内部社会资本对跨国母子公司内部知识转移绩效的影响研究
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摘要
随着知识经济的兴起,知识正逐渐取代金融资本和自然资源,成为组织最重要的生产要素。知识管理水平决定了组织能否在竞争中实现知识资本增值,并最终提高组织核心竞争力。作为基础和核心,知识转移是知识管理其他步骤得以实现的前提。只有通过组织间的知识转移,才能推动组织对知识进行高效管理,实现组织的经济与竞争价值。
在今天这个经济发展日新月异的时代,跨国公司作为生产经营全球化的载体、国际技术转移的主体以及对外直接投资重要渠道,越来越成为推动全球经济发展的引擎。关于跨国公司竞争优势的探讨,已从最初的资产交易优势和规模优势转变为知识的集聚、创新和转移。知识作为企业竞争优势的根本来源,其在跨国公司内部母公司与海外子公司之间的有效转移,是跨国公司在日益激烈的全球竞争中立于不败的关键所在。随着全球经济环境日益呈现出动态、复杂和不确定性的特征,跨国公司将更加注重知识在整个跨国公司内部的有效转移与整合,同时,世界经济一体化和现代信息通讯技术的飞速发展,也为跨国公司内部的知识的有效转移创造了条件。
影响跨国公司内部知识成功转移的因素很多,从社会学视角来看,社会资本用社会关系的网络来对经济活动进行描述,成为理解经济社会现象的重要基础。社会资本通过企业资源的获得和利用、以降低交易成本来影响企业绩效。同时,跨国公司由于其内部庞大的网络体系以及巨大的地域跨度,已被越来越多的学者著称为一个庞大的内部社会体系,其内部复杂的社会关系错综复杂,层层交错；同时,跨国公司内部知识转移其影响因素绝大多数都是来源于企业内部间的传递与转移,因此,本文以跨国公司内部的知识转移作为研究对象,通过结构维度、关系维度和认知维度等社会资本的测量维度来验证不同的内部社会资本维度背景如何影响跨国母公司对海外子公司内部知识传递的绩效。
在以往对跨国公司内部知识转移的文献中,有部分学者考虑了一些社会资本对内部知识转移的绩效影响,但他们考虑的因素仅仅围绕组织距离,地域差距等外部因素进行了讨论,并没有就母子公司间实质性的影响因素展开讨论。综上所述,本研究将基于企业社会资本理论,研究跨国母子公司间形成的社会资本对内部知识转移绩效的作用机制。
在明确了研究背景和研究主题后,本文通过对跨国公司公司理论、跨国公司内部知识转移理论和社会资本理论等相关基础理论进行详细地分析与研究后,提出了本研究针对跨国公司母子间社会资本对内部知识转移绩效的作用机制问题的四个子问题：
1)社会资本变量的划分及各变量的相互作用关系
2)社会资本各变量对跨国母子公司间内部知识转移绩效的影响
3)母子公司的转移意愿与子公司的接收意愿对知识转移绩效的影响
在理论综述部分对跨国公司知识基础观理论的形成和跨国公司知识转移理论进行了系统的回顾,首先指出了跨国公司的理论基础；其次从传统的的知识转移的理论视角转变为跨国公司知识转移的视角,说明跨国公司作为知识转移有效载体存在的理由；同时,本文列出了目前分析跨国公司内部知识转移的几个经典模型作为本研究的理论出发点和参照。社会资本的涵义与维度也是文献部分阐述的内容之一。
其次,在现有的跨国公司知识转移理论基础之上,本研究总结出了跨国公司知识转移位势,母子公司间知识转移的特点以及基于社会资本角度下跨国公司知识转移的现有研究理论,从而指出了现有研究的不足之处；
在充分分析了跨国公司理论、知识转移理论、社会资本理论以及基于社会资本理论下的跨国公司内部知识转移的特点后,本研究提出了社会资本对跨国母子公司间内部知识转移绩效的影响研究的概念模型。社会资本对跨国母子公司内部知识转移绩效的影响研究的概念模型包括三个层面：1)前因变量：内部知识转移中的社会资本三个维度；2)中介变量：母子公司间的发送与接收意愿以及3)结果：子公司知识转移绩效。本研究在综合国内外研究的基础上,针对跨国公司母子公司间知识转移的特点,将测量社会资本的影响因素整合为网路强度、产权结构(结构资本)、跨文化差异(认知资本)和共同解决问题、责任与认同感(关系资本),这五个因子的提出非常确切地整合了跨国公司母子公司间的特点,是本研究的一大创新点。
通过社会资本对跨国母子公司内部知识转移绩效的影响研究调查问卷的设计与发放,本研究对200多家跨国公司在华子公司进行了实证研究,并将收集来的数据通过结构方程式等方法研究了影响因素对知识转移绩效的影响,从而为本研究的主要观点提供必要的实证基础。
本研究通过建立一个完整的理论框架分析了基于内部社会资本的角度影响跨国公司母子公司间内部知识转移绩效的因素,尤其是本文针对跨国公司母子间特定的社会资本维度因子的选定,填补了社会资本影响跨国公司内部知识转移的理论与实证上的缺失,丰富了研究跨国公司内部知识转移影响因素的文献。因此,本研究成果不仅发展了跨国公司知识转移理论,而且为有志于跻身国际先进之列的中国企业提高在国际舞台上的竞争力提供了必要的理论依据和实践指导。
With the rise of the knowledge-based economy, knowledge is gradually replaced by financial capital and natural resources, has become the most important factor of production. Determines the level of knowledge management organizations can achieve in a competitive value-added knowledge capital and, ultimately, enhance the core competitiveness of organizations. As the basis and core of knowledge management, knowledge transfer is the other step to achieve the prerequisite. Only through inter-organizational knowledge transfer, organization of knowledge in order to promote efficient management, achieving organizational value and competitiveness of the economy.
In today's era of rapid economic development, production and operation of transnational corporations as a vector of globalization, the international technology transfer, as well as the main carrier of an important channel for foreign direct investment, more and become the engine of global economic development. On the competitive advantage of multinational companies from the initial size of the assets of the advantages and advantages of the transaction are into the gathering of knowledge, innovation and transfer. Business knowledge as the fundamental source of competitive advantage, its parent company in the multinational companies with overseas subsidiaries within an effective transfer of multinational corporations in an increasingly fierce global competition, the key to remain unbeaten. With the increasingly global economic environment showing a dynamic, complex and the characteristics of uncertainty, multinational companies will pay greater attention to knowledge within the multinational corporations in the effective transfer and integration, at the same time, the world of modern information economy and the rapid development of communication technology, within multinational corporations as well as the effective transfer of knowledge to create the conditions.
