投资生态理论及其实践研究
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摘要
截止2009年底,中国吸收外商投资已连续18年高居发展中国家首位。改革开放30年来,外商投资在弥补中国建设资会不足的同时,已经成为影响中国经济增长、就业、技术进步的重要因素。从国内各地区来看,东部沿海地区与中西部欠发达地区的发展差距在某种程度上与各地区对外资利用的情况呈现明显的正相关关系。正因如此,我国许多地区都把吸引外来投资作为促进地区经济发展的一个重要手段。当各地区把引进外资作为促进经济、社会发展的重要动力时却往往忽视了一个问题：为什么要引进外资?
由于对引资问题缺乏深刻的系统思考,不少地方尤其是内陆欠发达省份脱离自身经济发展实际,盲目引资,已经开始给地区发展带来极大的负面效应。作为内陆欠发达地区的山西省,多年来连续实施大开放战略,下大力气开展招商引资活动,但吸收外商投资却始终在低水平徘徊,并连续六年居中部六省末位。山西拥有丰富的自然资源、人文资源,区位优势独特,作为国家唯一的煤炭工业可持续发展政策措施试点省份,恰逢历史上难得的“黄金战略发展期”,山西省政府和民众有着强烈的发展愿望,但为什么山西的引资乃至经济发展难有大的起色和突破?这些问题一直困扰着笔者。为此,在博士研究的方向上选择了吸收外商投资问题的研究,希望能够破解当前中国尤其是山西等内陆欠发达省份在吸收外商投资上的困惑与难题。
当前国际直接投资理论,无论是跨国公司对外投资理论还是引进外资理论,都是基于投资者在投资活动中的主导地位来研究的。从传统的引资理论来看,一个区域要吸引外商投资必须创造良好的投资环境。所以,很多地区为了引进外资不断地改善本地的投资环境,这种改善投资环境的措施更多地体现在出台各种鼓励外商投资的政策和优惠措施。这种对外商的优惠政策目的是为了引进外资,改善本地的发展能力。但是,在引进外资的过程中忽视了外资企业对区域投资环境的反作用。
从生物学或生态学的知识我们受到启发：生命体与其生存环境之间构成的生态系统是一个协同演化的系统。本文试图从投资生态系统(Investment Ecosystem)的视角来研究引资问题。在对国际投资理论和观点学习、研究、分析、吸收和借鉴的基础上,从生态学和生态系统一般规律出发,提出了投资生态系统的理论与方法。
在投资生态系统中,投资者之间,投资者与投资项目、投资环境等多种投资生态因子之间的作用和影响是相互的、错综复杂的,因而投资生态系统是一个复杂的巨系统。同时投资生态系统在各种因子的相互作用下,又处于不断的动态变化之中。投资生态会经历一个从简单到复杂、从不成熟到成熟的发育过程。
投资者和引资者(地区)都是投资生态系统中组成部分,同时他们也都与投资生态系统中的其他要素相互作用、相互影响。投资者和引资者虽然都会对投资环境造成影响,但是投资者对投资生态系统的影响更多是客观的后果,而并非投资者的主观目的。引资者(地区)对投资生态系统的影响更多是出于主观愿望和主动的行动。引资者希望通过对投资生态系统的影响来达到促进其不断向好的方向演化发展的目的。要达到这样的目的就必须主动地对投资生态系统进行调控,这种调控体现在以下三个方面：(一)优化投资生态位,吸引优质投资者；(二)扩展投资生态承载力,吸引更多投资者；(三)保持投资生态系统的动态平衡。实现投资生态平衡必须解决两个问题,即,对投资者而言,要研究如何选择投资生态环境以及如何适应投资生态环境；对投资生态环境的拥有方—引资者而言,要研究如何改善投资生态环境和如何选择投资者。也就是说,投资的成败取决于投资者对投资生态环境的选择和适应,引资的成败取决于投资生态环境的改善和对投资者的选择。只有这两个问题得到解决,投资生态达到平衡(动态)时,投资、引资双方才能达到“相互满足,互利共赢”。因此,作为引资者,首先应该明白自己的引资需求,即“为什么引资,引进什么样的投资者”,并在此基础上分析潜在投资者的需求,从而有针对性地改善投资环境,满足投资者需求,进而实现自身需求的满足,达到引资收益最大化。
本文在此理论基础上,首先对中国和山西的投资生态演化做了动态分析。中国正处于对外开放的全面转型时期,今后必将更加注重吸收外商投资的科学性问题。随着政府职能进一步转变、市场进一步开放、投资环境进一步改善,满足投资者需求的能力将进一步提高；随着外资管理的进一步规范,中国更加注重引资质量和效率,自身发展需求必将得到更大的满足。因此,从今后较长一段时间看,中国投资生态系统将会进一步改善并趋于平衡,对国际投资者的吸引力会进一步增强。接着分析了山西投资生态的演化历程。改革开放至今山西外资虽取得了一些成绩,但总体上不尽人意,山西外商投资存在规模小、层次低、贡献度不足、外商投资企业发育不良、效益不佳、引资后劲乏力等诸多问题,同时引资中的环境污染、土地浪费、税收流失、虚假外资、中方利益损失等问题不容忽视。尽管山西的引资问题有国家宏观政策因素影响的原因,但根源在于自身投资生态系统失衡,在于投资环境不佳、缺乏对自身需求的研究和定位,缺乏对投资者的研究和正确选择。而观念保守落后、政府缺位和错位、体制僵化和改革滞后又是造成投资生态系统失衡的症结所在。
本文从投资生态演化入手,对当前山西省投资生态因子现状及演化趋势进行了分析。山西拥有丰厚的矿产资源,拥有丰富独特的旅游资源、底蕴深厚的历史文化资源,有承东启西、连接南北的区位优势,拥有其他省份不具有的人缘地缘优势,但是均存在开发利用不足的问题,以致这些优势在引资中未得到充分发挥。同时土地、水资源、生态和环境容量、人力和科技资源的总量、结构和档次等投资生态因子制约着山西引资和经济社会发展。本文同时对山西所面临的宏观环境进行了分析,认为,作为全国煤炭工业可持续发展政策措施试点省、循环经济试点省、生态建设试点省,山西正面临着吸收外商投资和经济社会可持续发展的“黄金发展期”,同时也是“矛盾凸显期”。2008年三季度以来金融危机及国家实施的一系列宏观调控政策给山西引资、优化投资生态也带来了新的机遇和挑战。如何抓住机遇,化危为机,加大对投资生态系统的调控,努力实现投资生态平衡是解决问题的关键。
