有物资实施出口许可证制度,这种贸易管制方式被称为“R”方式。
①Draft Report by the National Security Council on United States Policy Regarding Trade With China, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp. 826-834.
②Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State (Webb) to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Souers), August 19, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, Washington: GPO, 1974, p.535.
③The Acting Secretary of State to the Consul General at Mukden (Ward), November 2, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.826.
④The Consul General at Shanghai (Cabot) to the Secretary of State, November 11, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.832.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.141-142.
②The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, May 5, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.814.
③The Vice Consul at Changchun (Siebens) to the Secretary of State, January 19, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.811.
④The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, May 8, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.815-816.
⑤Compiled and edited by Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945-1996, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001, p.41.
⑥The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, May 8, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.816.
①The Consul at Dairen (Paddock) to the Secretary of State of State, November 15, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.800.
②The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 5, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.829.
③The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 9, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.829-831.
④The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 8, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.549
⑤The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 3, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.538.
①The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), November 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.546.
②Oral History Interview with Richard D. Weigle,by Richard D. McKinzie, June 11, 1973, Annapolis, Maryland, pp.21-22, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/melby2.htm. [2009-01-29]
③The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, November 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.851-853.
④Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Butterworth) to the Under Secretary of State (Lovett), January 26, 1949, FRUS, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.665.
①John M. Blum, edited, The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942-1946, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973, p.474.
②Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.viii.
③Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.viii, p.13.
④Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.107-108.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.122.
②The Consul General in Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 16, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.573.
③中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第814页。
④Angus Ward, The Mukden Affair, American Foreign Service Journal, February 1950, p. 15,转引自Chen Jian, The Ward Case and the Emergence of Sino-American Confrontation, 1948-1950, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 30, (Jul., 1993), p.151.
①中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第816页。
②The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 15, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.834-835.
③The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, June 19, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume, VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.965-967.
①这两起案件都是美国指控苏联进行的间谍活动。转引自华庆昭著:《从雅尔塔到板门店》,中国社会科学出版社,2006,第171页。
②中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第814页。
③《东北局给中央的电报》,1948年11月6日:《中央给东北局的指示》,1948年11月1日,转引自杨奎松:《华德事件与新中国对美政策的确定》,载于《历史研究》,1994年第5期,第108页。
④参见杨奎松:《华德事件与新中国对美政策的确定》,载于《历史研究》,1994年第5期,第107-109页。
⑤[德]迪特·海茵茨希著,张文武、李丹琳等译:《中苏走向联盟的艰难历程》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第279页。
①《中央关于挤走美英法领事馆给东北局电》,1948年11月23日;《毛泽东在中央关于挤走美英法领事馆给东北局电上的批评》,1948年11月23日。转引自杨奎松:《华德事件与新中国对美政策的确定》,载于《历史研究》,1994年第5期,第109页。
②Chen Jian, The Ward Case and the Emergence of Sino-American Confrontation, 1948-1950, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 30, (Jul., 1993), p.169.
③俄罗斯联邦总统档案馆,全宗:39,目录:1,案卷:39,第19页。[俄]A. M.列多夫斯基著,陈春华、刘存宽等译:《斯大林与中国》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第323页。
①《毛泽东选集》(第4卷),北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1434页。
②[美]邹谠著,王宁、周先进译:《美国在中国的失败,1941-1950》,上海:上海人民出版社,1997年,第448页。
③The Acting Secretary of State to the Consul General at Hong Kong (Hopper); The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Smith), December 2, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.841-842.
④The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), December 23, 1948, FRUS, 1948, volume VII, p.849; The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, January 12, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.934.
⑤The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, January 5, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.933.
①The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), March 2, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.943.
②中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(18),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年,第44-45页。
③The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), April 15, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.952.
①The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), May 17, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.956-957.
②The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), May 17, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.957.
③The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, May 25, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.958.
④[美]司徒雷登著,陈礼颂译,《司徒雷登日记——美国调停国共争持期间前后》,黄山书社,2009年,第139页。
⑤The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, June 9, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.962.
⑥The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, June 11, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.964.
⑦时殷弘著:《敌对与冲突的由来──美国对新中国的政策与中美关系(1949-1950)》,南京:南京大学出版社,1995年,第88页。
⑧The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), July 1, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, the Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p. 769.
①《中华人民共和国对外关系文件集(1949-1950)》(第一集),北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第4-5页。
②Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, New York: Norton, 1969, p.340.转引自Chen Jian, The Ward Case and the Emergence of Sino-American Confrontation, 1948-1950, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 30, (Jul., 1993), p.149.
③The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, September 23, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.979.
④The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), October 28, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.988-989.
⑤The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Kirk) to the Secretary of State, November 4, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.1003-1004.
①The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, November 5, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.1005.
②The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, June 21, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.970.
③The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, October 30, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.994.
④The Consul General at Shanghai (McConaughy) to the Secretary of State, December 16, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.634.
⑤The Consul at Tientsin (Wellborn) to the Secretary of State, December 10, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.1046.
⑥The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, June 9, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.964.
①The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, November 4, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.1000.
②史密斯和本德,美国海军人员,1948年10月被中共逮捕羁押。
③Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Merchant) to the Secretary of State, 16 November 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, p.996.
④Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs (Thorp) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Butterworth), November 16, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume, IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, p.998.
⑤国防部长Louis A. Johnson。
⑥艾奇逊文件,《跟总统的谈话》,1949年11月10日。转引自华庆昭著:《从雅尔塔到板门店》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006年,第171页。
⑦Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State (Webb), November 14, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume, VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.1008.
①CIA, Relative US Security Interest in the European-Mediterranean Area and the Far East,September 12, 1949, p.2. http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18]
②NSC13/2, Recommendations with Respect to U.S. Policy toward Japan, October 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VI, The Far East and Australasia, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.858-861.
③Department of States Policy Statement on China, September 27, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.620.
①NSC41, Draft Report by the National Security Council on United States Policy Regarding Trade With China, February 28, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, p.827.
②Memorandum of Conversation, by the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (Sprouse), February 10, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.824-825.
③NSC41, Draft Report by the National Security Council on United States Policy Regarding Trade With China, February 28, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.826-834.Volume IX, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp. 835-836.
②NSC48/2, The Position of the United States With Respect to Asia, December 30, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VII, The Far East and Australasia, Part 2, Washington: GPO, 1976, p.1219.
③日本通商产业省通商产业政策史编纂委员会编:《日本通商产业政策史》,第4卷第I期《战后复兴时期》(3),北京:中国青年出版社,1994年,第214—215页。
①东北解放区财政经济史编写组:《东北解放区财政经济史资料选编》(第三辑),哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1988年,第314页。
②日本通商产业省通商产业政策史编纂委员会编:《日本通商产业政策史》,第4卷第I期《战后复兴时期》(3),北京:中国青年出版社,1994年,第34页。
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①Economic Aspects of the Occupation, p.12, Miscellaneous: SCAP General Headquarters, Box #15, Selected Records Relating to the Korean War: Department of Defense, HSTL.转引自Wang Xiaodong, Cold War in Manchuria: Sino-Soviet-United States relations, 1948-1953, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, UMI Microform 3129833. ProQuest Information and Learning Company, p214.
