歧口凹陷第三系高精度层序地层格架下的油气藏预测
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摘要
以翔实的地质、岩芯、测井、试油数据以及覆盖研究区大面积的高分辨率三维地震资料为工作基础,以层序地层学、沉积学、构造地层学、油气地质学等理论做指导,在新建立的全区古近系与新近系的层序地层格架下,从已知油气藏出发,统计、分析并总结油气藏在层序格架下的富聚特征,结合构造、沉积、油气地质分析,探讨油气藏富集规律成因,提炼油气藏在层序格架下的富聚规律,指出有利勘探层位和方向；在优选有利区带、理顺油气藏分布规律的基础上,以高精度层序地层学理论作指导,以深湖中发育的某一目标地质体为刻画对象,探索在高频层序地层格架下(四级层序),地质与地球物理技术相结合,多手段多层次多角度精细刻画地质体、预测有利圈闭范围的研究方法,为歧口凹陷下一步勘探部署提供科学依据。并在对歧口凹陷研究的基础上,总结在层序格架下分析油气藏富聚规律的研究思路与方法,从另一个视角、以不同的研究思路提炼分析油气藏富聚规律的研究思想。
论文主要内容包括如下几个部分：
第一章主要讨论了论文选题的目的与意义,总结了层序地层学、陆相层序地层学、构造地层学以及隐蔽油气藏国内外研究现状和前沿。根据歧口凹陷勘探研究现状,以及研究区地震、地质等资料情况,并结合层序地层学和隐蔽油气藏研究热点,提出了在高精度层序格架下分析讨论油气藏富聚规律、地质与地球物理方法相结合精细刻画地质体、预测有利区带的研究思路,并论证了在歧口凹陷开展本次研究的可行性和重要意义。根据拟定的研究思路,确立了本次研究内容、研究方法和技术路线。总体上,以歧口凹陷古近系和新近系地层为研究对象,运用“点、线、面、体、时”相结合的思路,在建立的全区第三系层序地层格架基础上,分析已知油气藏在层序格架中的富集特征,探讨富集因素,探索对目标地质体进行精细刻画的研究方法和思路,以达到指导油气勘探的目的。
第二章介绍了歧口凹陷的基本地质概况,歧口凹陷位于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中部,是渐新世以来长期发育的断陷盆地,其凹陷东部为沙垒田隆起,西面为沧县隆起,南面为埕宁隆起,北面为燕山褶皱带前缘,东北面与南堡凹陷相邻,其勘探面积约为5,280 km2。歧口凹陷是大港油田未来勘探突破、增储上产的主要凹陷。就整个盆地结构而言,垂向上,自下而上一般由4个不同结构的构造层叠置而成,它们分别是：(1)前古近系盆地基底构造层；(2)由始新统孔店组—沙三段组成的盆地下部构造层；(3)由渐新统沙一段—东营组组成的盆地中部构造层；(4)由新近系组成的盆地上部构造层。平面上,在凹陷边缘及内部发育了五个正向构造单元(埕北断阶带、南大港潜山构造带、北大港潜山构造带、滨海构造带、塘沽一新港潜山构造带)和五个负向构造单元(歧口主凹、北塘次凹、板桥次凹、歧北次凹、歧南次凹)。歧口凹陷作为黄骅坳陷内长期继承发育的凹陷,发育了巨厚的第三系沉积,包括古近系孔店组、沙河街组、东营组和新近系馆陶组和明化镇组。受北部燕山物源、西北部沧县物源、南部埕宁隆起物源以及凹陷内部低隆起物源供给,主要发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、滨岸沉积以及湖盆中心的密度流,并发育了沙三段、沙二段、沙一段和东营组下部多套烃源岩系。受凹陷发展阶段、区域构造特征以及物源区的控制,歧口凹陷发育多种类型的储集体。
第三章以Exxon层序地层学理论为指导,根据研究区钻井岩性、测井曲线形态变化,地震反射终止方式以及合成记录的标定,识别出层序界面。本次研究在全区3150km2的面积上选择了100单井进行了合成记录标定工作,将单井界面识别与地震剖面界面识别相结合,各自论证,相互验证,最终确定层序界面。并在全区内选取了11口单井(包括歧南次凹2口、歧北次凹2口、板桥次凹2口、歧口主凹5口)进行单井层序地层分析,并以板深35井单井为例进行单井层序地层详细分析。根据地震剖面解释与单井分析的分析,重新确定单井分层方案,在对各单井进行层序地层分析的基础上,建立连井剖面层序地层格架,精细刻画凹陷内主要构造带的同沉积断面图,开展构造-沉积-层序分析,分析层序内部特征和垂向演化特征,在全区内选取了10条连井剖面做连井剖面的分析,以NE02线为例做详细分析。并根据单井层序界面的判定,单井合成地震记录标定,结合层序界面在地震剖面上的反射终止现象,识别各级层序界面,确立层序划分方案,在全区连片三维地震数据中,进行全区的追踪闭合,解释密度达到了800m×800m,局部达到了400m×400m,建立全区第三系层序地层格架,并以北东走向的T2564线、东南走向的Line1968线为例对层序格架特征和内部结构做精细解释。根据以上多方法的运用,确立层序界面,系统划分和追踪闭合,在歧口凹陷第三系地层中,共识别出了两个一级层序界面,四个二级层序,17个三级层序界面,以及11个最大湖泛面(新近系没有识别最大湖泛面),建立了歧口凹陷古近系和新近系层序地层格架,并且研究发现盆地演化具有明显的阶段性和多幕性。可以划分为断陷期和坳陷期,而断陷期可进一步划分为三个断陷幕,每一个断陷幕对一个二级层序。
第四章提出了本论文在层序地层格架下研究油气藏规律的研究思路,即从层序地层学的角度出发,将歧口凹陷已发现的油气藏投影到已建立的全区层序地层格架下,进行数据统计,分析油气藏分布特征,结合构造、沉积体系、成藏等方面分析,探讨油气藏在层序格架内富集规律的成因,试图从另一个角度和视野提出油气藏富集规律。本次研究对歧口凹陷1340口钻井进行筛选,选取研究区内厚度大于或等于3m的油层数据进行油气藏分布规律研究,同时选取层厚大于等于3m的油层和油水同层数据作为有利储集层分析。经过筛选,总共筛选了155口钻井、304层共计1836.2m的油层,筛选了207口钻井、384层油层与油水同层的有利储集层,共计2593.9m。分析发现：二级层序界面附近为油气主要富集带(Es1x占30.59%,Es2占14.47%,Ng占6.91%),所占比例高达52%,并且,离二级层序界面越近,油气藏越集中,即二级层序界面以上,油藏主要分布在层序内部最大湖泛面以下的湖扩体系域与低位体系域(EST+LST)中,而二级层序界面以下,油藏主要分布在层序内部最大湖泛面以上的高位体系域中,但总体上油气藏主要富集在最大湖泛面以下的湖扩体系域与低位体系域(EST+LST)中。