六盘山地区中新生代构造事件及沉积响应
摘要
六盘山地区位于现今青藏高原的东北缘,对该地区中、新生代构造演化研究可以为验证青藏高原形成、隆升及生长的诸多模型提供边界限定条件；研究区同时也位于中国西北干旱区与东南湿润区的交界处,对中国古气候的演化有着详尽的记录；另外,作为现今高原的边界地区,研究区的活动构造异常发育,对活动构造的研究可以为该区的地震安全评价提供参考。
本文对六盘山地区自晚白垩世以来的沉积学特征、裂变径迹热年代学、构造变形及古气候事件进行了研究,结合其它研究成果,取得了以下认识：
1香山山前小洪沟剖面砾石统计与沉积分析认为该剖面寺口子组上段、红柳沟组下段、红柳沟组上段、第四系以及现今河床出露的砾石成分主要为砂岩和石英砂岩；砾石以中砾和小砾为主,呈次圆状和次棱角状,砾径分布显示出向细粒成分偏的特征,主要呈尖峰正态分布；砾石分选好至中等好。这些特征表明各层位砾石相似的搬运过程,为中距离山前河流冲积砾石；且该砾石与气候振荡无必然联系,为构造隆升的产物。结合磁性地层定年结果和邻区沉积分析表明香山地区新生代以来经历了三次构造隆升,分别是在始新世寺口子组沉积时期,中新世早-中期红柳沟组沉积时期和更新世以来。始新世香山山体可能与晚白垩世至新生代早期的构造事件有关,中新世的隆升时间可以作为印度-欧亚碰撞效应到达香山地区的最早时限,且该区存在多期隆升。
2本文的磷灰石裂变径迹测试及热史模拟结果显示晚白垩世至新生代早期和中新世以来的冷却事件在研究区广泛存在,表明研究区在这两个时期经历了显著的隆升／剥蚀作用。中新世以来的隆升速率远大于晚白垩世至新生代早期的隆升速率,表明中新世以来的构造事件的强度较大；而新生代早期的冷却事件可以追溯到晚白垩世,是晚白垩世广泛存在的燕山运动晚期隆升事件的延续影响。
3寺口子剖面新生界底部的河流相沉积物的岩性、交错层理指示的水流方向等显示寺口子剖面西部的马东山-六盘山地区在新生代早期存在相对较高的构造地貌,为寺口子剖面提供物源,这从另一个侧面反映了研究区燕山晚期构造抬升所造成的构造地貌在新生代早期的延续性影响。
寺口子剖面的第五岩性组合中的沉积物建造发生显著变化,交错层理指示的古水流方向由先前的主体由东往西流动变为后期的由西往东流动；沉积物堆积速率明显增大。作者将此事件解释为寺口子剖面以西的马东山一六盘山地区开始初始隆升,其时间约为9.5Ma。继初始隆升之后,六盘山地区在约7.2-8.2Ma经历了快速隆升。
4野外地质调查中发现寺口子剖面下部红色砂岩发育有复杂的多界面的板状交错层理。低级界面产状经过变形校正恢复至原始沉积时的产状显示原始沉积时与更高级别的界面间呈高角度；发育显示颗粒流沉积过程的沙丘前翼高角度交错纹层；发育风成波状交错层理及崩落变形构造；发育规模可至厚度约200m沙丘后翼巨型低角度交错层；发育丘间洼地处有水参与沉积作用的固结较好的深红色细砂岩沉积。在显微结构上显示砂岩颗粒间相互支撑,颗粒具有一定的磨圆度,颗粒表面见蝶形撞击坑,颗粒表面发现次生颗粒状、鳞片状石英等。这些特征显示该砂岩属于沙漠沙丘砂岩,沉积于极端干旱的沙漠环境,表明在古近纪时期研究区经历了一次干旱化过程。
5结合前人胞粉测试结果和磁性地层学定年结果,发现寺口子剖面沉积物特征的变化反映中新世中期(约16～14Ma)的气候变化事件。中新世中期之前研究区为总体湿润伴随局部湿润-干旱振荡的气候,之后表现为干旱一半干旱气候。本文按照区域背景将这一气候事件解释为青藏高原隆升作用下中国西北干旱一半干旱气候区与中国东南部季风湿润区的相互对抗相互作用,干旱一半干旱气候区占主导的情况下的产物。
6野外地质调查结合光释光测年结果,表明寺口子剖面新生界的褶皱变形以及后期夷平面的发育时间应该早于26.4～38.7ka；寺口子剖面新生界与下白垩统逆冲于第四系之上的逆冲断层的最晚活动时间晚于约14.7ka；小洪沟剖面红柳沟组逆冲于第四系层序之上的逆冲断层(香山一天景山断裂中段)的活动时间介于约108.3～49.2ka之间；车家湾剖面出露的逆冲断层(海原断裂)在约4.0ka之后仍然持续活动。
7将本文研究成果用以验证青藏高原隆升生长及成因机制模型,本文结果支持高原多期隆升模型；并没有约8Ma的准同期整体隆升事件,不支持对流拆离模型；对于倾斜逐步抬升与生长模型,本文支持大型走滑逆冲断裂在高原生长过程中起着重要作用,但是各地具体的隆升时间除与距离喜马拉雅带的距离远近有关之外,还要考虑先存构造的影响,此外,高原生长至现今东北缘的时间应该修正至中新世。
此外,本文的研究成果支持青藏高原隆升驱使中国西北干旱化的观点,支持青藏高原隆升导致中国大陆气候分区在中新世发生根本调整的观点。
The Liupan Shan area is situated in the northeast of present Tibetan Plateau. Studies of Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution in this area will provide constraints to test the models which have been proposed to explain the formation, uplift and mechanism of the plateau. The studies of active faults, especially the timing, would be with importance for the earthquake evaluation. Meanwhile, as the boundary between the arid northwest China and humid southeast China, this area provides detailed information to the palaeo-climate evolution of China.
Based on the studies of sedimentology, fission-track thermochronology, structural deformation and palaeoclimate since late Cretaceous, combined with other results, the following implications have been achieved.