②中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(18),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年,第137页。
③The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, April 30, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.976-977.
④CIA, Relative US Security Interest in the European-Mediterranean Area and the Far East, 12 September, 1949, p.2. http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18].
⑤The Department of the Army to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan (MacArthur), May 7, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.977-979.
⑥东北解放区财政经济史编写组:《东北解放区财政经济史资料选编》(第三辑),哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1988年,第314-315,346页。
①The Acting Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), FRUS, 1949, Volume. IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.986.
②Loopholes of export control, NSC Records, Box #2, HSTL.转引自Xiaodong Wang, Cold War in Manchuria: Sino-Soviet-U.S. Relations, 1948-1953, Dissertation, Microform, UMI Number:3129833, ProQuest Information and Learning Company, p.215.
③Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.196.
④The Commercial Attachéin China (Hinke) to the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (Sprouse), FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp. 973-974.
①CIA, ORE 39-49, Probable Developments in Taiwan, March 14, 1949, http://www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs_full.asp [2010-02-10]
②Draft Report by the National Security Council on the Position of the United States With Respect to Formosa, FRUS, 1949, volume IX, The Far East: China, p.271.
③Draft Report by the National Security Council on the United States Policy Regarding Trade With China, FRUS, 1949, volume IX, The Far East: China, p.827.
④《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1434页。
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③《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1466页。
④《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1473、1475页。
①《刘少奇致约·维·斯大林的信》,1949年7月6日,引自[俄]列多夫斯基著,陈春华、刘存宽等译:《斯大林与中国》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第119-120页。该文件是由中文译为俄文,又从俄文译回中文,其中多处出现“满洲里”一词,按上下文分析,应指东北,当时很多场合下称为“满洲”。
②《毛泽东选集》第4集,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1435页。
③《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1461页。
①The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, June 8, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.752-753.
②The Minister-Counselor of Embassy in China (Clark) to the Secretary of State, February 23, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.939.
①The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, March 26, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume, VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.949-950.
②Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.104.
③Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.99-100.
④Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.148.
⑤Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.189-190.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.186-187.
②Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.viii.
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(4) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1943, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East, Volume III, Washington: GPO, 1963.
(5) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1943, China, Washington: GPO, 1957.
(6) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961.
(7) Foreign Relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1944, Volume IV, Europe, Washington: GPO, 1966.
(8) Foreign Relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1944, Volume V, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, the Far East, Washington: GPO, 1965.
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(13) Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference), Volume I and Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960.
(14) Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, Volume IX and Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972.
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[9]Wang Ruping. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and United States Policy on China,1945-1949[D], Ph.D. Dissertation, Mississippi State University, 1987.
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[11]X, The Sources of Soviet Conduct [J], Foreign Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 4, July, 1947
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①时殷弘:《解放战争时期的美国对华政策与中美关系──中国大陆学者近年研究述评》,《近代史研究》,1995年第5期,第249-250页。
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977.
①[美]孔华润著,张静尔译,《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,上海:复旦大学出版社,1997年,第37,51页。
①Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921, Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971, p.14.
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第450页。
③[苏]鲍里斯·罗曼诺夫著,陶文钊等译:《俄国在满洲(1892-1906)》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第212页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第452页。
②学术界一般认为有两次“门户开放”照会。董小川认为应有三次。第三次“门户开放”照会的主要内容仍是“保持中国领土和行政完整”。见董小川:《关于美国对华门户开放政策的几个问题》,《美国研究》,1998年第4期,第114-128页。
③转引自杨生茂、陆镜生著:《美国史新编》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1990年,第284页。
④1903年10月签订的《中美商约》,中方承诺在《商约》批准互换后,开放奉天和安东两地。但由于日俄战争的爆发,增开新口岸的问题被搁置起来。
⑤关于这次美俄谈判,苏联学者戈列里克的专著《1898-1903美国在满洲的政策和“门户开放”主义》(黑龙江教育出版社,1991年,中译本)一书有详细的论述。
①Roosevelt to Taft, December 22, 1910. A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964, p.132.
①[美]迈克尔·H·亨特著,禇律元译:《意识形态与美国外交政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1999年,第139页。
①1917-1928年任北洋政府总统府顾问。
②The Minister in China (Johnson) to the Secretary of State, September 21, 1931, Foreign Relations of the United States (Hereafter cited as FRUS), Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: United States Government Printing Office (Hereafter cited as GPO), 1943, p.3.
③Henry L.Stimson, The Far Eastern crisis, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1936, p.32
④Memorandum by the Secretary of State, September 22, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, pp.5-6.
⑤The Minister in China (Johnson) to the Secretary of State, September 21, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, p.3.
⑥Memorandum by the Secretary of State, September 22, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, p.8.
①罗家伦主编:《革命文献》第35辑,台北:中央文物供应社,1968年,第7943页。
②Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs (Hornbeck), October 8, 1931, FRUS, 1931, The Far East, Volume III, Washington: GPO, 1946, p.139.
①白里安(Monsieur Briand),法国外长,本次国联理事会主席。
②Memorandum of Trans-Atlantic Telephone Conversation Between Mr. Stimson in Washington and Ambassador Dawes in London, November 10, 1931, FRUS, 1931, The Far East, Volume III, Washington: GPO, 1946, p.408.
③The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Forbes), December 8, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, pp. 55-56.
④The Ambassador in Japan (Forbes) to the Secretary of State, December 24, 1931, FRUS, Japan: 1931-1941, Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1943, p. 67.
⑤《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第476页。
①Memorandum by the Secretary of State, January 7, 1932, FRUS, 1932, Volume III, The Far East, Washington: GPO, 1948, p.8.
②转引自金安泰:《九一八事变与美国外交》,《史学集刊》1983年第3期,第78页。
③Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service: In Peace and War, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1947, p.220.
①[美]舍伍德著,福建师范大学外语系编译室译:《罗斯福与霍普金斯》(下册),商务印书馆,1980年,第350页。
②Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain and the War against Japan, 1941-1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, p.25.
③[美]约瑟夫·W·史迪威著,黄加林等译:《史迪威日记》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年,第36页。
④Memorandum of Conversation, By the Secretary of State, March 27, 1943, FRUS, 1943, Volume III, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East, Washington: GPO, 1963, p.37
①Memorandum of Conversation, by the Under Secretary of State (Welles), FRUS, 1943, China, Washington: GPO, 1957, pp.845-846.
②Memorandum Prepared in the Department of State: U.S.S.R. Aims in the Far East, August 19, 1943, FRUS, 1943, China, Washington: GPO, 1957, pp.317-320.
③John W. Garver, Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, p.198.