平面上,根据凹陷边缘断层的剖面样式、平面组合以及成因,将歧口凹陷边缘划分为断裂陡坡带、多级断阶带、断阶陡坡带以及挠曲坡折带等坡折类型,盆缘坡折类型影响着层序样式和沉积体系以及砂分散体系的空间展布,进而影响油气藏在空间上的富集。本次研究,在平面上筛选了188口出油井,全部投影到平面上,根据坡折带划分区域,对各个区带钻井数进行统计,研究发现：断控陡坡带富集了40%的油气藏,断阶陡坡带富集了28%的油气藏,多级断阶带富集了25%的油气藏,而在挠曲坡折带仅仅只富集了7%的油气藏,总体上,有利储层和油气藏主要集中于陡坡带(断控陡坡带40%+断阶陡坡带28%),虽然挠曲坡折带只富集了7%的已知油气藏,但据构造与沉积背景分析,其岩性隐蔽油气藏的勘探潜力巨大。并结合构造、沉积、层序及成藏成果探讨了油气藏如此分布特征的成因，提出二级层序界面上下+相应三级层序体系域+可类比的坡折带类型=油气勘探有利场所的“三元联控”有利区带的思想,并据此预测歧口凹陷勘探有利区带。
第五章在高精度层序地层格架下对特殊地质体进行精细刻画并指出有利区带,其总体思路：以高精度层序地层学理论和本文总结提出的“三元联控”控有利区带宏观思路作指导,在对有利区带进行优选的基础上,在高频层序格架下,对目标地质体进行进行精细刻画,采用单井识别与标定、地震识别与追踪(四级)、地震属性分析(三级+四级)、连井分析(五级)、钻井约束反演,多层次多角度精细刻画地质体,结合构造-古地貌、沉积体系分析,开展地质体成因分析与空间展布规律研究,对比已知油气藏,预测有利区带和隐蔽油气藏。在高精度层序地层格架下,开展地质体识别与对比,提高砂体横向对比准确性,避免砂体横向对比的穿时性,有利于正常理解储集层横向变化特征,进一步提高储层预测可靠性。此次精细刻画的目标地质体,此类地质体主要发育于湖泊中心,斜坡边缘、盆缘边界断层根部,地质体中发育的砂体具有上超,上倾尖灭(下超,下倾尖灭),或是双向上超,或是砂体一侧受断层控制,断层封堵,另一侧上超形成上倾尖灭。该类地质体一般直接发育于深湖-半深湖泥岩中,具备很好的上下封闭条件,并直接与优质烃源岩接触,有近水楼台优势,容易形成岩性油气藏。在精细刻画的基础上,对比已知油气藏,精细预测目标地质体有利区带。在高精度层序地层格架下,精细刻画地质体,对歧口凹陷深湖和斜坡带普遍发育的砂泥薄互层的精细勘探具有现实的借鉴和推广意义,具有巨大的实际价值,将为歧口凹陷隐蔽油气藏勘探取得新突破作出贡献。
第六章回顾与对比前人提出的油气藏理论,提出在层序地层格架下开展油气藏分布规律分析的研究思路：对研究区目标层建立精细的层序地层格架,从已知油气藏出发,将已知油气藏厘定于层序地层格架中,分析总结油气藏分布特征,结合构造、沉积、成岩、油气成藏等控制因素分析油气成藏成因,提炼油气成藏规律,结合实例进行佐证和修正,并预测和优选有利区带,在高精度层序地层格架下对目标地质体进行精细刻画,以达到精细预测功能。该思路从另一个视角来分析油气藏富集规律。
而本文的创新点主要体现以下几点：
1.从层序地层学的角度出发,通过数据统计和实例证明：首次提出二级层序界面或是构造转换面是油气富集的一个重要带,界面以上主要富集在最大湖泛面以下的湖扩体系域与低位体系域中,而界面以下主要富集在高位体系域中；在平面上,油气主要富集在凹陷边缘断层控制的陡坡带附近,而凹陷内的挠曲坡折带主要富集岩性油气藏,且勘探潜力巨大。总结出“三元联控”有利区带的思想：二级层序界面、相应的三级层序内的体系域和可类比的坡折带类型,三者共同控制油气空间分布特征!
2.提出了在层序地层格架下分析油气分布规律的研究新思维：在对研究区目标层建立精细的层序地层格架基础上,将已知油气藏重新厘定在层序地层格架中,分析总结油气藏分布特征,结合构造、沉积、油气成藏等控制因素分析油气成藏成因,提炼油气成藏规律,结合实例进行佐证和修正,预测和优选有利区带,并在高精度层序地层格架下对目标地质体进行精细刻画,以达到精细预测功能。
On the basis of thorough geological data, cores, log data and high-resolution 3D seismic data, the theories of sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, oil and gas geology are used synthetically in this paper. Proceeding from known hydrocarbon reservoir, statistical analysis and summarization on the enrichment regularity are conducted in the sequence stratigraphic framework of Paleogene and Neogene. Combination of structure, sedimentation, oil and gas geological analysis to explore the causes of accumulation of the oil and gas reservoirs under the sequence stratigraphic framework and point out that horizon and direction of the favorable exploration. Characterize specific geologic bodies such as basin floor fan, slope fan, and turbidity body and wedge body in highstand system tract under the guidance of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. The identification and contradistinction of subtle lithologic trap are simultaneously carried out in high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework (fourth