1 Based on the gravel counting in Xiaohonggou section southeast of Xiang Shan, gravels in upper segment of Sikouzi Formation, lower and upper segments of Hongliugou Formation, Quaternary and present riverbed, appear to be mainly sandstone and quartz sandstone, which is similar to the lithology in Xiang Shan, indicating they came from Xiang Shan area. The gravels are mainly pebbles and cobbles, sub-rounded and sub-angular, and well sorted to moderately well sorted. The grain-size distribution seems to be mainly fine skewed and leptokurtic normal distributing. These characters show all the gravels have experienced similar transport processes. It is interpreted that the gravels was formed by the alluvial fans moderate distance far from the Xiang Shan. The ages of the gravels have been constrained by magnetostratigraphical work conducted in adjacent Hejiakouzi section. This indicates that there has been a relatively high relief in the Xiang Shan, northeast of Tibetan Plateau, when the Sikouzi Formation deposited (Eocene). During Oligocene, when the Qingshuiying Formation deposited, the existing high relief had been eroded. The second high relief of Xiang Shan occurred during early to middle Miocene, when the Hongliugou Formation deposited. During the deposition of Ganhegou Formation (later Miocene to Pliocene), Xiang Shan area experienced another tectonically stable period. The latest uplift event happened in Pleistocene. The high relief in Xiang Shan during Eocene might be caused by the impact of tectonic events during the later Cretaceous to early Cenozoic. The second high relief during early to middle Miocene can be related to the impact of India-Asian collision. These imply that this area has experienced periods of uplift.
2 Apatite fission-track analysis and related thermal history modeling results reveal that Liupan Shan area has widely undergone two periods of cooling/uplift, as late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic and since Miocene. The uplift rate since Miocene is much larger than that during late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic, implying more intense tectonic activity since Miocene. The cooling/uplift event in early Cenozoic can be traced to late Cretaceous, implying that it can not be considered as the initial response to the India-Asian collision, but the continuing impact of the late Yanshanian Movement.
3 The sequences at the bottom of the Cenozoic strata in Sikouzi section are fluvial. Lithology and palaeo-current directions from cross-bedding both indicate that there was a relatively highland at the Madong Shan-Liupan Shan area at the early Cenozoic, providing sediments for the Sikouzi section. These evidences also imply the continuing impact of the late Yanshanian Movement.
Within the fifth lithologic package, sedimentary architecture displayed dramatic variation at around 9.5 Ma. Synchronously, the palaeo-current direction changed, from previous E→W to later W→E. The accumulation rate increased to more than double at the meanwhile. All of these sedimentary events have been interpreted as the implications to the commencing uplift of the Madong Shan-Liupan Shan area. After the initial uplift at around 9.5 Ma, this area underwent rapid uplift during around 7.2-8.2 Ma as suggested by the apatite fission-track data.