Impact on the success of knowledge transfer within multinational companies a number of factors, from a sociological perspective, social capital and social relations with the network description of economic activity has become the economic and social phenomena to understand an important foundation. Social capital through corporate access to and use of resources in order to reduce transaction costs to affect corporate performance. At the same time, a lot of multinational corporations as a result of its internal network system, as well as the geographical span of the great have been the growing number of scholars as a huge internal social systems, its internal complexity of complex social relations, staggered layers. Therefore, to the knowledge transfer within multinational companies for the study, through structural dimension, the dimension and cognitive dimension of the relationship between social capital and so on to verify the measurement of different dimensions of social capital in the context of how they affect cross-border dimension to the overseas parent company a subsidiary of the performance of internal knowledge transfer.
In the past, knowledge transfer within multinational corporations in the literature, some scholars consider a number of social capital on the performance of internal knowledge transfer, but they are taken into account only the distance around the organization, external factors such as geographical disparities were discussed, and no between parent and subsidiary companies substantive discussion of the impact of the factors. In conclusion, this study will be based on corporate social capital theory to study the formation of cross-border inter-company parent of social capital on knowledge transfer performance of the internal mechanism of action.
Clear background in the study and research topic, the paper the theory of multinational companies, multinational corporations theory of internal knowledge transfer and social capital theory and other theories related to the basis of detailed analysis and study, the study of transnational corporations in the parent and subsidiary social capital on knowledge transfer performance of the internal mechanism of the four sub-questions:
1. The division of social capital variables and the interaction between variables
2. Social capital variables between parent and subsidiary companies of transnational transfer of internal knowledge of the impact of performance
3. The transfer of the mother's willingness to accept the will of subsidiaries of the impact of knowledge transfer performance
4. In the social capital variables on the impact of the performance of knowledge transfer, the subsidiary general manager of the nationality of the adjustment effect
Summary of some of the theoretical knowledge base of multinational companies view the theory of knowledge transfer and multinational corporations to form a systematic theory of the recall, first of all pointed out the theoretical basis of transnational corporations; followed by the traditional theory of knowledge transfer perspective of multinational companies into knowledge transfer the perspective of transnational corporations as an effective vector for knowledge transfer raison; At the same time, this article sets out the current analysis of knowledge transfer within multinational corporations several classic model of the theory in this study as the starting point and reference. The meaning of social capital literature and the dimension is part of one of the elements of the.