在对山西投资生态系统分析的基础上,本文从引资理念、引资者需求、投资者选择和投资环境优化等方面提出山西省引资的对策和建议。山西应首先明确吸收外商投资的意义不仅在于弥补资金缺口,更在于引进先进的技术、管理和理念,促进产业升级和发展方式转变,在于推动思想解放、观念更新,在于推动经济体制和行政管理体制改革和创新。因而对外开放和引进外资应成为山西省改革和经济社会发展的催化剂、助力器。在引资中,要处理好“引资”与“为我所用”的关系、“引资”与“引智”的关系；要“引进来”,更要“留得住”；要树立经济可持续发展和“互利共赢”的理念；要发挥山西引资的“后发优势”,绕开“低水平引资陷阱”和“先污染,后治理”的模式陷阱。山西要强化外商投资的产业和地区导向,引导外资投资优势产业、潜力产业和“软肋”产业,引导外资投向经济社会发展的重点区域。要研究如何更好地满足投资者需求,优化投资环境,实施观念创新、体制创新、科技创新,法律政策再造和环境再造。为吸引投资者,山西应加大投资促进力度,拓宽引资渠道和方式,提高投资促进的专业性和科学性,充分利用开放平台,加强国际交流,加强友好合作关系和区域合作。
本文综合运用投资生态理论与方法,实证研究与规范研究、均衡分析、问卷调查和案例分析、复杂性分析、趋势分析等多种方法对中国和山西省的引资问题和对策建议进行了系统的分析和研究。
本文在理论和方法上有一定的创新之处。
(1)本文提出了投资生态理论及其方法,并用来分析并尝试解决中国尤其是山西等内陆省份的吸收外商投资活动。本理论突破了投资者主导投资活动的理论范式,强调投资者与引资者的相互作用、协同演化。尝试为发展中国家和地区招商选资以及通过引资促进经济社会的可持续发展提供了理论依据。明确提出了投资生态理论要研究两个基本问题,即,对投资者而言,要研究如何选择投资生态环境以及如何适应投资生态环境；对引资方而言,要研究如何改善投资生态环境和如何选择投资者。提出解决以上两个问题、达到投资生态平衡是实现投资者与引资方“互利共赢”的根本途径。
(2)初步建立了投资生态系统作用模型。
(3)运用投资生态理论对中国投资生态演化进行了动态分析,并对山西省投资生态进行了较为深入的实证分析。
(4)在投资生态理论指导下,站在引资方角度,从引资理念、引资者需求、投资者选择、投资生态环境优化等方面,提出了山西省引进外资工作的对策和建议；文中应用部分不仅对山西而且对中国其它内陆省份都具有普遍的适用意义。
(5)本文提出的投资生态理论对于投资活动和引资活动具有普遍的适用性。对于引资地区,不仅适用于其引进外资的研究,同样适用于吸收国内投资、吸收民间投资的研究；而从投资者角度,对引资地区投资生态环境的选择和适应这一命题的提出,对于投资者,尤其是当前中国企业积极稳妥地开展境外投资也具有现实意义和实际应用价值。
By the end of the year 2009, China has experienced the eighteenth consecutive year as the top developing country in terms of the investment quantity attracted from overseas resources. The sufficient amount of overseas investment has greatly promoted the rapid social and economical development of the country. However, statistics indicate that only a minor portion of these overseas investments comes from hi-tech oriented large international corporations headquartered in developed countries, and the merging projects, which are normally the typical approach of international direct investment, have proved to be very rare. This tendency is actually not in conformity with the investment demand of the country. At the same time, a number of provinces, especially the comparatively less developed inland provinces, have been found attracting overseas investments only for its own sake without a scientific blue print to better address their actual economical development bottlenecks. Consequently, urgent needs have been experienced to better ensure that overseas investment be attracted on a scientific decision making basis.
