光学腔量子电动力学中的单原子探测及控制
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摘要
腔量子电动力学不仅是研究开放量子系统的典范,也是实现量子信息处理的重要途径之一。强耦合腔量子电动力学中的光与原子之间能量交换速率远大于系统损耗引起的退相干速率,保证了量子信息能够在飞行比特与静止比特之间可靠而且可逆地转换。借助于受激拉曼绝热过程,强耦合于光学腔中的单原子又是产生理想的确定性单光子源的重要手段。高精细度光学腔中的单原子探测与控制则是保证腔量子电动力学能够实现上述目标的核心问题,是腔量子电动力学实验的基础。
针对腔量子电动力学中单原子的探测与控制问题,本论文中完成了以下工作：1)利用超高反射率的腔镜搭建了长度为86.8μm,精细度达3.3×105的光学微腔,实现了腔量子电动力学强耦合的基本条件；2)基于低温度漂移的传导腔(Transfer Cavity),设计搭建了用于腔量子电动力学失谐控制的光学频率链系统,实现了原子-腔失谐与探测光失谐的精密控制,并成功应用于单原子的实时探测实验；3)以激光冷却过程得到的磁光阱中的冷原子作为腔量子电动力学的原子源,实现了自由释放的冷原子与光学微腔的强耦合。在空腔平均光子数约为1的条件下,利用单光子探测技术实时捕获了单原子在光学微腔中的穿越信号,并得到了平均120μs的单原子腔内驻留时间,为腔量子电动力学中的单原子控制提供了触发信号；4)结合现有实验系统,提出了结合腔内原子冷却技术与腔内远失谐光学偶极阱技术实现单光子源的方案建议,为下一步完成高质量可控单光子源的制备奠定了基础。
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) has long been the central paradigm for the study of open quantum systems, as well as the ideal candidate for quantum information processing. In strong coupling regime the rate of energy exchange between atom and cavity dominates the loss rates resulting from the loss of the system, which ensures the reliable and reversible mapping of the information between the flying qubits (photons) and the stationary ones (atoms). Based on the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage, strongly coupled single atoms inside a high-finesse optical cavity can serve as the determinate single photon source. The detection and control of single atoms resided in the high-finesse optical cavity, in real time, enables the cavity QED system to achieve the above goals.
The main work in this thesis focus on the real-time detection of single atoms free-falling into the high-finesse optical cavity in the strong coupling regime, including as follows:1) An 86.8-microns-length optical cavity, with the finesse of 3.3×105, has been built, which fulfills the conditions required for strong coupling in optical cavity QED.2) An optical frequency chain has been developed by using a transfer cavity with low temperature expansion coefficients. The frequency chain facilitates the detuning between probe light and atomic resonance, and the detuning between cavity resonance and atomic transition.3) Strong coupling between Cesium atom and optical cavity has been achieved with a free-falling cold atom ensemble as the atom source. Under the condition of about one intra-cavity photon, the transits of single atoms through the cavity mode are detected in real time, which provides a trigger for manipulation of single atoms. The mean duration of atom-cavity interaction is about 120μs.4) Ideas of the generation of deterministic single photon source combining cavity cooling and far off-resonance trap inside cavity are proposed based on the present cavity QED system.
针对腔量子电动力学中单原子的探测与控制问题,本论文中完成了以下工作：1)利用超高反射率的腔镜搭建了长度为86.8μm,精细度达3.3×105的光学微腔,实现了腔量子电动力学强耦合的基本条件；2)基于低温度漂移的传导腔(Transfer Cavity),设计搭建了用于腔量子电动力学失谐控制的光学频率链系统,实现了原子-腔失谐与探测光失谐的精密控制,并成功应用于单原子的实时探测实验；3)以激光冷却过程得到的磁光阱中的冷原子作为腔量子电动力学的原子源,实现了自由释放的冷原子与光学微腔的强耦合。在空腔平均光子数约为1的条件下,利用单光子探测技术实时捕获了单原子在光学微腔中的穿越信号,并得到了平均120μs的单原子腔内驻留时间,为腔量子电动力学中的单原子控制提供了触发信号；4)结合现有实验系统,提出了结合腔内原子冷却技术与腔内远失谐光学偶极阱技术实现单光子源的方案建议,为下一步完成高质量可控单光子源的制备奠定了基础。
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) has long been the central paradigm for the study of open quantum systems, as well as the ideal candidate for quantum information processing. In strong coupling regime the rate of energy exchange between atom and cavity dominates the loss rates resulting from the loss of the system, which ensures the reliable and reversible mapping of the information between the flying qubits (photons) and the stationary ones (atoms). Based on the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage, strongly coupled single atoms inside a high-finesse optical cavity can serve as the determinate single photon source. The detection and control of single atoms resided in the high-finesse optical cavity, in real time, enables the cavity QED system to achieve the above goals.
The main work in this thesis focus on the real-time detection of single atoms free-falling into the high-finesse optical cavity in the strong coupling regime, including as follows:1) An 86.8-microns-length optical cavity, with the finesse of 3.3×105, has been built, which fulfills the conditions required for strong coupling in optical cavity QED.2) An optical frequency chain has been developed by using a transfer cavity with low temperature expansion coefficients. The frequency chain facilitates the detuning between probe light and atomic resonance, and the detuning between cavity resonance and atomic transition.3) Strong coupling between Cesium atom and optical cavity has been achieved with a free-falling cold atom ensemble as the atom source. Under the condition of about one intra-cavity photon, the transits of single atoms through the cavity mode are detected in real time, which provides a trigger for manipulation of single atoms. The mean duration of atom-cavity interaction is about 120μs.4) Ideas of the generation of deterministic single photon source combining cavity cooling and far off-resonance trap inside cavity are proposed based on the present cavity QED system.
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