Second, transnational corporations in the existing basis of the theory of knowledge transfer, the study summed up the potential of transnational corporations knowledge transfer, knowledge transfer between parent and subsidiary companies, as well as the characteristics of social capital based on the perspective of transnational corporations under the existing research knowledge transfer theory, existing research which points out the inadequacies;
Transnational corporations in the full analysis of theory, theory of knowledge transfer, social capital theory and the theory of social capital-based transnational corporations under the characteristics of internal knowledge transfer, this study of social capital between the parent and subsidiary company of the transnational transfer of internal knowledge of the impact of research performance conceptual model. Social capital on cross-border intra-company knowledge transfer mother and the impact of the performance of the conceptual model of study consists of three levels:1) antecedent variables:the internal knowledge transfer in the three dimensions of social capital; 2) the intermediary variables: between parent and subsidiary companies to send and wishes to receive, as well as 3) the results and adjust variables:a subsidiary of knowledge transfer performance and general manager of the nationality of a subsidiary. This study integrated research on the basis of the mother against the multinational companies of the characteristics of knowledge transfer will be measuring the impact of factors of social capital into the property rights structure (structural capital), cross-cultural differences (knowledge capital), and responsibilities and agree flu (relational capital), these three factors are very precise integration between parent and subsidiary companies of multinational companies and the characteristics of this study is a major innovation.
Social capital through cross-border intra-company knowledge transfer mother and the impact of research on the performance of the design and issuance of questionnaires, the study of more than 300 subsidiaries of multinational corporations in China to carry out empirical research and data collected through research methods such as structural equation factors affecting the performance of knowledge transfer and thus the main point of view this study provide the necessary empirical basis.
In this study, through the establishment of a complete analysis of the theoretical framework of social capital based on the internal angle between parent and subsidiary companies of transnational corporations knowledge transfer performance of the internal factors, especially between mother and son in this article for the multinational capital dimensions of specific social factors selected to fill the impact of social capital for knowledge transfer within multinational theory and evidence on the missing, has enriched the study of multinational companies influencing factors of internal knowledge transfer literature. Therefore, the results of this study not only the development of knowledge transfer theory of multinational corporations, but also for those who want to top the list of advanced Chinese enterprises in the international arena to improve the competitiveness of the provision of the necessary theoretical basis and practical guidance.
在今天这个经济发展日新月异的时代,跨国公司作为生产经营全球化的载体、国际技术转移的主体以及对外直接投资重要渠道,越来越成为推动全球经济发展的引擎。关于跨国公司竞争优势的探讨,已从最初的资产交易优势和规模优势转变为知识的集聚、创新和转移。知识作为企业竞争优势的根本来源,其在跨国公司内部母公司与海外子公司之间的有效转移,是跨国公司在日益激烈的全球竞争中立于不败的关键所在。随着全球经济环境日益呈现出动态、复杂和不确定性的特征,跨国公司将更加注重知识在整个跨国公司内部的有效转移与整合,同时,世界经济一体化和现代信息通讯技术的飞速发展,也为跨国公司内部的知识的有效转移创造了条件。