As one of the less developed inland provinces, Shanxi has been exerting significant efforts to implement the opening up strategy. However, despite these hard endeavors, the investment attracted from overseas resources in this province has been ranking the last among the six peer provinces during the past six years. Shanxi province enjoys abundant natural resources endowment, rich historical and cultural resources as well as advantageous geographical location. As the only demonstration province for coal industrial sustainable development in China, Shanxi has been experiencing a gold age of economical boom in recent years, and both the government and the grassroots have very strong desires to take advantage of the overseas investment to help with its own social and economical development. Thus, what exactly is the bottleneck to the overseas investment to this province?
With over ten years of experiences of overseas investment management on behalf of the provincial government, the writer has been studying these confronting issues all the time. And the very choice of study area for the doctorate program has been intended to help investigate into the existing shortcomings in the overseas investment policies and implementation management in China, so as to ensure a breakthrough in dealing with these problems in the country and in Shanxi Province in particular.
Temporary direct international investment theories and practices have been focusing attentions solely on the part of the investment without sufficiently addressing the specific demand of the intended investment environment. With the deepening process of economical globalization, especially at the background that the concept of sustainable development has already been established and accepted in the developing countries, more and more emphasis have been attached to the principles of harmonious development and win-win practices. This study intends to establish a mechanism to achieve the mutual benefit and win-win objectives during the transactions between the international investment corporations and the countries and areas that attract these investments. In order to achieve this ambitious target, the writer has made a thorough study of the existing theories and practices in international direct investment under the kind guidance of the tutor, and carefully investigated into the actual policies and practices of attracting the overseas investments as adopted in the inland provinces like Shanxi as well as the other provinces in China. On the basis of these investigations, the writer analyzed the interactive mechanism among the investment, the parties attracting the investment, the investment environment and the investment projects from the perspectives of ecology and ecological balance, and proposed the methodologies of investment ecological system study which is hoped to be adopted to tackle with the existing problems and inefficiencies in the practice of attracting overseas investment in China, especially in the inland provinces like Shanxi.
Investment ecological theory points out that the investment ecological environment is the decisive factor of the actual benefit achieved by the investment and the party attracted and utilized the investment through the investment activities. The investment and the investment environment, or more exactly the party that attracts the investment and thus offers the investment environment, interacts with each other by adapting their decision making, policies and practices, so as to eventually satisfy the actual needs of the other party, and thus reaching an investment ecological balance. In order to reach such a balance, the party of investment should carefully study its choice of investment environment and its adaptability to such an environment, while the party attracting and utilizing the investment should study how to improve the investment environment it offers and its choice of potential investments. That is to say, the success of the investment depends upon its choice of the investment environment and its own adaptability to the environment, while the success of the party attracting and utilizing the investment depends upon how it improves the investment environment it offers and its choice of the appropriate investment. Only when the pursuits of the investment and the party utilizing the investment are in line with each other that the objectives of mutual benefit and mutual satisfaction could be achieved. Consequently, the party attracting the investment should first of all obtain a clear understanding of its own objectives of using these investment, or why use the investment and what kind of investment. On the basis of this clear understanding of its own objectives, it should then proceed to investigate into the demand of the potential investment that could help achieve these objectives, and take specific measures to improve its investment environment so as to ensure that the demand of the investment is satisfied. Only by so doing could its own demand be satisfied in turn and thus maximize the benefit of the investment project.
On the basis of the above theoretical analyses, the paper also carried out a number of case studies of investment and attracting investment practices both in Shanxi province and in China as a whole. Through thorough analyses of the statistics obtained from Shanxi province, the paper comes to the conclusion that the problems experienced by Shanxi province all resulted from its imbalanced investment ecological system. With the SWOT approach, the paper evaluated both the advantages and the disadvantages of the various factors in the investment ecosystem in Shanxi province, especially in light of the recent global financial crisis and the various new policies issued and implemented by the national government to deal with this crisis. Policy recommendations were then put forward for Shanxi province to improve its investment ecosystem environment.
The paper pointed out that China is experiencing a transitional period in terms of its strategies of attracting overseas investment. With the further transformation of the government functions and the deepening of the reform policies in the financial system, the investment ecological environment in China shall be further improved so as to improve its capabilities of satisfying the demands of the potential investments. Meanwhile, with the standardization process of overseas investment management, more and more attention shall be paid to improve the quality of the investments attracted and the efficiency of attracting investment, so as to better satisfy its own development requirements.