4 Regarding to the red sands at the lower part of the Sikouzi section, both the sedimentary structures and surface texture suggest that they deposited under the desert dune circumstance. The interpretation of the palaeo-climate background depends on their timing. If they deposited in the beginning of Miocene, they probably result from the aridity triggered by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. If deposited during Oligocene or even older, they might be the results of the aridity controlled by the planetary climatic belts. Considering the unconformity between the third and fourth association, the author is inclined to the later interpretation.
5 The sediment records, combined with pollen and magnetostratigraphic results, reveal a palaeoclimate event during Mid-Miocene (around 16～14 Ma). Generally humid with sporadic humid-arid fluctuations prevailed in this area before 16～14 Ma, while after 16～14 Ma, this area was dominated by semi-arid to arid climate. This palaeoclimate event has been interpreted under a local context, not a global context as some other geologists did. During this period, the Tibetan Plateau underwent intense uplift and growth, which intensified both the aridity in northwest China and the summer monsoon in southeast China. However, the aridity overcame the humidity and predominate this area.
6 Geological survey and luminescence dating have been conducted to study the active faults. In the Sikouzi section, the folding and planation happened older than 26.4-38.7 ka. The thrust fault, which thrusted the lower Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata over the Quaternary sequences, has a latest active timing younger than 14.7 ka. In Xiaohonggou section, the thrust fault, which thrusted the Hongliugou Formation over the Quaternary sequences, has an active timing during 108.3-39.2 ka. In Chejiawan section, the thrust fault, which thrusted the Cenozoic strata over the Quaternary sequences, was still active even after 4.0 ka.
7 The results of this dissertation support multiple-period uplift model. It seems there has not been a synchronous surface uplift at around 8 Ma, which rejects the convective removal model. With regards to the oblique stepwise rise and growth model, our results indicate that the large strike-slip thrust faults play important role in the plateau growth. However, the existing tectonic conditions should be taken into consideration when studying the response of the Indian-Asian collision. In the present northeast of the plateau, it seems the initial response to the collision happened at Miocene.