影响跨国公司内部知识成功转移的因素很多,从社会学视角来看,社会资本用社会关系的网络来对经济活动进行描述,成为理解经济社会现象的重要基础。社会资本通过企业资源的获得和利用、以降低交易成本来影响企业绩效。同时,跨国公司由于其内部庞大的网络体系以及巨大的地域跨度,已被越来越多的学者著称为一个庞大的内部社会体系,其内部复杂的社会关系错综复杂,层层交错；同时,跨国公司内部知识转移其影响因素绝大多数都是来源于企业内部间的传递与转移,因此,本文以跨国公司内部的知识转移作为研究对象,通过结构维度、关系维度和认知维度等社会资本的测量维度来验证不同的内部社会资本维度背景如何影响跨国母公司对海外子公司内部知识传递的绩效。
在以往对跨国公司内部知识转移的文献中,有部分学者考虑了一些社会资本对内部知识转移的绩效影响,但他们考虑的因素仅仅围绕组织距离,地域差距等外部因素进行了讨论,并没有就母子公司间实质性的影响因素展开讨论。综上所述,本研究将基于企业社会资本理论,研究跨国母子公司间形成的社会资本对内部知识转移绩效的作用机制。
在明确了研究背景和研究主题后,本文通过对跨国公司公司理论、跨国公司内部知识转移理论和社会资本理论等相关基础理论进行详细地分析与研究后,提出了本研究针对跨国公司母子间社会资本对内部知识转移绩效的作用机制问题的四个子问题：
1)社会资本变量的划分及各变量的相互作用关系
2)社会资本各变量对跨国母子公司间内部知识转移绩效的影响
3)母子公司的转移意愿与子公司的接收意愿对知识转移绩效的影响
在理论综述部分对跨国公司知识基础观理论的形成和跨国公司知识转移理论进行了系统的回顾,首先指出了跨国公司的理论基础；其次从传统的的知识转移的理论视角转变为跨国公司知识转移的视角,说明跨国公司作为知识转移有效载体存在的理由；同时,本文列出了目前分析跨国公司内部知识转移的几个经典模型作为本研究的理论出发点和参照。社会资本的涵义与维度也是文献部分阐述的内容之一。
其次,在现有的跨国公司知识转移理论基础之上,本研究总结出了跨国公司知识转移位势,母子公司间知识转移的特点以及基于社会资本角度下跨国公司知识转移的现有研究理论,从而指出了现有研究的不足之处；
在充分分析了跨国公司理论、知识转移理论、社会资本理论以及基于社会资本理论下的跨国公司内部知识转移的特点后,本研究提出了社会资本对跨国母子公司间内部知识转移绩效的影响研究的概念模型。社会资本对跨国母子公司内部知识转移绩效的影响研究的概念模型包括三个层面：1)前因变量：内部知识转移中的社会资本三个维度；2)中介变量：母子公司间的发送与接收意愿以及3)结果：子公司知识转移绩效。本研究在综合国内外研究的基础上,针对跨国公司母子公司间知识转移的特点,将测量社会资本的影响因素整合为网路强度、产权结构(结构资本)、跨文化差异(认知资本)和共同解决问题、责任与认同感(关系资本),这五个因子的提出非常确切地整合了跨国公司母子公司间的特点,是本研究的一大创新点。
通过社会资本对跨国母子公司内部知识转移绩效的影响研究调查问卷的设计与发放,本研究对200多家跨国公司在华子公司进行了实证研究,并将收集来的数据通过结构方程式等方法研究了影响因素对知识转移绩效的影响,从而为本研究的主要观点提供必要的实证基础。
本研究通过建立一个完整的理论框架分析了基于内部社会资本的角度影响跨国公司母子公司间内部知识转移绩效的因素,尤其是本文针对跨国公司母子间特定的社会资本维度因子的选定,填补了社会资本影响跨国公司内部知识转移的理论与实证上的缺失,丰富了研究跨国公司内部知识转移影响因素的文献。因此,本研究成果不仅发展了跨国公司知识转移理论,而且为有志于跻身国际先进之列的中国企业提高在国际舞台上的竞争力提供了必要的理论依据和实践指导。
With the rise of the knowledge-based economy, knowledge is gradually replaced by financial capital and natural resources, has become the most important factor of production. Determines the level of knowledge management organizations can achieve in a competitive value-added knowledge capital and, ultimately, enhance the core competitiveness of organizations. As the basis and core of knowledge management, knowledge transfer is the other step to achieve the prerequisite. Only through inter-organizational knowledge transfer, organization of knowledge in order to promote efficient management, achieving organizational value and competitiveness of the economy.
In today's era of rapid economic development, production and operation of transnational corporations as a vector of globalization, the international technology transfer, as well as the main carrier of an important channel for foreign direct investment, more and become the engine of global economic development. On the competitive advantage of multinational companies from the initial size of the assets of the advantages and advantages of the transaction are into the gathering of knowledge, innovation and transfer. Business knowledge as the fundamental source of competitive advantage, its parent company in the multinational companies with overseas subsidiaries within an effective transfer of multinational corporations in an increasingly fierce global competition, the key to remain unbeaten. With the increasingly global economic environment showing a dynamic, complex and the characteristics of uncertainty, multinational companies will pay greater attention to knowledge within the multinational corporations in the effective transfer and integration, at the same time, the world of modern information economy and the rapid development of communication technology, within multinational corporations as well as the effective transfer of knowledge to create the conditions.