Over the past 30 years after the reform and opening up policies were implemented, the overseas investments attracted to Shanxi province has been taking a very active role in Shanxi province in promoting the international oriented trade, the improvement of the investment environment, the social and economical reform as well as the practice of international traditions. However, such problems have also been observed in this province in the field of overseas investment as insignificant total amount, comparatively low quality and low contribution to the economy, low benefit level, significant environment pollution, and waste of land resources and lack of insurance of the safety of counterpart funds. The paper pointed out that all these problems rooted more from the imbalanced structure of its investment ecological system than from the macro national economical policies, and the imbalanced structure of the investment ecosystem is in turn due to the inappropriate direction of overseas investment utilization, lack of clear understanding of its own priorities of overseas investment demand, insufficient investment promotion mechanism, lack of sufficient study of the demands and objectives of the overseas investment and thus inappropriate choice of overseas investment sources. Meanwhile, the inactions or misbehaviors of the government and the inappropriate investment management concepts and mechanism proved to be the best manifestation of this imbalance.
Shanxi province enjoys very abundant natural resources, rich tourism resources and cultural inherits. It also boasts the very advantageous geographical location by connecting the to-be-developed vast west regions and the east costal areas. However, all these endowment has not yet been taken full advantage of yet in the process of attracting overseas investment. Besides, such factors essential in the investment ecosystem as the insufficient capacity of land resources, water resources, ecological system and environment, the total available human and technology resources all constricted the inflow of overseas investment into this province and in consequence the overall social and economical development. Now that Shanxi province has already been chosen by the national government as the demonstration province for coal industrial sustainable development, cycling-oriented economical development pattern and ecological system construction, it shall certainly experience a gold age of overall social and economical development, which shall surely be able to attract overseas investment at a much faster pace and volume. Furthermore, the recent macro economical policies adopted by the national government to minimize the adverse effect of the global financial crisis since the third quarter of the year 2008 shall also offer more development opportunities for Shanxi province as well. However, it can be reasonably anticipated that during this process, more problems shall occur and needs to be more appropriately addressed in the field of overseas investment management. Consequently, whether the province could take full advantage of these development opportunities shall largely depend upon whether it could appropriately adjust its development strategies, especially its overseas investment utilization and management strategies.
In view of this adjustment, the paper raised a series of policy recommendations for Shanxi province all aiming at improving its investment ecosystem. These policy recommendations cover the areas of establishment of correct investment attracting principles, optimization of investment ecological environment, satisfying the specific demands of the potential investments and investment promotion. Introduction of overseas investment to Shanxi province would not only help to mitigate the development bottleneck of insufficient funding, but more importantly help to introduce advanced modern technologies and management concepts, promote the reform and reconstruction of the economical structure, the administration structure and the existing development pattern, and foster the creativity, so as to sustain the overall social and economical development. Intense attentions should be paid to better balance the introduction of investment and its own development objectives and demands, introduction of investment and introduction of advanced technologies and concepts, so as to make sure that the investment projects could have a sustainable development potential in the province. Specific efforts should be exerted to avoid pollution intensive investment projects and take full advantage of its overseas investment introduction potentials.
With a accurate understanding of its own development bottlenecks and demands, Shanxi should offer more clear-cut guidance to the potential investments in regard with the industries and regions that demand these investment. Priorities should be given to the industries with significant development potentials and industries that urgently need rapid development, and key development areas as defined in the long term social and economical development program. At the same time, Shanxi should take immediate measures to optimize its investment ecological environment to better address the needs of the investment. In order to achieve this target, Shanxi should enhance its decision making system and further expand its investment introduction channels so as to attract the most appropriate investment that can best satisfy its own development demands.
The paper had carried out a comprehensive study of the overseas investment introduction status in China and in Shanxi province in particular with the methodologies of investment ecosystem theories, SWOT analyses, equilibrium analyses theories, complicity analyses and tendency analyses with the help of case studies and surveys. Based upon these comprehensive analyses, policy recommendations were also proposed to better address the existing problems.
The following breakthroughs were achieved in the study methodologies in this paper.
(1) The paper for the first time proposed the theory of investment ecology, which was used to explain and hoped to offer some guidance to the overseas investment introduction practices in such inland provinces of China like Shanxi. The paper also pin-pointed the two fundamental principles of the investment ecology theory, that is for the investment the decision making should be focused on the choice of the investment environment and its adaptability to the environment, while for the party that introduce the investment the fundamentals are the improvement of the investment ecological environment and the appropriate choice of potential investments. The equilibrium of the investment ecosystem is the key and utmost insurance to the mutual benefit and win-win objectives of both the investment and the parties that introduce the investments.
(2)A model illustrating the interactive mechanism among the various factors in the investment ecosystem was initially proposed in the paper.
(3)A dynamic analysis of the present investment ecological environment in China was carried out in the paper with the help of investment ecology theories, and a case study was also made specifically in regard the investment ecological status in Shanxi province.
(4) Under the guidance of the investment ecology theories, a series of policy recommendations were proposed to Shanxi province from the point of view of choice of appropriate investment, satisfaction of the demands of the potential investment and improvement of the investment ecological environment. These recommendations may prove to be suggestive and helpful not only to Shanxi, but also the other inland provinces of China.