①《驻华商务参事(李查德)与中国经济部长谈话备忘录》,1943年5月14日。[美]柏金斯等编:《一九四三年中美外交关系文件》,台北:联合报社印行,1962年,第444页。
②[美]D.包瑞德著,万高潮、卫大匡等译:《美军观察组在延安》,北京:解放军出版社,1984年,第24页。
③《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第587页。
④《美国总统罗斯福自华盛顿致蒋委员长询可否赞助美国派遣观察团来华搜集敌人情报函(译文)》(1944年2月10日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第163页。
⑤《蒋委员长自重庆致美国总统罗斯福告以愿尽量协助其派遣军事视察团来华搜集敌人情报之计划电》(1944年2月22日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第164页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第597-598页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第587-588页。
②《军事委员会参事室自重庆呈蒋委员长关于开罗会议中我方应提出之问题草案》(1943年11月),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(三),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第499页。
③Minutes of the President’s Meeting With the Joint Chiefs of Staff, November 19, 1943, FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, p.257.
①Roosevelt-Chiang Dinner Meeting, November 23, 1943, Chinese Summary Record (Translation), FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, pp.323-324.
②陶文钊著:《中美关系史1911-1949》(上卷),上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第229-230页。
③American Draft of the Communiqué, With Amendments by the President’s Special Assistant (Hopkins), FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, p.401.
④《罗斯福总统行政助理居里先生致远东司长(韩密尔顿)》(1943年1月13日),《一九四三年中美外交关系文件》,台北:联合报社印行,1962年,第438页。
⑤British Draft of the Communiqué, FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, p.404.
①Minutes of a Meeting of the Pacific War Council, January 12, 1944, FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943, Washington: GPO, 1961, pp. 868-869.
②Memorandum Prepared by the Inter-Divisional Area Committee on the Far East, May 9, 1944, FRUS, 1944, Volume V, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, the Far East, Washington: GPO, 1965, pp. 1255-1256.
③The Ambassador in China (Gauss) to the Secretary of State, December 4, 1943, FRUS, 1943, China, Washington: GPO, 1957, p.177.
①The British Prime Minister (Churchill) to President Roosevelt, October 11, 1944, FRUS, Volume IV, Europe, Washington: GPO, 1966, p.1011.
②[美]塔奇曼著,汪溪等译:《逆风沙——史迪威与美国在华经验》,重庆:重庆出版社,1994年,第663页;Major General Patrick J. Hurley to President Roosevelt, FRUS, 1944, Volume VI, China, Washington: GPO, 1967, pp.166-170.
③[挪威]文安立著,陈之宏、陈兼译:《冷战与革命——苏美冲突与中国内战的起源》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002年,第26页。
④[美]赫伯特·菲斯著,林海等译:《中国的纠葛》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第258页。
⑤《驻英大使顾维钧自华盛顿呈蒋主席报告与美参谋总长李海商讨苏联在远东取得不冻港问题之谈话情形电》(1944年10月14日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第539页。
①The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the President, December 15, 1944, FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta 1945, Washington: GPO, 1955, pp.378-379.
②[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第443-444页。
③Unity of Anglo-American-Soviet Policy toward China, FRUS, The Conference at Malta and Yalta, 1945, Washington: GPO, 1955, pp.353-354.
①[美]迈克尔·谢勒著,徐泽荣译:《二十世纪的美国与中国》,北京:生活、读书、新知三联书店,1985年,第146页。
②着重线为原书所有。本书编译组编:《德黑兰、雅尔塔、波茨坦会议纪录摘编》,上海:上海人民出版社,1974年,第236-241页。
③[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第477页。
①此文本系根据俄文本译出。《苏美英三国关于远东问题的协定》(1945年2月11日),沈志华(执行总主编)、张盛发(分卷主编)主编:《苏联历史档案选编》第18卷,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第623页。
①[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第477页。
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p. 861.
①Minutes of the Secretary of State’s Staff Committee, April 21, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume V, Europe, Washington: GPO, 1967, p.843.
②Minutes of the Secretary of State’s Staff Committee, April 20, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume V, Europe, Washington: GPO, 1967, p.840.
③1945年4月,美国驻华大使赫尔利在前往重庆的途中访问莫斯科,与斯大林商讨与雅尔塔有关的协议。
④《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第162页。
⑤Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Eastern European Affairs (Durbrow), May 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.863-865.
⑥The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to President Truman, May 10, 1945, FRUS 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.865-868.
⑦Walter Millis edited, The Forrestal Diaries, New York, Viking Press, 1951, p.55.
①[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第550-551页。
②Joseph C. Grew, Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, Volume II, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952, p.1446.
③Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Navy (Forrestal), May 12, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.869-870.
①Secretary of War Henry Stimson’s Diary, May 14, 1945. http://nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/stimson-henry/corr_diary_stimson.htm.[2009-11-23]
②Secretary of War Henry Stimson’s Diary, May 15, 1945, http://nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/stimson-henry/corr_diary_stimson.htm.[2009-11-23]
③The Secretary of War (Stimson) to the Acting Secretary of State, May 12, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.876-878.
④The Secretary of Navy (Forrestal) to the Acting Secretary of State, May 21, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.878.
⑤The Secretary of War (Stimson) to the Acting Secretary of State, May 21, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.877.
①The Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of the Navy (Forrestal), May 21, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.879-882.
②[美]哈里·杜鲁门著,李石译:《杜鲁门回忆录》(上卷),北京:东方出版社,2007年,第198,204页。
①[美]W·艾夫里尔·哈里曼、伊利·艾贝尔著,吴世民等译:《哈里曼回忆录——与丘吉尔、斯大林周旋记》,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第563-564页。
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the President, June 8, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.62.
③如1945年3月12日,中国驻美大使魏道明与罗斯福总统的谈话;4月13日,中国驻英大使顾维钧与李海上将的谈话;4月15日,代理行政院长宋子文与霍普金斯的谈话,都谈到了雅尔塔会议上斯大林对日作战及其对中国东北的要求的问题。相关文件见秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第542-545页。
①《行政院长宋子文与美国总统杜鲁门第三次会谈纪录》(1945年6月9日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第556-557页。
②Memorandum of Conversation, by the Acting Secretary of State, June 11, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.898-899.
③Memorandum of Conversation, by the Acting Secretary of State, June 14, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.901-903.
①《蒋主席自重庆致行政院长宋子文嘱对美表示中国今后决不能再有租借地名义出现电》(1945年6月11日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第557-558页。
②The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to the Secretary of State, June 15, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.903-904.
③President Truman to Marshal Stalin, June 15, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.904.
④The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Hurley), June 18, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.907.
①《行政院长宋子文自重庆致美国驻华大使赫尔利告以即将往莫斯科与苏联政府谈判关于谈判之进行情形将随时通知美国政府函》(1945年6月25日),秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第569页。
②The Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of State, July 12, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.861.
③The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman, June 28, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.909.
④The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to President Truman, May 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.867.
⑤The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to the Secretary of State, June 27, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.908.