level sequence). Comprehensively utilize geology and geophysical technology to characterize geology bodies in application of multi-approaches and multi-angle analysis methods, on the basic of which forecast favorable trap range, and finally provide a scientific basis for the the deployment of further exploration of Qikou Sag. Summarize the enrichment regularity of Qikou Sag in sequence stratigraphic framework and propose the thinkings and methods of meticulous depiction, epurate the enrichment regularity with different approaches from another angle of view.
This paper is comprised of six chapters:
The first chapter mainly discusses the purpose and significance of the thesis, summarized the recent and front international research about the sequence stratigraphy, continental sequence stratigraphy, tectonic stratigraphy, as well as subtle reservoirs. According to the current exploration of Qikou sag and all sorts of available datas, such as seismic and geology, combined with the hot topics of sequence stratigraphy and subtle reservoirs, the study includes the following aspects: First analyzing distribution law of oil and gas reservoirs in the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework, moreover, depicting precisely geological bodies by combination of geological methods and geophysical methods, finally to predict the favorable areas. In addition, the feasibility and significance of study in this area is also demonstrated. Under the proposed research ideas, research content, research methods and technical line can be established. In general, this study takes Paleogene and Neogene strata of Qikou Sag as its research object, using the idea of combining "point-line-surface-body-time". Moreover, to get the study advanced, the most essensial work is to establish the region's Tertiary sequence stratigraphic framework, then analyze enrichment disciplines of the known hydrocarbon reservoirs under this framework, and investigate the spatial distribution rules and controlling factors of the favorable reservoirs, and, meanwhile, probe the methods and ideas of fine characterization of objective geobodies. After all of the above studies, it is ultimately to direct the exploration of subtle reservoirs for its final goals
The second chapter describes the basic geological Qikou sag profile. Qikou Sag, located in Huanghua Depression central, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China, is a long-term development rift basin since Eocene. The sag is bounded by the Shaleitian uplift to the east, the Cangxian uplift to the west, the Chennin uplift to the south and Yanshan fold belt front to the north. The sag is adjacent to Nanpu sag. Its exploration area is approximately 5,280km2.