(5)The investment ecology theories proposed in the paper covered both the investment activities and the investment attracting activities. For the parties and areas that intend to introduce investment, these theories could be used for decision making not only for attracting overseas investment, but also attracting domestic and private investment. For the parties of investment, these theories of choice of and adaptively to the investment ecological environment may prove to be quite suggestive and helpful, especially for the Chinese enterprises that intend to plan overseas investment projects.
由于对引资问题缺乏深刻的系统思考,不少地方尤其是内陆欠发达省份脱离自身经济发展实际,盲目引资,已经开始给地区发展带来极大的负面效应。作为内陆欠发达地区的山西省,多年来连续实施大开放战略,下大力气开展招商引资活动,但吸收外商投资却始终在低水平徘徊,并连续六年居中部六省末位。山西拥有丰富的自然资源、人文资源,区位优势独特,作为国家唯一的煤炭工业可持续发展政策措施试点省份,恰逢历史上难得的“黄金战略发展期”,山西省政府和民众有着强烈的发展愿望,但为什么山西的引资乃至经济发展难有大的起色和突破?这些问题一直困扰着笔者。为此,在博士研究的方向上选择了吸收外商投资问题的研究,希望能够破解当前中国尤其是山西等内陆欠发达省份在吸收外商投资上的困惑与难题。
当前国际直接投资理论,无论是跨国公司对外投资理论还是引进外资理论,都是基于投资者在投资活动中的主导地位来研究的。从传统的引资理论来看,一个区域要吸引外商投资必须创造良好的投资环境。所以,很多地区为了引进外资不断地改善本地的投资环境,这种改善投资环境的措施更多地体现在出台各种鼓励外商投资的政策和优惠措施。这种对外商的优惠政策目的是为了引进外资,改善本地的发展能力。但是,在引进外资的过程中忽视了外资企业对区域投资环境的反作用。
从生物学或生态学的知识我们受到启发：生命体与其生存环境之间构成的生态系统是一个协同演化的系统。本文试图从投资生态系统(Investment Ecosystem)的视角来研究引资问题。在对国际投资理论和观点学习、研究、分析、吸收和借鉴的基础上,从生态学和生态系统一般规律出发,提出了投资生态系统的理论与方法。
在投资生态系统中,投资者之间,投资者与投资项目、投资环境等多种投资生态因子之间的作用和影响是相互的、错综复杂的,因而投资生态系统是一个复杂的巨系统。同时投资生态系统在各种因子的相互作用下,又处于不断的动态变化之中。投资生态会经历一个从简单到复杂、从不成熟到成熟的发育过程。
投资者和引资者(地区)都是投资生态系统中组成部分,同时他们也都与投资生态系统中的其他要素相互作用、相互影响。投资者和引资者虽然都会对投资环境造成影响,但是投资者对投资生态系统的影响更多是客观的后果,而并非投资者的主观目的。引资者(地区)对投资生态系统的影响更多是出于主观愿望和主动的行动。引资者希望通过对投资生态系统的影响来达到促进其不断向好的方向演化发展的目的。要达到这样的目的就必须主动地对投资生态系统进行调控,这种调控体现在以下三个方面：(一)优化投资生态位,吸引优质投资者；(二)扩展投资生态承载力,吸引更多投资者；(三)保持投资生态系统的动态平衡。实现投资生态平衡必须解决两个问题,即,对投资者而言,要研究如何选择投资生态环境以及如何适应投资生态环境；对投资生态环境的拥有方—引资者而言,要研究如何改善投资生态环境和如何选择投资者。也就是说,投资的成败取决于投资者对投资生态环境的选择和适应,引资的成败取决于投资生态环境的改善和对投资者的选择。只有这两个问题得到解决,投资生态达到平衡(动态)时,投资、引资双方才能达到“相互满足,互利共赢”。因此,作为引资者,首先应该明白自己的引资需求,即“为什么引资,引进什么样的投资者”,并在此基础上分析潜在投资者的需求,从而有针对性地改善投资环境,满足投资者需求,进而实现自身需求的满足,达到引资收益最大化。
本文在此理论基础上,首先对中国和山西的投资生态演化做了动态分析。中国正处于对外开放的全面转型时期,今后必将更加注重吸收外商投资的科学性问题。随着政府职能进一步转变、市场进一步开放、投资环境进一步改善,满足投资者需求的能力将进一步提高；随着外资管理的进一步规范,中国更加注重引资质量和效率,自身发展需求必将得到更大的满足。因此,从今后较长一段时间看,中国投资生态系统将会进一步改善并趋于平衡,对国际投资者的吸引力会进一步增强。接着分析了山西投资生态的演化历程。改革开放至今山西外资虽取得了一些成绩,但总体上不尽人意,山西外商投资存在规模小、层次低、贡献度不足、外商投资企业发育不良、效益不佳、引资后劲乏力等诸多问题,同时引资中的环境污染、土地浪费、税收流失、虚假外资、中方利益损失等问题不容忽视。尽管山西的引资问题有国家宏观政策因素影响的原因,但根源在于自身投资生态系统失衡,在于投资环境不佳、缺乏对自身需求的研究和定位,缺乏对投资者的研究和正确选择。而观念保守落后、政府缺位和错位、体制僵化和改革滞后又是造成投资生态系统失衡的症结所在。