①《行政院长宋子文自莫斯科呈蒋主席报告苏方所提大连、旅顺及铁路等条件之内容电》,1945年7月9日,秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第607-608页。
①《行政院长宋子文自莫斯科呈蒋主席报告美大使对中苏交涉中之东北各项问题之意见电》,1945年7月9日,秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第608页。
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, July 9[8], 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.924.
③U. S. Interpretation of the Yalta Agreement and Terms Which China Might Appropriately Accept in Regard to Outer Mongolia and Manchuria, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.935-942.
①Memorandum by the Special Assistant to the Secretary of State (Bohlen), March 28, 1960, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.1586.
②Henry L. Stimson Diary, July 17, 1945.转引自[美]罗伯特·梅斯尔,《罗斯福、杜鲁门和中国》,载袁明、[美]哈丁主编:《中美关系史上沉重的一页》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第109页。
③Ferrel, Robert H, ed., Dear Bess: the Letter from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910-1959, New York: Norton, 1983, p.519.
④The Ambassador in China (Hurley) to the Secretary of State, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.948-949.
⑤President Truman to the Ambassador in China (Hurley), July 23, 1945, FRUS, 1945 Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.950.
①Memorandum of Conversation, by the Minister Counselor in the Soviet Union (Kennan), August 8, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.960-965.
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President and the Secretary of State, August 8, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.965.
③《行政院长宋子文、外交部长王世杰自莫斯科呈蒋主席报告对苏联坚持参加管理大连行政问题拟于必要时为权宜之拒纳电》,1945年8月9日,秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(二),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第644页。
④The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.966-967.
⑤The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman), August 11, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.969.
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第608页。
②The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 14, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.973-974.
③The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman), August 22, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.980.
④The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, September 1, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.982.
①Stimson’s Diary, Undated entry inserted before July 14, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.1224.
②The Secretary of War (Stimson) to the President, July 16, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960, pp.1223-1224.
③Steven I. Levine, Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945-1948, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, p.35.
①The Secretary of War (Stimson) to the President, July 16, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume II, Washington: GPO, 1960, pp.1223-1224.
②Briefing Book Paper, Soviet Support of the Cairo Declaration, FRUS, 1945, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), Volume I, Washington: GPO, 1960, p.927.
③SWNCC 299/1, Report by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Subcommittee for the Far East, FRUS, 1946, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.935.
④Van Slyke, Lyman P., ed., The Chinese Communist Movement: A Report of the United States War Department, July 1945, Stanford University Press, 1968, p. 258, p.266.
①Memorandum by the Secretaries of War (Patterson) and Navy (Forrestal) to the Secretary of State, November 26, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.672.
②Steven I. Levine, Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945-1948, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, p.30
③《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第183页。
①The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.967.
②Walter Millis edited, The Forrestal Diaries, New York: Viking Press, 1951, p.78.
③Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy And The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p.71
④The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.967.
⑤Ambassador Edwin W. Pauley, Personal Representative of President Truman on the Reparations Commission, to President Truman and the Secretary of State, August 10, 1945, FRUS, 1945, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.149.
①Oral History Interview with Edwin W. Pauley,by J. R. Fuchs, March 1971, Los Angeles, California, pp.79-80. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/pauleye.htm. [2009-01-29]
②[美]赫伯特·菲斯著,林海等译:《中国的纠葛》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第386页。
③Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy And The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 75.
④Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy And The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 79.
⑤Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, pp. 81-82.
①[英]F. C.琼斯、休·博顿、B. R.皮尔恩著,复旦大学外语系英语教研组译:《1942-1946年的远东》,上海:上海译文出版社,1979年,第741页。
②Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 85.
③Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, pp. 85-86.
④Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p. 87.
⑤Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and the Fall of the Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p87.
①Memorandum by the Secretaries of War (Patterson) and Navy (Forrestal) to the Secretary of State, November 26, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.673.
②[日]古屋奎二著:《蒋总统秘录》第一册,台湾:中央日报社译印,1986年,第83-84页。
①《延安总部命令第二号》(1945年8月11日),中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(15),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1991年,第219页。
②《蒋介石委员长致行政院长宋子文商请美国政府提供船舶供东北运兵电》(1945年9月11日),秦孝仪主编:《中华民国重要史料初编——对日抗战时期》第七编《战后中国》(以下简称《战后中国》)(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第115-116页。
③《宋子文院长上蒋主席报告与美总统商谈中国战后问题经过电》(1945年8月18日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第25-26页。
④罗斯福在开罗会议上口头上答应蒋介石为中国提供90个师的装备,此时已装备约30个师。
⑤Memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Truman, September 3, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Far East China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp. 547-549.
⑥The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, August 29, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1026.
①《蒋委员长致宋子文院长嘱商请美政府提早供给船舶运输国军至东北接防电》(1945年9月11日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第116页。
②Memorandum by the Acting Secretary of State to President Truman, September 12, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1027.
③《行政院长宋子文自华盛顿呈蒋主席报告与杜鲁门总统商谈关于派遣军事顾问团来华、供给军火及借款等事之谈话情形电》,秦孝仪主编:《战时外交》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第530页。
④Suggested Oral Statement to Dr. Soong Concerning Assistance to China, September 14, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.561.
⑤The Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), September 18, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.565.
⑥Memorandum by President Truman to the Acting Secretary of State, September 18, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1028.
①《美军总部斯特梅耶代总司令为中国第十三军自大连至沈阳运输问题呈蒋委员长备忘录》(1945年10月8日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第119-120页。
②《外交部致苏联驻华大使馆告我军登陆大连照会》(1945年10月1日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第117页。
③《傅秉常大使致外交部告苏联反对我军在大连登陆电》(1945年10月7日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第119页。
④《军事委员会委员长东北行营主任熊式辉到长春后与苏方代表谈话经过之情形》(1945年10月12日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第121页。
⑤The Consul General at Shanghai (Josselyn) to the Secretary of State, October 30, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1466.
⑥姚崧龄编著:《张公权先生年谱初稿》(上册),台北:传记文学出版社,1982年,第537页
①董彦平著:《苏俄据东北》,台北:文海出版社,1982年,第18页。
②汪朝光著:《中华民国史》第三编第五卷《从抗战胜利到内战爆发前后》,北京:中华书局,2000年,第450页。
③陶文钊著:《中美关系史1911-1949》(上卷),上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第288页。
①牛军著:《从赫尔利到马歇尔:美国调处国共矛盾始末》,福州:福建人民出版社,1989年,第150页。
②The Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), 10 August 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp. 527-528.
③The Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), to the Chief of Staff (Marshall), August 19, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p. 532.
①The Chief of Staff, United States Army (Marshall), to the Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), November 3, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.601.
②The Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), to the Chief of Staff, United States Army (Marshall), November 14, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.627.
③The Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), to the Chief of Staff, United States Army (Marshall), November 9, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.613.
④Minutes of the Meeting of the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy, November 6, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.606.