Moreover, our results also support the proposal that the uplift and growth of the Tibetan Plateau play a vital role in the China palaeo-climate, including the forming and intensification of the Asian monsoon and desertification. VII
本文对六盘山地区自晚白垩世以来的沉积学特征、裂变径迹热年代学、构造变形及古气候事件进行了研究,结合其它研究成果,取得了以下认识：
1香山山前小洪沟剖面砾石统计与沉积分析认为该剖面寺口子组上段、红柳沟组下段、红柳沟组上段、第四系以及现今河床出露的砾石成分主要为砂岩和石英砂岩；砾石以中砾和小砾为主,呈次圆状和次棱角状,砾径分布显示出向细粒成分偏的特征,主要呈尖峰正态分布；砾石分选好至中等好。这些特征表明各层位砾石相似的搬运过程,为中距离山前河流冲积砾石；且该砾石与气候振荡无必然联系,为构造隆升的产物。结合磁性地层定年结果和邻区沉积分析表明香山地区新生代以来经历了三次构造隆升,分别是在始新世寺口子组沉积时期,中新世早-中期红柳沟组沉积时期和更新世以来。始新世香山山体可能与晚白垩世至新生代早期的构造事件有关,中新世的隆升时间可以作为印度-欧亚碰撞效应到达香山地区的最早时限,且该区存在多期隆升。
2本文的磷灰石裂变径迹测试及热史模拟结果显示晚白垩世至新生代早期和中新世以来的冷却事件在研究区广泛存在,表明研究区在这两个时期经历了显著的隆升／剥蚀作用。中新世以来的隆升速率远大于晚白垩世至新生代早期的隆升速率,表明中新世以来的构造事件的强度较大；而新生代早期的冷却事件可以追溯到晚白垩世,是晚白垩世广泛存在的燕山运动晚期隆升事件的延续影响。
3寺口子剖面新生界底部的河流相沉积物的岩性、交错层理指示的水流方向等显示寺口子剖面西部的马东山-六盘山地区在新生代早期存在相对较高的构造地貌,为寺口子剖面提供物源,这从另一个侧面反映了研究区燕山晚期构造抬升所造成的构造地貌在新生代早期的延续性影响。
寺口子剖面的第五岩性组合中的沉积物建造发生显著变化,交错层理指示的古水流方向由先前的主体由东往西流动变为后期的由西往东流动；沉积物堆积速率明显增大。作者将此事件解释为寺口子剖面以西的马东山一六盘山地区开始初始隆升,其时间约为9.5Ma。继初始隆升之后,六盘山地区在约7.2-8.2Ma经历了快速隆升。
4野外地质调查中发现寺口子剖面下部红色砂岩发育有复杂的多界面的板状交错层理。低级界面产状经过变形校正恢复至原始沉积时的产状显示原始沉积时与更高级别的界面间呈高角度；发育显示颗粒流沉积过程的沙丘前翼高角度交错纹层；发育风成波状交错层理及崩落变形构造；发育规模可至厚度约200m沙丘后翼巨型低角度交错层；发育丘间洼地处有水参与沉积作用的固结较好的深红色细砂岩沉积。在显微结构上显示砂岩颗粒间相互支撑,颗粒具有一定的磨圆度,颗粒表面见蝶形撞击坑,颗粒表面发现次生颗粒状、鳞片状石英等。这些特征显示该砂岩属于沙漠沙丘砂岩,沉积于极端干旱的沙漠环境,表明在古近纪时期研究区经历了一次干旱化过程。
5结合前人胞粉测试结果和磁性地层学定年结果,发现寺口子剖面沉积物特征的变化反映中新世中期(约16～14Ma)的气候变化事件。中新世中期之前研究区为总体湿润伴随局部湿润-干旱振荡的气候,之后表现为干旱一半干旱气候。本文按照区域背景将这一气候事件解释为青藏高原隆升作用下中国西北干旱一半干旱气候区与中国东南部季风湿润区的相互对抗相互作用,干旱一半干旱气候区占主导的情况下的产物。
6野外地质调查结合光释光测年结果,表明寺口子剖面新生界的褶皱变形以及后期夷平面的发育时间应该早于26.4～38.7ka；寺口子剖面新生界与下白垩统逆冲于第四系之上的逆冲断层的最晚活动时间晚于约14.7ka；小洪沟剖面红柳沟组逆冲于第四系层序之上的逆冲断层(香山一天景山断裂中段)的活动时间介于约108.3～49.2ka之间；车家湾剖面出露的逆冲断层(海原断裂)在约4.0ka之后仍然持续活动。
7将本文研究成果用以验证青藏高原隆升生长及成因机制模型,本文结果支持高原多期隆升模型；并没有约8Ma的准同期整体隆升事件,不支持对流拆离模型；对于倾斜逐步抬升与生长模型,本文支持大型走滑逆冲断裂在高原生长过程中起着重要作用,但是各地具体的隆升时间除与距离喜马拉雅带的距离远近有关之外,还要考虑先存构造的影响,此外,高原生长至现今东北缘的时间应该修正至中新世。
此外,本文的研究成果支持青藏高原隆升驱使中国西北干旱化的观点,支持青藏高原隆升导致中国大陆气候分区在中新世发生根本调整的观点。
The Liupan Shan area is situated in the northeast of present Tibetan Plateau. Studies of Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution in this area will provide constraints to test the models which have been proposed to explain the formation, uplift and mechanism of the plateau. The studies of active faults, especially the timing, would be with importance for the earthquake evaluation. Meanwhile, as the boundary between the arid northwest China and humid southeast China, this area provides detailed information to the palaeo-climate evolution of China.
Based on the studies of sedimentology, fission-track thermochronology, structural deformation and palaeoclimate since late Cretaceous, combined with other results, the following implications have been achieved.
