以微型燃气轮机为核心的先进能量系统研究
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摘要
分布式能源有助于实现能源与环境的协调发展,大电网与分布式能源相结合已成为21世纪电力工业的发展方向。以微型燃气轮机(简称微燃机)为核心的能量系统是分布式能源的主要方式之一。其中,微燃机冷热电联产系统和微燃机与高温燃料电池混合发电系统是以微燃机为核心的能量系统中最具发展前景的两种形式。本文则针对这两种能量系统存在的问题,进行了深入研究,提出了一些改进措施,得到了更为先进的以微燃机为核心的能量系统。
微燃机冷热电联产系统中,冷热电负荷的矛盾使联产系统能量梯级利用的优势无法充分发挥。本文针对这个问题,首先研究了采用怎样的调节方法才能有效缓解这个矛盾。接着提出了回注蒸汽、进气冷却等可解决或者缓解冷热电负荷矛盾的新措施,从而有效地提高了联产系统的性能及效率。进而将回注蒸汽、进气冷却、冷凝水回收等措施集成到联产系统中,得到了更为先进的以微燃机为核心的冷热电联产系统。最后,对冷热电联产系统评价准则进行了探讨,根据冷热电联产系统能量梯级利用的本质特征提出了能量梯级利用效率的新评价准则。
微燃机与高温燃料电池组成的混合发电系统是以微燃机为核心的能量系统中的另一种重要形式,本文以固体氧化物燃料电池／微燃机(SOFC／MGT)顶层循环混合发电系统作为研究重点,对混合发电系统进行了改进研究。首先揭示了SOFC／MGT混合发电系统参数优化的规律,分析了其效率进一步提高的潜力,给出了限制效率进一步提高的主要因素。然后根据使燃料更多的发生电化学反应而更少的发生燃烧反应的思路,提出了两种效率显著提高的混合发电新系统。最后,进行了混合发电系统脱碳的研究,首先对采用常规的氨水吸收法实现CO2准零排放的SOFC／MGT混合发电系统进行了计算分析。然后又在顶层循环的SOFC／MGT混合发电系统的基础上进行改进,提出了具有更高发电效率的CO2准零排放SOFC／MGT混合发电新系统。
本文针对以微燃机为核心的能量系统,从改善系统变工况性能,提高系统效率,提高系统环保性能以及改进系统评价方法等方面提出了一些新颖的思路与方法,研究成果将对我国分布式能源系统的发展提供有益的参考。
Developing the distributed energy system(DES) is in favor of realizing the harmonious development of energy sources and environment, so that centralized power grid combining with DES has become a main development trend of power industry during the 21st centuries. Energy system based on micro gas turbine(MGT) is one of main development way of DES. Among them, MGT cooling, heating and power cogeneration system and hybrid cycle power system with MGT and high temperature fuel cell are two kinds of DES with better prospect. Aiming at existing problem in the two kinds of energy system, some improvement measures were putted forward. The more advanced energy systems with the core component of MGT were obtained. The obtained results are beneficial to driving the development of DES in our country.
However, the frequent mismatch problem of the cooling, heating and power load of DES weakens the advantage of energy cascaded utilization, which is an important problem in the current cogeneration system. Firstly regulating methods were studied in order to enhance the off-design performance of the cogeneration system. Then new measures including steam injection and inlet air cooling were presented.Then integrated cooling, heating and power cogeneration system with steam injection、inlet air cooling and water recovery was brought forward which is more advanced DES based on MGT. Evaluation criterion for cooling, heating and power cogeneration system was also studied at last. A new evaluation criterion which is named as energy cascade utilization efficiency was proposed from the essential features of the combined cooling heating and power generation system.
The hybrid cycle power system with MGT and high temperature fuel cell is another kind of DES which based on MGT. The improvement study for SOFC/MGT hybrid system was carried with the typical topping cycle SOFC/MGT hybrid system as emphases. The optimization rules of main parameters of SOFC/MGT hybrid system were revealed and the constraint conditions which limit the further improvement of overall hybrid system efficiency were given. Two kinds of new SOFC/MGT hybrid systems were presented according to the basic idea to make more fuel paticipate in electrochemical reaction instead of traditional combustion reaction. The calculation results proved that their efficiency was enhanced remarkably. Then the quasi-zero CO2 emission SOFC/MGT hybrid cycle system was studied. The quasi-zero CO2 SOFC/MGT hybrid cycle system with CO2 separation from the tail flue gas by using the ammonia solution absorption method was analyzed. Then a new quasi-zero CO2 emission SOFC/MGT hybrid cycle system was proposed based on the improvement of the typical topping cycle SOFC/MGT hybrid cycle system. Research results show that the new quasi-zero CO2 emission system has higher efficiency.