①McCloy to SWNCC, November 11, 1945.转引自Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy And The Fall of The Japanese Empire, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p.119.
②Memorandum by the Acting Chairman of the State- War- Navy Coordinating Committee (Matthews) to the Secretary of State, November 13, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.620.
③Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (Drumright), November 16, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.629-634.
①Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Vincent), November 19, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp. 639-643.
②The Chief of Staff, United States Army (Eisenhower), to the Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), November 20, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp. 644-645.
①The Commanding General, U. S. Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer) , to the Chief of Staff, United States Army (Eisenhower), November 20, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.650-660.
②The Commanding General, United States Forces, China Theater (Wedemeyer), to the Chief of Staff, United States Army (Eisenhower), November 23, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p. 665.
①The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, January 30, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1131.
②Mr. Chang Kia-ngau to the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Vincent), October 9, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.1033.
③The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, February 16, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1133.
④The Secretary of State to the Embassy in China, February 19, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1133.
⑤General George C. Marshall to the Secretary of State, February 19, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1134.
⑥The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, February 20, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1134.
⑦Oral History Interview with O. Edmund Clubb, by Richard D. McKinzie, June 24, 1976, New York, p.34. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/clubb.htm. [2009-01-29]
⑧The Consul General at Muken (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, April 15, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1137.
①The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, October 17, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1148.
②The Consul at Peiping (Freeman) to the Secretary of State, July 23, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1139.
③Memorandum by the Minister-Counselor of Embassy in China (Butterworth) to General Marshall, September 10, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1143.
④The Consul at Mukden (Conffey) to the Secretary of State, September 28, 1946; The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart) , October 5, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1144-1147.
⑤The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, December 12, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1152.
⑥The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, November 7, 1946, FRUS, 1946, the Far East, China, Volume X, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1150.
①General George C. Marshall to the Secretary of State, February 19, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1134.
②The Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State, March 25, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1157-1158.
③The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, February 7, 1947, FRUS, 1947, The Far East: China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.492.
④The Vice Consul at Tsingtao (Service) to the Secretary of State, March 18, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1155.
①The Consul General at Dairen (Benninghoff) to the Chargéin China (Robertson), May 10, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1171.
②The Consul General at Dairen (Benninghoff) to the Chargéin the China (Robertson), April 27, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1165.
③《宋子文院长上蒋主席报告与美总统商谈中国战后问题经过电》(1945年8月18日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第25-26页。
①《张嘉璈主任委员访苏军经济顾问斯拉特科夫斯基请苏方作最后让步之谈话纪录》,1946年1月28日,秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第425页。
②《张嘉璈主任委员呈蒋委员长关于中苏经济合作问题与苏军总司令马林诺夫斯基谈话纪录》,1946年2月1日,秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第432页。
③《斯大林同志同蒋介石的私人代表蒋经国的会谈记录》,1945年12月30日,[俄]A. M.列多夫斯基著,陈春华、刘存宽等译:《斯大林与中国》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第23-24页。
①《美国总统杜鲁门驻赔偿委员会的私人代表埃德温·W·波利(即鲍莱——引者注)大使致国务卿电》,1945年11月27日,薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第9页。
②《美国驻符拉迪沃斯托克总领事柯乐博致国务卿贝尔纳斯电》,1945年12月6日,薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第50页。
③The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, January 20, 1946, FRUS 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1099.
④The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, January 30, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.l100.
⑤Mr. Max W. Bishop to the Secretary of State, February 1, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1103-1104.
①The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, January 30, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1101-1102.
②The Secretary of State to the Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kennan), February 9, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp. 1104-1105.
③The Counselor of Embassy in China (Smyth) to the Secretary of State, February 26, FRUS 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1110-1111.
①The Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State, March 5, FRUS 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1112.
②《驻沈阳苏军司令宣称苏拆运东北机器设备系据雅尔塔协定》,1946年2月21日,薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第304页。
③《美国政府声明绝不承认东北设备为苏联战利品》,1946年3月1日,薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第305页。
①The Secretary of State to the Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kennan) , March 5, 1946, FRUS 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.1113-1114.
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第619、621页。
③参见薛衔天著:《中苏关系史(1945-1949)》,成都:四川人民出版社,2003年,第118-119页。
④郭廷以著:《近代中国史纲》(下册),香港:中文大学出版社,1980年,第760页。
①姚崧龄编著:《张公权先生年谱初稿》(上册),台北:传记文学出版社,1982年,第661页。
②姚崧龄编著:《张公权先生年谱初稿》(上册),台北:传记文学出版社,1982年,第698页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第186页。
②Memorandum of Conversation between the Three Foreign Ministers, December 19, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.841.
③《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第185页。
①陆毅主编:《韩光党史工作文集》,北京:中央文献出版社,1997年,第302、305页。
②《彭真传》编写组编:《彭真年谱(1902-1997)》,北京:中央文献出版社,2002年,第292页。
③《中央关于控制长春、哈尔滨及中东路保卫北满给东北局的指示》(1946年3月24日),中共中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(16),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年,第100页。
④金冲及主编:《刘少奇传》上册,北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第521页。
①[美]赫伯特·菲斯著,林海、吕浦、曾学白译:《中国的纠葛》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第433页。争论的主要内容见本文3.1.4.。
②Minutes of Meeting of the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy, November 27, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.686.
③Ernest R. May, The Truman Administration and China, 1945-1949, Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, 1975, p.10.
①Memorandum of Conversation, by General Marshall, December 11, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p.768.
②U. S. Policy Towards China, December 15, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.771-772.
③《新华日报》,1946年1月11日。中共江苏省委党史工作委员会等编:《中共中央南京局》,北京:中共党史出版社,1990年,第20页。
①刘崇文、陈绍畴主编:《刘少奇年谱》(下卷),北京:中央文献出版社,1996年,第33页。
②《军调部致东北执行小组美方代表密令》(1946年3月),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(三),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第94页。
①按2月25日通过的《整军方案》规定:在第12个月结束时,东北一共有6个军,其中5个军(每军3师)为政府军,1个军(3个师)为中共军。
②秦孝仪主编:《先总统蒋公思想言论总集》,中国国民党中央委员会党史委员会编,台北:中央文物供应社,1984年,第285-286页。
③《中央关于控制长春、哈尔滨及中东路保卫北满给东北局的指示》(1946年3月24日),中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(16),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年,第100页。
④Draft of Additional Instructions for Field Teams Entering, April 8, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.745-746.
⑤Memorandum by Colonel Ivan D. Yeaton, United States Army, Final Report of Yenan Observer Group, April 15, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.777-779.
①中国社会科学院近代史研究所翻译室译:《马歇尔使华(美国特使马歇尔出使中国报告书)》,北京:中华书局,1981年,第115-117页。
②《蒋主席日记》(1946年4月19至23日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(三),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第116页。
③中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第676页。
④Draft Prepared by General Marshall for the Immediate Cessation of Hostilities in Manchuria, April 23, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.793.