本文从投资生态演化入手,对当前山西省投资生态因子现状及演化趋势进行了分析。山西拥有丰厚的矿产资源,拥有丰富独特的旅游资源、底蕴深厚的历史文化资源,有承东启西、连接南北的区位优势,拥有其他省份不具有的人缘地缘优势,但是均存在开发利用不足的问题,以致这些优势在引资中未得到充分发挥。同时土地、水资源、生态和环境容量、人力和科技资源的总量、结构和档次等投资生态因子制约着山西引资和经济社会发展。本文同时对山西所面临的宏观环境进行了分析,认为,作为全国煤炭工业可持续发展政策措施试点省、循环经济试点省、生态建设试点省,山西正面临着吸收外商投资和经济社会可持续发展的“黄金发展期”,同时也是“矛盾凸显期”。2008年三季度以来金融危机及国家实施的一系列宏观调控政策给山西引资、优化投资生态也带来了新的机遇和挑战。如何抓住机遇,化危为机,加大对投资生态系统的调控,努力实现投资生态平衡是解决问题的关键。
在对山西投资生态系统分析的基础上,本文从引资理念、引资者需求、投资者选择和投资环境优化等方面提出山西省引资的对策和建议。山西应首先明确吸收外商投资的意义不仅在于弥补资金缺口,更在于引进先进的技术、管理和理念,促进产业升级和发展方式转变,在于推动思想解放、观念更新,在于推动经济体制和行政管理体制改革和创新。因而对外开放和引进外资应成为山西省改革和经济社会发展的催化剂、助力器。在引资中,要处理好“引资”与“为我所用”的关系、“引资”与“引智”的关系；要“引进来”,更要“留得住”；要树立经济可持续发展和“互利共赢”的理念；要发挥山西引资的“后发优势”,绕开“低水平引资陷阱”和“先污染,后治理”的模式陷阱。山西要强化外商投资的产业和地区导向,引导外资投资优势产业、潜力产业和“软肋”产业,引导外资投向经济社会发展的重点区域。要研究如何更好地满足投资者需求,优化投资环境,实施观念创新、体制创新、科技创新,法律政策再造和环境再造。为吸引投资者,山西应加大投资促进力度,拓宽引资渠道和方式,提高投资促进的专业性和科学性,充分利用开放平台,加强国际交流,加强友好合作关系和区域合作。
本文综合运用投资生态理论与方法,实证研究与规范研究、均衡分析、问卷调查和案例分析、复杂性分析、趋势分析等多种方法对中国和山西省的引资问题和对策建议进行了系统的分析和研究。
本文在理论和方法上有一定的创新之处。
(1)本文提出了投资生态理论及其方法,并用来分析并尝试解决中国尤其是山西等内陆省份的吸收外商投资活动。本理论突破了投资者主导投资活动的理论范式,强调投资者与引资者的相互作用、协同演化。尝试为发展中国家和地区招商选资以及通过引资促进经济社会的可持续发展提供了理论依据。明确提出了投资生态理论要研究两个基本问题,即,对投资者而言,要研究如何选择投资生态环境以及如何适应投资生态环境；对引资方而言,要研究如何改善投资生态环境和如何选择投资者。提出解决以上两个问题、达到投资生态平衡是实现投资者与引资方“互利共赢”的根本途径。
(2)初步建立了投资生态系统作用模型。
(3)运用投资生态理论对中国投资生态演化进行了动态分析,并对山西省投资生态进行了较为深入的实证分析。
(4)在投资生态理论指导下,站在引资方角度,从引资理念、引资者需求、投资者选择、投资生态环境优化等方面,提出了山西省引进外资工作的对策和建议；文中应用部分不仅对山西而且对中国其它内陆省份都具有普遍的适用意义。
(5)本文提出的投资生态理论对于投资活动和引资活动具有普遍的适用性。对于引资地区,不仅适用于其引进外资的研究,同样适用于吸收国内投资、吸收民间投资的研究；而从投资者角度,对引资地区投资生态环境的选择和适应这一命题的提出,对于投资者,尤其是当前中国企业积极稳妥地开展境外投资也具有现实意义和实际应用价值。
By the end of the year 2009, China has experienced the eighteenth consecutive year as the top developing country in terms of the investment quantity attracted from overseas resources. The sufficient amount of overseas investment has greatly promoted the rapid social and economical development of the country. However, statistics indicate that only a minor portion of these overseas investments comes from hi-tech oriented large international corporations headquartered in developed countries, and the merging projects, which are normally the typical approach of international direct investment, have proved to be very rare. This tendency is actually not in conformity with the investment demand of the country. At the same time, a number of provinces, especially the comparatively less developed inland provinces, have been found attracting overseas investments only for its own sake without a scientific blue print to better address their actual economical development bottlenecks. Consequently, urgent needs have been experienced to better ensure that overseas investment be attracted on a scientific decision making basis.