Some original ideas and means were presented aiming at energy system based on MGT in this paper from several aspects including improving performance under off-design condition, boosting system efficiency, enhancing environmental protection performance and improving system evaluation method. The research achievements will provide valuable reference for development of DES in our country.
微燃机冷热电联产系统中,冷热电负荷的矛盾使联产系统能量梯级利用的优势无法充分发挥。本文针对这个问题,首先研究了采用怎样的调节方法才能有效缓解这个矛盾。接着提出了回注蒸汽、进气冷却等可解决或者缓解冷热电负荷矛盾的新措施,从而有效地提高了联产系统的性能及效率。进而将回注蒸汽、进气冷却、冷凝水回收等措施集成到联产系统中,得到了更为先进的以微燃机为核心的冷热电联产系统。最后,对冷热电联产系统评价准则进行了探讨,根据冷热电联产系统能量梯级利用的本质特征提出了能量梯级利用效率的新评价准则。
微燃机与高温燃料电池组成的混合发电系统是以微燃机为核心的能量系统中的另一种重要形式,本文以固体氧化物燃料电池／微燃机(SOFC／MGT)顶层循环混合发电系统作为研究重点,对混合发电系统进行了改进研究。首先揭示了SOFC／MGT混合发电系统参数优化的规律,分析了其效率进一步提高的潜力,给出了限制效率进一步提高的主要因素。然后根据使燃料更多的发生电化学反应而更少的发生燃烧反应的思路,提出了两种效率显著提高的混合发电新系统。最后,进行了混合发电系统脱碳的研究,首先对采用常规的氨水吸收法实现CO2准零排放的SOFC／MGT混合发电系统进行了计算分析。然后又在顶层循环的SOFC／MGT混合发电系统的基础上进行改进,提出了具有更高发电效率的CO2准零排放SOFC／MGT混合发电新系统。
本文针对以微燃机为核心的能量系统,从改善系统变工况性能,提高系统效率,提高系统环保性能以及改进系统评价方法等方面提出了一些新颖的思路与方法,研究成果将对我国分布式能源系统的发展提供有益的参考。
Developing the distributed energy system(DES) is in favor of realizing the harmonious development of energy sources and environment, so that centralized power grid combining with DES has become a main development trend of power industry during the 21st centuries. Energy system based on micro gas turbine(MGT) is one of main development way of DES. Among them, MGT cooling, heating and power cogeneration system and hybrid cycle power system with MGT and high temperature fuel cell are two kinds of DES with better prospect. Aiming at existing problem in the two kinds of energy system, some improvement measures were putted forward. The more advanced energy systems with the core component of MGT were obtained. The obtained results are beneficial to driving the development of DES in our country.
However, the frequent mismatch problem of the cooling, heating and power load of DES weakens the advantage of energy cascaded utilization, which is an important problem in the current cogeneration system. Firstly regulating methods were studied in order to enhance the off-design performance of the cogeneration system. Then new measures including steam injection and inlet air cooling were presented.Then integrated cooling, heating and power cogeneration system with steam injection、inlet air cooling and water recovery was brought forward which is more advanced DES based on MGT. Evaluation criterion for cooling, heating and power cogeneration system was also studied at last. A new evaluation criterion which is named as energy cascade utilization efficiency was proposed from the essential features of the combined cooling heating and power generation system.
The hybrid cycle power system with MGT and high temperature fuel cell is another kind of DES which based on MGT. The improvement study for SOFC/MGT hybrid system was carried with the typical topping cycle SOFC/MGT hybrid system as emphases. The optimization rules of main parameters of SOFC/MGT hybrid system were revealed and the constraint conditions which limit the further improvement of overall hybrid system efficiency were given. Two kinds of new SOFC/MGT hybrid systems were presented according to the basic idea to make more fuel paticipate in electrochemical reaction instead of traditional combustion reaction. The calculation results proved that their efficiency was enhanced remarkably. Then the quasi-zero CO2 emission SOFC/MGT hybrid cycle system was studied. The quasi-zero CO2 SOFC/MGT hybrid cycle system with CO2 separation from the tail flue gas by using the ammonia solution absorption method was analyzed. Then a new quasi-zero CO2 emission SOFC/MGT hybrid cycle system was proposed based on the improvement of the typical topping cycle SOFC/MGT hybrid cycle system. Research results show that the new quasi-zero CO2 emission system has higher efficiency.
Some original ideas and means were presented aiming at energy system based on MGT in this paper from several aspects including improving performance under off-design condition, boosting system efficiency, enhancing environmental protection performance and improving system evaluation method. The research achievements will provide valuable reference for development of DES in our country.
引文
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