⑤中国社会科学院近代史研究所翻译室译:《马歇尔使华(美国特使马歇尔出使中国报告书)》,北京:中华书局,1981年,第119-120页。
①中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第678页。
②刘崇文、陈绍畴主编:《刘少奇年谱》(下卷),北京:中央文献出版社,1996年,第40页。
③中国社会科学院近代史研究所翻译室译:《马歇尔使华(美国特使马歇尔出使中国报告书)》,北京:中华书局,1981年,第191页。
④Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs edited, Uncertain Years: Chinese-American relations, 1947-1950, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980, p.10.
①Notes on Conference Between General Marshall and Premier T. V. Soong in General Marshall’s Residence, Chungking, December 24, 1945, FRUS, 1945, The Far East: China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, pp.804-805.
②General Marshall to the Secretary of State, December 26, 1945, FRUS, 1945, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1969, p. 813.
③General Marshall to President Truman, February 9, 1946, FRUS, 1946, the Far East: China, Volume IX, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.428-429.
①Memorandum by the Second Secretary of Embassy in China (Davies), Will the Communists take over China? November 7, 1944, FRUS 1944, Volume VI, China, Washington: GPO, 1967, p.671.
①Memorandum by the Second Secretary of Embassy in China (Davies), American Chinese Relations During the Next Six Months, November 15, 1944, FRUS 1944, Volume VI, China, Washington: GPO, 1967, p.696.
②[美]孔华润著,张静尔等译:《美国对中国的反应——中美关系的历史剖析》,上海:复旦大学出版社,1989年,第154页。
①中共中央文献研究室编:《朱德年谱》,北京:人民出版社,1986年,第279页。
②《中央关于采取强硬态度拒绝美军登陆的指示》,1945年10月6日,中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(15),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1991年,第319页。
③中共中央文献研究室编:《朱德年谱》,北京:人民出版社,1986年,第279页。
④《军委关于争夺东北的战略方针与具体部署的指示》(1945年9月28日),中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(15),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1991年,第299页。
⑤杜建时:《国民党劫收平津的经过》,中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会文史资料研究委员会编:《文史资料选辑》(合订本),第19卷第55辑,北京:中国文史出版社,2000年,第33页。
①[美]哈里·杜鲁门著,李石译:《杜鲁门回忆录》(下),北京:东方出版社,2007年,第128页。
①中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第87页。
②Draft Policy Memorandum Prepared in the Embassy in China, September 6, 1946, FRUS, 1946 Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.148.
③General Marshall to Colonel Marshall S. Carter, May 18, 1946, FRUS, 1946 Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1038.
④赵学功著:《巨大的转变:战后美国对东亚的政策》,天津:天津人民出版社,2002年,第5页。
①Colonel Marshall S. Carter to General Marshall, August 14, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.27-28.
②魏道明致蒋介石电,1946年3月21日,转引自[挪威]文安立著,陈之宏、陈兼译,《冷战与革命──苏美冲突和中国内战的起源》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002年,第183页。
③《杜鲁门总统关于美国对华政策的声明》(1946年12月18日),《中美关系资料汇编》(第一辑),北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第706页。
①中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第152、155页。
②[美]福雷斯特·C·波格著,施旅译:《马歇尔传(1945-1959)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第267页。
①[美]福雷斯特·C·波格著,施旅译:《马歇尔传(1945-1959)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第273页。
②中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第203页。
③Directive to General Wedemeyer, July 9, 1947, FRUS, 1947, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.640.
④资中筠著:《追根溯源—战后美国对华政策的缘起与发展(1945-1950)》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2007年,第102页。
①Memorandum by the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), August 3, 1947, FRUS, 1947, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp.705-706.
②Memorandum by the Assistant Military Attachéin China (Barrett), August 6, 1947, FRUS, 1947, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp. 707-709.
③中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第191页。
①《魏德迈中将致杜鲁门总统的报告》(1947年9月19日),《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第820页。
②《魏德迈中将致杜鲁门总统的报告》(1947年9月19日),《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第820、772-773页。
①Memorandum by the Director of the Special Political Affairs (Rusk) to the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Butterworth), United Nations Aspects of Guardianship or Trusteeship for Manchuria, FRUS, 1947, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, pp. 320-324.
①[美]威廉·斯图克:《马歇尔与魏德迈使华》,载袁明、[美]哈里·哈丁主编:《中美关系史上沉重的一页》,北京:北京大学出版社,1989年,第165页。
②[美]邹谠著,王宁、周先进译:《美国在中国的失败,1941-1950》,上海:上海人民出版社,1997年,第399页。
①《中国外交部对美致中苏照会表示欢迎》(1947年1月7日),薛衔天编:《中苏国家关系史资料汇编(1945-1949)》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996年,第125页。
②《外交部为我接收大连行政人员通过旅顺防区事致苏联驻华大使馆照会》(1947年1月27日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第494页。
③《外交部复美驻华大使馆关于大连等问题节略》(1947年2月1日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第495页。
④《苏联外交部复美驻莫斯科大使馆关于大连等问题节略》(1947年2月27日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第495-496页。
①《苏联驻华大使彼得洛夫面递外交部长王世杰重申履行中苏条约义务之备忘录》(1947年3月7日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第497页。
②《外交部为旅顺大连及中长铁路等问题致苏联驻华大使馆备忘录》(1946年3月31日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第499页。
③《苏联驻华大使彼得洛夫复外交部申明俄方立场备忘录》(1946年4月10日),秦孝仪主编:《战后中国》(一),台北:中央文物供应社,1981年,第500-501页。
④The Secretary of State to the Chargéin the Soviet Union (Kohler), August 12, 1947, FRUS, 1947, the Far East, China, Volume VII, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.535.
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第357页。
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第743-744页。
③《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第293页。
④《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第298页。
①A Report to American People on China, Life, Volume 23, No.15; Paper of Harry S. Truman, Official Files, Harry S. Truman Library.转引自陶文钊著:《中美关系史(1911-1949)》,上卷,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第331,333-334页。
②中国社会科学院近代史研究所译:《顾维钧回忆录》,第六分册,北京:中华书局,1988年,第246-247页。
③[美]邹谠著,王宁、周先进译:《美国在中国的失败,1941-1950》,上海:上海人民出版社,1997年,第400页。
④陶文钊著:《中美关系史(1911-1949)》,上卷,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第334页。
⑤《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第365页。
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第381页。
②Department of State Policy Statement on China, September 27, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.612.
①CIA, Memorandum for General Arnold, July 17, 1945. http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18]
②余茂春著,李滟波译:《美国间谍在中国》,香港:明镜出版社,1999年,第413页。
③Clemens, Peter, Operation‘cardinal’: The OSS in Manchuria, August 1945, Intelligence and National Security, 13:4(Winter 1998), p.93.
①Clemens, Peter, Operation‘cardinal’: The OSS in Manchuria, August 1945, Intelligence and National Security, 13:4(Winter 1998), p.94.