As one of the less developed inland provinces, Shanxi has been exerting significant efforts to implement the opening up strategy. However, despite these hard endeavors, the investment attracted from overseas resources in this province has been ranking the last among the six peer provinces during the past six years. Shanxi province enjoys abundant natural resources endowment, rich historical and cultural resources as well as advantageous geographical location. As the only demonstration province for coal industrial sustainable development in China, Shanxi has been experiencing a gold age of economical boom in recent years, and both the government and the grassroots have very strong desires to take advantage of the overseas investment to help with its own social and economical development. Thus, what exactly is the bottleneck to the overseas investment to this province?
With over ten years of experiences of overseas investment management on behalf of the provincial government, the writer has been studying these confronting issues all the time. And the very choice of study area for the doctorate program has been intended to help investigate into the existing shortcomings in the overseas investment policies and implementation management in China, so as to ensure a breakthrough in dealing with these problems in the country and in Shanxi Province in particular.
Temporary direct international investment theories and practices have been focusing attentions solely on the part of the investment without sufficiently addressing the specific demand of the intended investment environment. With the deepening process of economical globalization, especially at the background that the concept of sustainable development has already been established and accepted in the developing countries, more and more emphasis have been attached to the principles of harmonious development and win-win practices. This study intends to establish a mechanism to achieve the mutual benefit and win-win objectives during the transactions between the international investment corporations and the countries and areas that attract these investments. In order to achieve this ambitious target, the writer has made a thorough study of the existing theories and practices in international direct investment under the kind guidance of the tutor, and carefully investigated into the actual policies and practices of attracting the overseas investments as adopted in the inland provinces like Shanxi as well as the other provinces in China. On the basis of these investigations, the writer analyzed the interactive mechanism among the investment, the parties attracting the investment, the investment environment and the investment projects from the perspectives of ecology and ecological balance, and proposed the methodologies of investment ecological system study which is hoped to be adopted to tackle with the existing problems and inefficiencies in the practice of attracting overseas investment in China, especially in the inland provinces like Shanxi.
Investment ecological theory points out that the investment ecological environment is the decisive factor of the actual benefit achieved by the investment and the party attracted and utilized the investment through the investment activities. The investment and the investment environment, or more exactly the party that attracts the investment and thus offers the investment environment, interacts with each other by adapting their decision making, policies and practices, so as to eventually satisfy the actual needs of the other party, and thus reaching an investment ecological balance. In order to reach such a balance, the party of investment should carefully study its choice of investment environment and its adaptability to such an environment, while the party attracting and utilizing the investment should study how to improve the investment environment it offers and its choice of potential investments. That is to say, the success of the investment depends upon its choice of the investment environment and its own adaptability to the environment, while the success of the party attracting and utilizing the investment depends upon how it improves the investment environment it offers and its choice of the appropriate investment. Only when the pursuits of the investment and the party utilizing the investment are in line with each other that the objectives of mutual benefit and mutual satisfaction could be achieved. Consequently, the party attracting the investment should first of all obtain a clear understanding of its own objectives of using these investment, or why use the investment and what kind of investment. On the basis of this clear understanding of its own objectives, it should then proceed to investigate into the demand of the potential investment that could help achieve these objectives, and take specific measures to improve its investment environment so as to ensure that the demand of the investment is satisfied. Only by so doing could its own demand be satisfied in turn and thus maximize the benefit of the investment project.
On the basis of the above theoretical analyses, the paper also carried out a number of case studies of investment and attracting investment practices both in Shanxi province and in China as a whole. Through thorough analyses of the statistics obtained from Shanxi province, the paper comes to the conclusion that the problems experienced by Shanxi province all resulted from its imbalanced investment ecological system. With the SWOT approach, the paper evaluated both the advantages and the disadvantages of the various factors in the investment ecosystem in Shanxi province, especially in light of the recent global financial crisis and the various new policies issued and implemented by the national government to deal with this crisis. Policy recommendations were then put forward for Shanxi province to improve its investment ecosystem environment.
The paper pointed out that China is experiencing a transitional period in terms of its strategies of attracting overseas investment. With the further transformation of the government functions and the deepening of the reform policies in the financial system, the investment ecological environment in China shall be further improved so as to improve its capabilities of satisfying the demands of the potential investments. Meanwhile, with the standardization process of overseas investment management, more and more attention shall be paid to improve the quality of the investments attracted and the efficiency of attracting investment, so as to better satisfy its own development requirements.
Over the past 30 years after the reform and opening up policies were implemented, the overseas investments attracted to Shanxi province has been taking a very active role in Shanxi province in promoting the international oriented trade, the improvement of the investment environment, the social and economical reform as well as the practice of international traditions. However, such problems have also been observed in this province in the field of overseas investment as insignificant total amount, comparatively low quality and low contribution to the economy, low benefit level, significant environment pollution, and waste of land resources and lack of insurance of the safety of counterpart funds. The paper pointed out that all these problems rooted more from the imbalanced structure of its investment ecological system than from the macro national economical policies, and the imbalanced structure of the investment ecosystem is in turn due to the inappropriate direction of overseas investment utilization, lack of clear understanding of its own priorities of overseas investment demand, insufficient investment promotion mechanism, lack of sufficient study of the demands and objectives of the overseas investment and thus inappropriate choice of overseas investment sources. Meanwhile, the inactions or misbehaviors of the government and the inappropriate investment management concepts and mechanism proved to be the best manifestation of this imbalance.