Qikou sag is major region for exploration breakthrough in the future in Dagang Oilfield. For the whole basin structure, the structural framework is composed vertically by four different structures layer, which are:(1) pre-Tertiary basin basement structural layer, (2) the basin bottom structural layer from Eocene Kongdian Formation (Ek) to the third member of Shahejie Formation (Es3); (3) the central basin structural layer from Oligocene the first member of Shahejie Formation (Esl) to Dongying Formation(Ed); (4)the basin upper structural layer of Neogene. Five positive tectonic units(Chenbei step-fault zone, Nandagang buried hill, Beidagang buried hill, Binhai fault tectonic belt, Tanggu-Xingang buried hill) and five negative tectonic units(Qikou main sag, Beitang sub-sag, Banqiao sub-sag, Qibei sub-sag, Qinan sub-sag) developed in the margin and interior of sag.
The Qikou sag is a successive developing sag, with deeper sedimentation, including Kongdian, Shahejie, Dongying, Guantao and Minhuazheng Formation. There developed fan delta, braided river delta, littoral sediments and density current, controlled by Yanshan provenance in Northern part, Changxian provenance in North-West, Cengning uplift provenance in Southern part and low uplift provenance inner depression. There are many hydrocarbon systems, such as, third, second and first member of Shahejie Formation and Dongying Formation, and there also developed various types of reservoir.
The third chapter mainly builds the sequence stratigraphic framework of Tertiary in Qikou sag. Guiding by Exxon model of sequence stratigraphy, and according to the drilling, lithology, well-logs, the way of stratal terminations in seismic profiles, and seismogram synthesis, the paper identifies sequence boundaries.100 wells have synthetic seismogram in area about 3150 km2, and based on the synthetic seismogram, seismic profiles, sequence stratigraphy have been rebuilt and explained preciously. For NE02 as example, recognizing the sequence boundary, building division scheme, tracing and closing to 800 m* 800 m. Sequence framework character and inner texture have been explained precisely, for Trace 2564 and Line 1968 as examples.
In the Tertiary strata of Qikou sag, the paper has identified one interface of first-order sequence, four interfaces of second-order sequence,17 interfaces of third-order sequence, and 11 interfaces of the largest lake flooding surface (the paper hasn't identified the largest lake flooding surface in the Neogene stratra), and established the sequence stratigraphic framework of Paleogene and Neogene in Qikou Sag. The study found that a significant phase of basin evolution, and multi-screen sex, and the process can be divided into fault-depression period and the depression period, while the faulted phase can be further divided into three fault-screen, each screen was a the second-order sequence.
The forth chapter put forward the research thinking, that is, based on sequence stratigraphy framework, project the reservoir to the framework and make data statistic to analyze the distribution, illuminate the enrichment mechanism.1340 drill holes in Qikou Sag have been used in the research. We select oil layers data of 3m thick or thicker to study the distribution rules of hydrocarbon reservoirs, and select oil layers and oil-water layers data of 3m thick or thicker to analyze favorable reservoirs.304 layers in 155 drill holes, totally 1836.2m oil layers have been selected, and 384 layers of oil and oil-water favorable reservoirs in 207 drill holes, totally 2593.9m have been selected, to analyze distribution rules of favorable reservoirs. It is found that these layers are almost all around the secondary sequence boundary (Eslx:30.59%), Es2:14.47%, Ng: 6.91%), account almost 52%, and the nearer to sequence boundary, the reservoir became richer, that is:reservoirs always developed in EST and LST upper the sequence boundary, while developed in HST lower the sequence boundary. In summary, the reservoirs almost developed in EST and LST.
According to the border fault's contributing factor, pattern in profile and association on the surface, the boundary of Qikou depression are divided into fault steep slope zone, fault multi-level zone, fault-terrace steep slope zone, flexure slope break zone and so on. Basin margin slope-break type impacts pattern of sequence, sedimentary systems, and sand distributed system spatial distribution. According to the slope break division,188 wells have been classified and statistics. The result showed, fault-controlled steep slope belt enriched 40 percent reservoir, fault step steep slope belt enriched 28 percent, multi-fault step enriched 25 percent, and twist slope break just only 7 percent. Based on structure, sedimentary, sequence stratigraphy and reservoir study, illustrate distribution reason and put forward the research thinking, that is, second-order sequence boundary+relevant third-order system tract+slope break type=favorable proposed triple-coupled control zone.