②余茂春著,李滟波译:《美国间谍在中国》,香港:明镜出版社,1999年,第437页。
③见http://www.foia.cia.gov/.[2006-12-18]
④CIA, Implementation of Soviet Objectives in China (ORE45), 15 September 1947, http://www.foia.cia.gov/.[2006-12-18]
①辽宁省档案馆藏东北行辕档案,JE18-1-37。
②The Secretary of State to the Embassy in China, February 19, 1946, FRUS, 1946, Volume X, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1972, p.1133.
③西田,美籍日人。
④新华社6月19日报道。见The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, June 19, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.965.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.xiv, p.74, p.85.
②Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.83-84.
③Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.190.
①《东北日报》,1947年4月15日。
②Oral History Interview with O. Edmund Clubb,by Richard D. McKinzie, June 24, 1976, New York, pp.59-60. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/clubb.htm. [2009-01-29]
③关于沃德事件发生后引起的一系列外交活动及其对美国对华政策的影响,我们将在下一章里讨论。这里只是对该事件与美国情报活动有关的部分进行简单论述。
④华庆昭著:《从雅尔塔到板门店》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006年,第177-178页。
①NSC48/2, The Position of the United States With Respect to Asia, December 30, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VII, The Far East and Australasia, Part 2, Washington: GPO, 1976, p.1219.
②X, The Sources of Soviet Conduct, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 4 (July, 1947), pp. 566-582. The citation from p.575.p.580.p.
①《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第362-363页。
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第327页。
①[美]福雷斯特·C·波格著,施旅译:《马歇尔传(1945-1959)》,北京:世界知识出版社,第284页。
②《中美关系资料汇编》第一辑,北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第330页。
③The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), November 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.545.
④总统秘书档案,第249盒,1945-1948年卷宗,中央情报局备忘录,1948年12月15日。转引自华庆昭著:《从雅尔塔到板门店》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006年,第153页。
①Memorandum by the Policy Planning Staff, September 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VIII, pp.146-155.
②Oral History Interview with John F. Melby, by Robert Axxinelli, November 14, 1986, Ontario, Canada, p.123. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/melby2.htm. [2009-01-29]
③Memorandum by the Policy Planning Staff, September 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VIII, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.148.
①NSC 34/1, United States Policy Toward China, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.474-475.
②CIA, Relative US Security Interest in the European-Mediterranean Area and the Far East, September 12, 1949, http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18]
③[美]孔华润著,张静尔译:《美国对中国的反应──中美关系的历史剖析》,上海:复旦大学出版社,1989年,第175-176页。
④Memorandum of Conversation, by Mr. Jacob D. Beam, Acting Special Assistant in the Office of German and Austrian Affairs, April 4, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VII, The Far East and Australasia, Washington: GPO, 1975, p.1141.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.137.
②CIA, Possible Developments in China, November 19, 1949, PSF, Papers of HST, Intelligence File, ORE, Box 255, Truman Library.转引自Wang Xiaodong, Cold War in Manchuria: Sino-Soviet-United States relations, 1948-1953, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, UMI Microform 3129833., ProQuest Information and Learning Company, p.202.
③The Vice Consul at Changchun (Siebens) to the Secretary of State, January 24, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.58.
④Compiled and edited by Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945-1996, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001, pp.51-52.
⑤1948年3月,美国根据冷战形势的发展,实行贸易管制制度,将管制对象分为两类:第一类称为“R”类,包括苏联集团和西欧各国;第二类称为“O”类,包括除苏联集团和西欧以外的其他国家。美国政府对向“R”类国家出口的所有物资实施出口许可证制度,这种贸易管制方式被称为“R”方式。
①Draft Report by the National Security Council on United States Policy Regarding Trade With China, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp. 826-834.
②Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State (Webb) to the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council (Souers), August 19, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, Washington: GPO, 1974, p.535.
③The Acting Secretary of State to the Consul General at Mukden (Ward), November 2, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.826.
④The Consul General at Shanghai (Cabot) to the Secretary of State, November 11, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.832.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.141-142.
②The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, May 5, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.814.
③The Vice Consul at Changchun (Siebens) to the Secretary of State, January 19, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.811.
④The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, May 8, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.815-816.
⑤Compiled and edited by Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945-1996, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001, p.41.
⑥The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, May 8, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.816.
①The Consul at Dairen (Paddock) to the Secretary of State of State, November 15, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.800.
②The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 5, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.829.
③The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 9, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.829-831.
④The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 8, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.549
⑤The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 3, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.538.
①The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), November 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.546.
②Oral History Interview with Richard D. Weigle,by Richard D. McKinzie, June 11, 1973, Annapolis, Maryland, pp.21-22, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/melby2.htm. [2009-01-29]
③The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, November 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.851-853.
④Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Butterworth) to the Under Secretary of State (Lovett), January 26, 1949, FRUS, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.665.
①John M. Blum, edited, The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942-1946, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973, p.474.
②Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.viii.
③Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.viii, p.13.
④Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.107-108.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.122.
②The Consul General in Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 16, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.573.
③中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第814页。
④Angus Ward, The Mukden Affair, American Foreign Service Journal, February 1950, p. 15,转引自Chen Jian, The Ward Case and the Emergence of Sino-American Confrontation, 1948-1950, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 30, (Jul., 1993), p.151.
①中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第816页。
②The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State, November 15, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.834-835.
③The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, June 19, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume, VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.965-967.
①这两起案件都是美国指控苏联进行的间谍活动。转引自华庆昭著:《从雅尔塔到板门店》,中国社会科学出版社,2006,第171页。
②中共中央文献研究室编:《周恩来年谱(1898-1949)》(修订本),北京:中央文献出版社,1998年,第814页。
③《东北局给中央的电报》,1948年11月6日:《中央给东北局的指示》,1948年11月1日,转引自杨奎松:《华德事件与新中国对美政策的确定》,载于《历史研究》,1994年第5期,第108页。
④参见杨奎松:《华德事件与新中国对美政策的确定》,载于《历史研究》,1994年第5期,第107-109页。
⑤[德]迪特·海茵茨希著,张文武、李丹琳等译:《中苏走向联盟的艰难历程》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第279页。
①《中央关于挤走美英法领事馆给东北局电》,1948年11月23日;《毛泽东在中央关于挤走美英法领事馆给东北局电上的批评》,1948年11月23日。转引自杨奎松:《华德事件与新中国对美政策的确定》,载于《历史研究》,1994年第5期,第109页。
②Chen Jian, The Ward Case and the Emergence of Sino-American Confrontation, 1948-1950, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 30, (Jul., 1993), p.169.
③俄罗斯联邦总统档案馆,全宗:39,目录:1,案卷:39,第19页。[俄]A. M.列多夫斯基著,陈春华、刘存宽等译:《斯大林与中国》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第323页。
①《毛泽东选集》(第4卷),北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1434页。
②[美]邹谠著,王宁、周先进译:《美国在中国的失败,1941-1950》,上海:上海人民出版社,1997年,第448页。
③The Acting Secretary of State to the Consul General at Hong Kong (Hopper); The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Smith), December 2, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, pp.841-842.