1 Based on the gravel counting in Xiaohonggou section southeast of Xiang Shan, gravels in upper segment of Sikouzi Formation, lower and upper segments of Hongliugou Formation, Quaternary and present riverbed, appear to be mainly sandstone and quartz sandstone, which is similar to the lithology in Xiang Shan, indicating they came from Xiang Shan area. The gravels are mainly pebbles and cobbles, sub-rounded and sub-angular, and well sorted to moderately well sorted. The grain-size distribution seems to be mainly fine skewed and leptokurtic normal distributing. These characters show all the gravels have experienced similar transport processes. It is interpreted that the gravels was formed by the alluvial fans moderate distance far from the Xiang Shan. The ages of the gravels have been constrained by magnetostratigraphical work conducted in adjacent Hejiakouzi section. This indicates that there has been a relatively high relief in the Xiang Shan, northeast of Tibetan Plateau, when the Sikouzi Formation deposited (Eocene). During Oligocene, when the Qingshuiying Formation deposited, the existing high relief had been eroded. The second high relief of Xiang Shan occurred during early to middle Miocene, when the Hongliugou Formation deposited. During the deposition of Ganhegou Formation (later Miocene to Pliocene), Xiang Shan area experienced another tectonically stable period. The latest uplift event happened in Pleistocene. The high relief in Xiang Shan during Eocene might be caused by the impact of tectonic events during the later Cretaceous to early Cenozoic. The second high relief during early to middle Miocene can be related to the impact of India-Asian collision. These imply that this area has experienced periods of uplift.
2 Apatite fission-track analysis and related thermal history modeling results reveal that Liupan Shan area has widely undergone two periods of cooling/uplift, as late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic and since Miocene. The uplift rate since Miocene is much larger than that during late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic, implying more intense tectonic activity since Miocene. The cooling/uplift event in early Cenozoic can be traced to late Cretaceous, implying that it can not be considered as the initial response to the India-Asian collision, but the continuing impact of the late Yanshanian Movement.
3 The sequences at the bottom of the Cenozoic strata in Sikouzi section are fluvial. Lithology and palaeo-current directions from cross-bedding both indicate that there was a relatively highland at the Madong Shan-Liupan Shan area at the early Cenozoic, providing sediments for the Sikouzi section. These evidences also imply the continuing impact of the late Yanshanian Movement.
Within the fifth lithologic package, sedimentary architecture displayed dramatic variation at around 9.5 Ma. Synchronously, the palaeo-current direction changed, from previous E→W to later W→E. The accumulation rate increased to more than double at the meanwhile. All of these sedimentary events have been interpreted as the implications to the commencing uplift of the Madong Shan-Liupan Shan area. After the initial uplift at around 9.5 Ma, this area underwent rapid uplift during around 7.2-8.2 Ma as suggested by the apatite fission-track data.
4 Regarding to the red sands at the lower part of the Sikouzi section, both the sedimentary structures and surface texture suggest that they deposited under the desert dune circumstance. The interpretation of the palaeo-climate background depends on their timing. If they deposited in the beginning of Miocene, they probably result from the aridity triggered by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. If deposited during Oligocene or even older, they might be the results of the aridity controlled by the planetary climatic belts. Considering the unconformity between the third and fourth association, the author is inclined to the later interpretation.
5 The sediment records, combined with pollen and magnetostratigraphic results, reveal a palaeoclimate event during Mid-Miocene (around 16～14 Ma). Generally humid with sporadic humid-arid fluctuations prevailed in this area before 16～14 Ma, while after 16～14 Ma, this area was dominated by semi-arid to arid climate. This palaeoclimate event has been interpreted under a local context, not a global context as some other geologists did. During this period, the Tibetan Plateau underwent intense uplift and growth, which intensified both the aridity in northwest China and the summer monsoon in southeast China. However, the aridity overcame the humidity and predominate this area.
6 Geological survey and luminescence dating have been conducted to study the active faults. In the Sikouzi section, the folding and planation happened older than 26.4-38.7 ka. The thrust fault, which thrusted the lower Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata over the Quaternary sequences, has a latest active timing younger than 14.7 ka. In Xiaohonggou section, the thrust fault, which thrusted the Hongliugou Formation over the Quaternary sequences, has an active timing during 108.3-39.2 ka. In Chejiawan section, the thrust fault, which thrusted the Cenozoic strata over the Quaternary sequences, was still active even after 4.0 ka.
7 The results of this dissertation support multiple-period uplift model. It seems there has not been a synchronous surface uplift at around 8 Ma, which rejects the convective removal model. With regards to the oblique stepwise rise and growth model, our results indicate that the large strike-slip thrust faults play important role in the plateau growth. However, the existing tectonic conditions should be taken into consideration when studying the response of the Indian-Asian collision. In the present northeast of the plateau, it seems the initial response to the collision happened at Miocene.
Moreover, our results also support the proposal that the uplift and growth of the Tibetan Plateau play a vital role in the China palaeo-climate, including the forming and intensification of the Asian monsoon and desertification. VII
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