The main contents of Chapter five is that the author depicted the special geological bodies in the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework preciously and pointed out that favorable zone. The general idea is that:under the guidance of the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy theory and the macroscopic ideas of a favorable proposed triple-coupled control zone concluded in front, in the high-frequency sequence stratigraphic framework (fourth-order sequences), we could look for the special geological bodies, carry out the analytical work of the geological bodies'formation cause and the study on the law of spatial distribution, compare to the known oil and gas reservoirs, predicted favorable zone and subtle oil and gas reservoirs, using single-well's identification and calibration, seismic identification and tracking (fourth-order sequences), seismic attribute analysis (third-order+fourth-order sequences), even the crosswell analysis (parasequence), drilling constrained inversion, multi-level and multi-angle fine portray geological body, combined with structure-the ancient landforms, depositional system analysis. There has been conducive to a proper understanding of lateral changes in reservoir characteristics, and further improve the reservoir predicted reliability, through the carrying out geologic body identification and contrast to improve the accuracy of sand body horizontal comparison, avoiding sand body when wearing horizontal contrast in the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework,.
The author used the basin-floor fan, slope fan, and the highstand systems tract of high turbidite body and wedge as the research object, such geologic bodies mainly developed in the lake center, the slope edge,the root of the boundary fault basin margin, sand bodies developed in the geological bodies share quite a few characteristics including that the onlap, toplap (updippinchout) (the downlap, truncation), or two-way onlap, or sand bodies' oneside controlled by faults which was blochaded, the other side of the onlap and toplap. Special geological bodies could be easy to form lithologic reservoirs because they in generally and directly developed in the deep lake-semi-deep lake mudstone, with very good conditions for the upper and lower closure and directly contacted with the high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks, with its proximity advantages. Based on the research findings, and compared the known oil and gas reservoir, we could predicted a favorable geological target zone.
In chapter six, based on the previous works, comparing with former hydrocarbon accumulation theory, there put forward the thought of analyzing reservoir-forming rules under sequence stratigraphic framework. The study steps are listed as follows:build high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework; project known reservoirs into framework and summarize the distribution characteristics; analyze the reason of hydrocarbon accumulation combined with structure, sedimentation, diagenesis, and so on; refine reservoir-forming rules for predicting favorable exploration area; based on all the previous works, meticulously depict the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework of geological target; predict favorable reservoir area and prove the correctness with examples to proof and revise summarized reservoir-forming rules, and put forward better ones from another angle of view.
The innovations are as follows:
1. Based on sequence stratigraphy, the author analyzes and summarizes the reservoir distribution characteristics of Tertiary in Qikou sag. According to data statistics and examples proof, second-order sequence boundary or structure transfer surface is one important reservoir accumulation belt:upper the surface, reservoir always accumulated in EST and LST, while lower the surface, reservoir accumulated in HST. In summary, the EST and LST are favorable for reservoir accumulation. In the plane, reservoir accumulation are controlled by structural geology, such as, fault-controlled steep slope belt is abundant in reservoir, while twist break slope is poor in reservoir. The favorable triple-coupled control zone is proposed, that is:second-order sequence boundary+relevant third-order system tract+slope break type=favorable proposed triple-coupled control zone.
2. According to this paper, the author put forward analyze reservoir accumulation regularity under sequence stratigraphy framework, whose steps can be listed as follows:build high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework; project known reservoirs into framework and summarize the distribution characteristics; analyze the reason of hydrocarbon accumulation combined with structure, sedimentation, diagenesis, and so on; refine reservoir-forming rules for predicting favorable exploration area; based on all the previous works, meticulously depict the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework of geological target; predict favorable reservoir area and prove the correctness with examples to proof and revise summarized reservoir-forming rules, and put forward better ones from another angle of view.