④The Acting Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), December 23, 1948, FRUS, 1948, volume VII, p.849; The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, January 12, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.934.
⑤The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, January 5, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.933.
①The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), March 2, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.943.
②中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(18),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年,第44-45页。
③The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), April 15, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.952.
①The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), May 17, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.956-957.
②The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), May 17, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.957.
③The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, May 25, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.958.
④[美]司徒雷登著,陈礼颂译,《司徒雷登日记——美国调停国共争持期间前后》,黄山书社,2009年,第139页。
⑤The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, June 9, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.962.
⑥The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, June 11, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.964.
⑦时殷弘著:《敌对与冲突的由来──美国对新中国的政策与中美关系(1949-1950)》,南京:南京大学出版社,1995年,第88页。
⑧The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China (Stuart), July 1, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, the Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p. 769.
①《中华人民共和国对外关系文件集(1949-1950)》(第一集),北京:世界知识出版社,1957年,第4-5页。
②Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, New York: Norton, 1969, p.340.转引自Chen Jian, The Ward Case and the Emergence of Sino-American Confrontation, 1948-1950, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 30, (Jul., 1993), p.149.
③The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, September 23, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.979.
④The Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), October 28, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.988-989.
⑤The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Kirk) to the Secretary of State, November 4, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.1003-1004.
①The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, November 5, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.1005.
②The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, June 21, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.970.
③The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, October 30, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.994.
④The Consul General at Shanghai (McConaughy) to the Secretary of State, December 16, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.634.
⑤The Consul at Tientsin (Wellborn) to the Secretary of State, December 10, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.1046.
⑥The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, June 9, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.964.
①The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, November 4, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.1000.
②史密斯和本德,美国海军人员,1948年10月被中共逮捕羁押。
③Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Merchant) to the Secretary of State, 16 November 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, p.996.
④Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs (Thorp) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Butterworth), November 16, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume, IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, p.998.
⑤国防部长Louis A. Johnson。
⑥艾奇逊文件,《跟总统的谈话》,1949年11月10日。转引自华庆昭著:《从雅尔塔到板门店》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006年,第171页。
⑦Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State (Webb), November 14, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume, VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.1008.
①CIA, Relative US Security Interest in the European-Mediterranean Area and the Far East,September 12, 1949, p.2. http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18]
②NSC13/2, Recommendations with Respect to U.S. Policy toward Japan, October 7, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VI, The Far East and Australasia, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.858-861.
③Department of States Policy Statement on China, September 27, 1948, FRUS, 1948, Volume VII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1973, p.620.
①NSC41, Draft Report by the National Security Council on United States Policy Regarding Trade With China, February 28, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, p.827.
②Memorandum of Conversation, by the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (Sprouse), February 10, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.824-825.
③NSC41, Draft Report by the National Security Council on United States Policy Regarding Trade With China, February 28, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.826-834.Volume IX, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp. 835-836.
②NSC48/2, The Position of the United States With Respect to Asia, December 30, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VII, The Far East and Australasia, Part 2, Washington: GPO, 1976, p.1219.
③日本通商产业省通商产业政策史编纂委员会编:《日本通商产业政策史》,第4卷第I期《战后复兴时期》(3),北京:中国青年出版社,1994年,第214—215页。
①东北解放区财政经济史编写组:《东北解放区财政经济史资料选编》(第三辑),哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1988年,第314页。
②日本通商产业省通商产业政策史编纂委员会编:《日本通商产业政策史》,第4卷第I期《战后复兴时期》(3),北京:中国青年出版社,1994年,第34页。
③CIA,ORE 43-48, Strategic Importance of Japan, May 24, 1948, pp.4-5. http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18]
④王厚双、王韶玲等著:《各国贸易政策比较》,北京:经济日报出版社,2002年,第295页。
①Economic Aspects of the Occupation, p.12, Miscellaneous: SCAP General Headquarters, Box #15, Selected Records Relating to the Korean War: Department of Defense, HSTL.转引自Wang Xiaodong, Cold War in Manchuria: Sino-Soviet-United States relations, 1948-1953, Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, UMI Microform 3129833. ProQuest Information and Learning Company, p214.
②中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集》(18),北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年,第137页。
③The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, April 30, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.976-977.
④CIA, Relative US Security Interest in the European-Mediterranean Area and the Far East, 12 September, 1949, p.2. http://www.foia.cia.gov/ [2006-12-18].
⑤The Department of the Army to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan (MacArthur), May 7, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.977-979.
⑥东北解放区财政经济史编写组:《东北解放区财政经济史资料选编》(第三辑),哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1988年,第314-315,346页。
①The Acting Secretary of State to the Consul General at Peiping (Clubb), FRUS, 1949, Volume. IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp.986.
②Loopholes of export control, NSC Records, Box #2, HSTL.转引自Xiaodong Wang, Cold War in Manchuria: Sino-Soviet-U.S. Relations, 1948-1953, Dissertation, Microform, UMI Number:3129833, ProQuest Information and Learning Company, p.215.
③Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.196.
④The Commercial Attachéin China (Hinke) to the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (Sprouse), FRUS, 1949, Volume IX, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1974, pp. 973-974.
①CIA, ORE 39-49, Probable Developments in Taiwan, March 14, 1949, http://www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs_full.asp [2010-02-10]
②Draft Report by the National Security Council on the Position of the United States With Respect to Formosa, FRUS, 1949, volume IX, The Far East: China, p.271.
③Draft Report by the National Security Council on the United States Policy Regarding Trade With China, FRUS, 1949, volume IX, The Far East: China, p.827.
④《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1434页。
①师哲回忆,李海文整理:《在历史巨人身边:师哲回忆录》,北京:中央文献出版社,1991年,第379页。
②中共中央文献研究室编:《毛泽东文集》第五卷,北京:人民出版社,1996年,第262页。
③《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1466页。
④《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1473、1475页。
①《刘少奇致约·维·斯大林的信》,1949年7月6日,引自[俄]列多夫斯基著,陈春华、刘存宽等译:《斯大林与中国》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第119-120页。该文件是由中文译为俄文,又从俄文译回中文,其中多处出现“满洲里”一词,按上下文分析,应指东北,当时很多场合下称为“满洲”。
②《毛泽东选集》第4集,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1435页。
③《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第1461页。
①The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State, June 8, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.752-753.
②The Minister-Counselor of Embassy in China (Clark) to the Secretary of State, February 23, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, p.939.
①The Consul General at Peiping (Clubb) to the Secretary of State, March 26, 1949, FRUS, 1949, Volume, VIII, The Far East: China, Washington: GPO, 1978, pp.949-950.
②Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.104.
③Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.99-100.
④Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.148.
⑤Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.189-190.
①Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, pp.186-187.
②Paul Paddock, China Diary: Crisis Diplomacy in Dairen, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977, p.viii.
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