Shanxi province enjoys very abundant natural resources, rich tourism resources and cultural inherits. It also boasts the very advantageous geographical location by connecting the to-be-developed vast west regions and the east costal areas. However, all these endowment has not yet been taken full advantage of yet in the process of attracting overseas investment. Besides, such factors essential in the investment ecosystem as the insufficient capacity of land resources, water resources, ecological system and environment, the total available human and technology resources all constricted the inflow of overseas investment into this province and in consequence the overall social and economical development. Now that Shanxi province has already been chosen by the national government as the demonstration province for coal industrial sustainable development, cycling-oriented economical development pattern and ecological system construction, it shall certainly experience a gold age of overall social and economical development, which shall surely be able to attract overseas investment at a much faster pace and volume. Furthermore, the recent macro economical policies adopted by the national government to minimize the adverse effect of the global financial crisis since the third quarter of the year 2008 shall also offer more development opportunities for Shanxi province as well. However, it can be reasonably anticipated that during this process, more problems shall occur and needs to be more appropriately addressed in the field of overseas investment management. Consequently, whether the province could take full advantage of these development opportunities shall largely depend upon whether it could appropriately adjust its development strategies, especially its overseas investment utilization and management strategies.
In view of this adjustment, the paper raised a series of policy recommendations for Shanxi province all aiming at improving its investment ecosystem. These policy recommendations cover the areas of establishment of correct investment attracting principles, optimization of investment ecological environment, satisfying the specific demands of the potential investments and investment promotion. Introduction of overseas investment to Shanxi province would not only help to mitigate the development bottleneck of insufficient funding, but more importantly help to introduce advanced modern technologies and management concepts, promote the reform and reconstruction of the economical structure, the administration structure and the existing development pattern, and foster the creativity, so as to sustain the overall social and economical development. Intense attentions should be paid to better balance the introduction of investment and its own development objectives and demands, introduction of investment and introduction of advanced technologies and concepts, so as to make sure that the investment projects could have a sustainable development potential in the province. Specific efforts should be exerted to avoid pollution intensive investment projects and take full advantage of its overseas investment introduction potentials.
With a accurate understanding of its own development bottlenecks and demands, Shanxi should offer more clear-cut guidance to the potential investments in regard with the industries and regions that demand these investment. Priorities should be given to the industries with significant development potentials and industries that urgently need rapid development, and key development areas as defined in the long term social and economical development program. At the same time, Shanxi should take immediate measures to optimize its investment ecological environment to better address the needs of the investment. In order to achieve this target, Shanxi should enhance its decision making system and further expand its investment introduction channels so as to attract the most appropriate investment that can best satisfy its own development demands.
The paper had carried out a comprehensive study of the overseas investment introduction status in China and in Shanxi province in particular with the methodologies of investment ecosystem theories, SWOT analyses, equilibrium analyses theories, complicity analyses and tendency analyses with the help of case studies and surveys. Based upon these comprehensive analyses, policy recommendations were also proposed to better address the existing problems.
The following breakthroughs were achieved in the study methodologies in this paper.
(1) The paper for the first time proposed the theory of investment ecology, which was used to explain and hoped to offer some guidance to the overseas investment introduction practices in such inland provinces of China like Shanxi. The paper also pin-pointed the two fundamental principles of the investment ecology theory, that is for the investment the decision making should be focused on the choice of the investment environment and its adaptability to the environment, while for the party that introduce the investment the fundamentals are the improvement of the investment ecological environment and the appropriate choice of potential investments. The equilibrium of the investment ecosystem is the key and utmost insurance to the mutual benefit and win-win objectives of both the investment and the parties that introduce the investments.
(2)A model illustrating the interactive mechanism among the various factors in the investment ecosystem was initially proposed in the paper.
(3)A dynamic analysis of the present investment ecological environment in China was carried out in the paper with the help of investment ecology theories, and a case study was also made specifically in regard the investment ecological status in Shanxi province.
(4) Under the guidance of the investment ecology theories, a series of policy recommendations were proposed to Shanxi province from the point of view of choice of appropriate investment, satisfaction of the demands of the potential investment and improvement of the investment ecological environment. These recommendations may prove to be suggestive and helpful not only to Shanxi, but also the other inland provinces of China.
(5)The investment ecology theories proposed in the paper covered both the investment activities and the investment attracting activities. For the parties and areas that intend to introduce investment, these theories could be used for decision making not only for attracting overseas investment, but also attracting domestic and private investment. For the parties of investment, these theories of choice of and adaptively to the investment ecological environment may prove to be quite suggestive and helpful, especially for the Chinese enterprises that intend to plan overseas investment projects.
引文
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