论文主要内容包括如下几个部分：
第一章主要讨论了论文选题的目的与意义,总结了层序地层学、陆相层序地层学、构造地层学以及隐蔽油气藏国内外研究现状和前沿。根据歧口凹陷勘探研究现状,以及研究区地震、地质等资料情况,并结合层序地层学和隐蔽油气藏研究热点,提出了在高精度层序格架下分析讨论油气藏富聚规律、地质与地球物理方法相结合精细刻画地质体、预测有利区带的研究思路,并论证了在歧口凹陷开展本次研究的可行性和重要意义。根据拟定的研究思路,确立了本次研究内容、研究方法和技术路线。总体上,以歧口凹陷古近系和新近系地层为研究对象,运用“点、线、面、体、时”相结合的思路,在建立的全区第三系层序地层格架基础上,分析已知油气藏在层序格架中的富集特征,探讨富集因素,探索对目标地质体进行精细刻画的研究方法和思路,以达到指导油气勘探的目的。
第二章介绍了歧口凹陷的基本地质概况,歧口凹陷位于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中部,是渐新世以来长期发育的断陷盆地,其凹陷东部为沙垒田隆起,西面为沧县隆起,南面为埕宁隆起,北面为燕山褶皱带前缘,东北面与南堡凹陷相邻,其勘探面积约为5,280 km2。歧口凹陷是大港油田未来勘探突破、增储上产的主要凹陷。就整个盆地结构而言,垂向上,自下而上一般由4个不同结构的构造层叠置而成,它们分别是：(1)前古近系盆地基底构造层；(2)由始新统孔店组—沙三段组成的盆地下部构造层；(3)由渐新统沙一段—东营组组成的盆地中部构造层；(4)由新近系组成的盆地上部构造层。平面上,在凹陷边缘及内部发育了五个正向构造单元(埕北断阶带、南大港潜山构造带、北大港潜山构造带、滨海构造带、塘沽一新港潜山构造带)和五个负向构造单元(歧口主凹、北塘次凹、板桥次凹、歧北次凹、歧南次凹)。歧口凹陷作为黄骅坳陷内长期继承发育的凹陷,发育了巨厚的第三系沉积,包括古近系孔店组、沙河街组、东营组和新近系馆陶组和明化镇组。受北部燕山物源、西北部沧县物源、南部埕宁隆起物源以及凹陷内部低隆起物源供给,主要发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、滨岸沉积以及湖盆中心的密度流,并发育了沙三段、沙二段、沙一段和东营组下部多套烃源岩系。受凹陷发展阶段、区域构造特征以及物源区的控制,歧口凹陷发育多种类型的储集体。
第三章以Exxon层序地层学理论为指导,根据研究区钻井岩性、测井曲线形态变化,地震反射终止方式以及合成记录的标定,识别出层序界面。本次研究在全区3150km2的面积上选择了100单井进行了合成记录标定工作,将单井界面识别与地震剖面界面识别相结合,各自论证,相互验证,最终确定层序界面。并在全区内选取了11口单井(包括歧南次凹2口、歧北次凹2口、板桥次凹2口、歧口主凹5口)进行单井层序地层分析,并以板深35井单井为例进行单井层序地层详细分析。根据地震剖面解释与单井分析的分析,重新确定单井分层方案,在对各单井进行层序地层分析的基础上,建立连井剖面层序地层格架,精细刻画凹陷内主要构造带的同沉积断面图,开展构造-沉积-层序分析,分析层序内部特征和垂向演化特征,在全区内选取了10条连井剖面做连井剖面的分析,以NE02线为例做详细分析。并根据单井层序界面的判定,单井合成地震记录标定,结合层序界面在地震剖面上的反射终止现象,识别各级层序界面,确立层序划分方案,在全区连片三维地震数据中,进行全区的追踪闭合,解释密度达到了800m×800m,局部达到了400m×400m,建立全区第三系层序地层格架,并以北东走向的T2564线、东南走向的Line1968线为例对层序格架特征和内部结构做精细解释。根据以上多方法的运用,确立层序界面,系统划分和追踪闭合,在歧口凹陷第三系地层中,共识别出了两个一级层序界面,四个二级层序,17个三级层序界面,以及11个最大湖泛面(新近系没有识别最大湖泛面),建立了歧口凹陷古近系和新近系层序地层格架,并且研究发现盆地演化具有明显的阶段性和多幕性。可以划分为断陷期和坳陷期,而断陷期可进一步划分为三个断陷幕,每一个断陷幕对一个二级层序。