Impact on the success of knowledge transfer within multinational companies a number of factors, from a sociological perspective, social capital and social relations with the network description of economic activity has become the economic and social phenomena to understand an important foundation. Social capital through corporate access to and use of resources in order to reduce transaction costs to affect corporate performance. At the same time, a lot of multinational corporations as a result of its internal network system, as well as the geographical span of the great have been the growing number of scholars as a huge internal social systems, its internal complexity of complex social relations, staggered layers. Therefore, to the knowledge transfer within multinational companies for the study, through structural dimension, the dimension and cognitive dimension of the relationship between social capital and so on to verify the measurement of different dimensions of social capital in the context of how they affect cross-border dimension to the overseas parent company a subsidiary of the performance of internal knowledge transfer.
In the past, knowledge transfer within multinational corporations in the literature, some scholars consider a number of social capital on the performance of internal knowledge transfer, but they are taken into account only the distance around the organization, external factors such as geographical disparities were discussed, and no between parent and subsidiary companies substantive discussion of the impact of the factors. In conclusion, this study will be based on corporate social capital theory to study the formation of cross-border inter-company parent of social capital on knowledge transfer performance of the internal mechanism of action.
Clear background in the study and research topic, the paper the theory of multinational companies, multinational corporations theory of internal knowledge transfer and social capital theory and other theories related to the basis of detailed analysis and study, the study of transnational corporations in the parent and subsidiary social capital on knowledge transfer performance of the internal mechanism of the four sub-questions:
1. The division of social capital variables and the interaction between variables
2. Social capital variables between parent and subsidiary companies of transnational transfer of internal knowledge of the impact of performance
3. The transfer of the mother's willingness to accept the will of subsidiaries of the impact of knowledge transfer performance
4. In the social capital variables on the impact of the performance of knowledge transfer, the subsidiary general manager of the nationality of the adjustment effect
Summary of some of the theoretical knowledge base of multinational companies view the theory of knowledge transfer and multinational corporations to form a systematic theory of the recall, first of all pointed out the theoretical basis of transnational corporations; followed by the traditional theory of knowledge transfer perspective of multinational companies into knowledge transfer the perspective of transnational corporations as an effective vector for knowledge transfer raison; At the same time, this article sets out the current analysis of knowledge transfer within multinational corporations several classic model of the theory in this study as the starting point and reference. The meaning of social capital literature and the dimension is part of one of the elements of the.
Second, transnational corporations in the existing basis of the theory of knowledge transfer, the study summed up the potential of transnational corporations knowledge transfer, knowledge transfer between parent and subsidiary companies, as well as the characteristics of social capital based on the perspective of transnational corporations under the existing research knowledge transfer theory, existing research which points out the inadequacies;
Transnational corporations in the full analysis of theory, theory of knowledge transfer, social capital theory and the theory of social capital-based transnational corporations under the characteristics of internal knowledge transfer, this study of social capital between the parent and subsidiary company of the transnational transfer of internal knowledge of the impact of research performance conceptual model. Social capital on cross-border intra-company knowledge transfer mother and the impact of the performance of the conceptual model of study consists of three levels:1) antecedent variables:the internal knowledge transfer in the three dimensions of social capital; 2) the intermediary variables: between parent and subsidiary companies to send and wishes to receive, as well as 3) the results and adjust variables:a subsidiary of knowledge transfer performance and general manager of the nationality of a subsidiary. This study integrated research on the basis of the mother against the multinational companies of the characteristics of knowledge transfer will be measuring the impact of factors of social capital into the property rights structure (structural capital), cross-cultural differences (knowledge capital), and responsibilities and agree flu (relational capital), these three factors are very precise integration between parent and subsidiary companies of multinational companies and the characteristics of this study is a major innovation.
Social capital through cross-border intra-company knowledge transfer mother and the impact of research on the performance of the design and issuance of questionnaires, the study of more than 300 subsidiaries of multinational corporations in China to carry out empirical research and data collected through research methods such as structural equation factors affecting the performance of knowledge transfer and thus the main point of view this study provide the necessary empirical basis.
In this study, through the establishment of a complete analysis of the theoretical framework of social capital based on the internal angle between parent and subsidiary companies of transnational corporations knowledge transfer performance of the internal factors, especially between mother and son in this article for the multinational capital dimensions of specific social factors selected to fill the impact of social capital for knowledge transfer within multinational theory and evidence on the missing, has enriched the study of multinational companies influencing factors of internal knowledge transfer literature. Therefore, the results of this study not only the development of knowledge transfer theory of multinational corporations, but also for those who want to top the list of advanced Chinese enterprises in the international arena to improve the competitiveness of the provision of the necessary theoretical basis and practical guidance.
引文
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