第四章提出了本论文在层序地层格架下研究油气藏规律的研究思路,即从层序地层学的角度出发,将歧口凹陷已发现的油气藏投影到已建立的全区层序地层格架下,进行数据统计,分析油气藏分布特征,结合构造、沉积体系、成藏等方面分析,探讨油气藏在层序格架内富集规律的成因,试图从另一个角度和视野提出油气藏富集规律。本次研究对歧口凹陷1340口钻井进行筛选,选取研究区内厚度大于或等于3m的油层数据进行油气藏分布规律研究,同时选取层厚大于等于3m的油层和油水同层数据作为有利储集层分析。经过筛选,总共筛选了155口钻井、304层共计1836.2m的油层,筛选了207口钻井、384层油层与油水同层的有利储集层,共计2593.9m。分析发现：二级层序界面附近为油气主要富集带(Es1x占30.59%,Es2占14.47%,Ng占6.91%),所占比例高达52%,并且,离二级层序界面越近,油气藏越集中,即二级层序界面以上,油藏主要分布在层序内部最大湖泛面以下的湖扩体系域与低位体系域(EST+LST)中,而二级层序界面以下,油藏主要分布在层序内部最大湖泛面以上的高位体系域中,但总体上油气藏主要富集在最大湖泛面以下的湖扩体系域与低位体系域(EST+LST)中。平面上,根据凹陷边缘断层的剖面样式、平面组合以及成因,将歧口凹陷边缘划分为断裂陡坡带、多级断阶带、断阶陡坡带以及挠曲坡折带等坡折类型,盆缘坡折类型影响着层序样式和沉积体系以及砂分散体系的空间展布,进而影响油气藏在空间上的富集。本次研究,在平面上筛选了188口出油井,全部投影到平面上,根据坡折带划分区域,对各个区带钻井数进行统计,研究发现：断控陡坡带富集了40%的油气藏,断阶陡坡带富集了28%的油气藏,多级断阶带富集了25%的油气藏,而在挠曲坡折带仅仅只富集了7%的油气藏,总体上,有利储层和油气藏主要集中于陡坡带(断控陡坡带40%+断阶陡坡带28%),虽然挠曲坡折带只富集了7%的已知油气藏,但据构造与沉积背景分析,其岩性隐蔽油气藏的勘探潜力巨大。并结合构造、沉积、层序及成藏成果探讨了油气藏如此分布特征的成因，提出二级层序界面上下+相应三级层序体系域+可类比的坡折带类型=油气勘探有利场所的“三元联控”有利区带的思想,并据此预测歧口凹陷勘探有利区带。
第五章在高精度层序地层格架下对特殊地质体进行精细刻画并指出有利区带,其总体思路：以高精度层序地层学理论和本文总结提出的“三元联控”控有利区带宏观思路作指导,在对有利区带进行优选的基础上,在高频层序格架下,对目标地质体进行进行精细刻画,采用单井识别与标定、地震识别与追踪(四级)、地震属性分析(三级+四级)、连井分析(五级)、钻井约束反演,多层次多角度精细刻画地质体,结合构造-古地貌、沉积体系分析,开展地质体成因分析与空间展布规律研究,对比已知油气藏,预测有利区带和隐蔽油气藏。在高精度层序地层格架下,开展地质体识别与对比,提高砂体横向对比准确性,避免砂体横向对比的穿时性,有利于正常理解储集层横向变化特征,进一步提高储层预测可靠性。此次精细刻画的目标地质体,此类地质体主要发育于湖泊中心,斜坡边缘、盆缘边界断层根部,地质体中发育的砂体具有上超,上倾尖灭(下超,下倾尖灭),或是双向上超,或是砂体一侧受断层控制,断层封堵,另一侧上超形成上倾尖灭。该类地质体一般直接发育于深湖-半深湖泥岩中,具备很好的上下封闭条件,并直接与优质烃源岩接触,有近水楼台优势,容易形成岩性油气藏。在精细刻画的基础上,对比已知油气藏,精细预测目标地质体有利区带。在高精度层序地层格架下,精细刻画地质体,对歧口凹陷深湖和斜坡带普遍发育的砂泥薄互层的精细勘探具有现实的借鉴和推广意义,具有巨大的实际价值,将为歧口凹陷隐蔽油气藏勘探取得新突破作出贡献。
第六章回顾与对比前人提出的油气藏理论,提出在层序地层格架下开展油气藏分布规律分析的研究思路：对研究区目标层建立精细的层序地层格架,从已知油气藏出发,将已知油气藏厘定于层序地层格架中,分析总结油气藏分布特征,结合构造、沉积、成岩、油气成藏等控制因素分析油气成藏成因,提炼油气成藏规律,结合实例进行佐证和修正,并预测和优选有利区带,在高精度层序地层格架下对目标地质体进行精细刻画,以达到精细预测功能。该思路从另一个视角来分析油气藏富集规律。
而本文的创新点主要体现以下几点：
1.从层序地层学的角度出发,通过数据统计和实例证明：首次提出二级层序界面或是构造转换面是油气富集的一个重要带,界面以上主要富集在最大湖泛面以下的湖扩体系域与低位体系域中,而界面以下主要富集在高位体系域中；在平面上,油气主要富集在凹陷边缘断层控制的陡坡带附近,而凹陷内的挠曲坡折带主要富集岩性油气藏,且勘探潜力巨大。总结出“三元联控”有利区带的思想：二级层序界面、相应的三级层序内的体系域和可类比的坡折带类型,三者共同控制油气空间分布特征!
2.提出了在层序地层格架下分析油气分布规律的研究新思维：在对研究区目标层建立精细的层序地层格架基础上,将已知油气藏重新厘定在层序地层格架中,分析总结油气藏分布特征,结合构造、沉积、油气成藏等控制因素分析油气成藏成因,提炼油气成藏规律,结合实例进行佐证和修正,预测和优选有利区带,并在高精度层序地层格架下对目标地质体进行精细刻画,以达到精细预测功能。
On the basis of thorough geological data, cores, log data and high-resolution 3D seismic data, the theories of sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, oil and gas geology are used synthetically in this paper. Proceeding from known hydrocarbon reservoir, statistical analysis and summarization on the enrichment regularity are conducted in the sequence stratigraphic framework of Paleogene and Neogene. Combination of structure, sedimentation, oil and gas geological analysis to explore the causes of accumulation of the oil and gas reservoirs under the sequence stratigraphic framework and point out that horizon and direction of the favorable exploration. Characterize specific geologic bodies such as basin floor fan, slope fan, and turbidity body and wedge body in highstand system tract under the guidance of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. The identification and contradistinction of subtle lithologic trap are simultaneously carried out in high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework (fourth level sequence). Comprehensively utilize geology and geophysical technology to characterize geology bodies in application of multi-approaches and multi-angle analysis methods, on the basic of which forecast favorable trap range, and finally provide a scientific basis for the the deployment of further exploration of Qikou Sag. Summarize the enrichment regularity of Qikou Sag in sequence stratigraphic framework and propose the thinkings and methods of meticulous depiction, epurate the enrichment regularity with different approaches from another angle of view.
This paper is comprised of six chapters:
The first chapter mainly discusses the purpose and significance of the thesis, summarized the recent and front international research about the sequence stratigraphy, continental sequence stratigraphy, tectonic stratigraphy, as well as subtle reservoirs. According to the current exploration of Qikou sag and all sorts of available datas, such as seismic and geology, combined with the hot topics of sequence stratigraphy and subtle reservoirs, the study includes the following aspects: First analyzing distribution law of oil and gas reservoirs in the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework, moreover, depicting precisely geological bodies by combination of geological methods and geophysical methods, finally to predict the favorable areas. In addition, the feasibility and significance of study in this area is also demonstrated. Under the proposed research ideas, research content, research methods and technical line can be established. In general, this study takes Paleogene and Neogene strata of Qikou Sag as its research object, using the idea of combining "point-line-surface-body-time". Moreover, to get the study advanced, the most essensial work is to establish the region's Tertiary sequence stratigraphic framework, then analyze enrichment disciplines of the known hydrocarbon reservoirs under this framework, and investigate the spatial distribution rules and controlling factors of the favorable reservoirs, and, meanwhile, probe the methods and ideas of fine characterization of objective geobodies. After all of the above studies, it is ultimately to direct the exploration of subtle reservoirs for its final goals
The second chapter describes the basic geological Qikou sag profile. Qikou Sag, located in Huanghua Depression central, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China, is a long-term development rift basin since Eocene. The sag is bounded by the Shaleitian uplift to the east, the Cangxian uplift to the west, the Chennin uplift to the south and Yanshan fold belt front to the north. The sag is adjacent to Nanpu sag. Its exploration area is approximately 5,280km2.
Qikou sag is major region for exploration breakthrough in the future in Dagang Oilfield. For the whole basin structure, the structural framework is composed vertically by four different structures layer, which are:(1) pre-Tertiary basin basement structural layer, (2) the basin bottom structural layer from Eocene Kongdian Formation (Ek) to the third member of Shahejie Formation (Es3); (3) the central basin structural layer from Oligocene the first member of Shahejie Formation (Esl) to Dongying Formation(Ed); (4)the basin upper structural layer of Neogene. Five positive tectonic units(Chenbei step-fault zone, Nandagang buried hill, Beidagang buried hill, Binhai fault tectonic belt, Tanggu-Xingang buried hill) and five negative tectonic units(Qikou main sag, Beitang sub-sag, Banqiao sub-sag, Qibei sub-sag, Qinan sub-sag) developed in the margin and interior of sag.
The Qikou sag is a successive developing sag, with deeper sedimentation, including Kongdian, Shahejie, Dongying, Guantao and Minhuazheng Formation. There developed fan delta, braided river delta, littoral sediments and density current, controlled by Yanshan provenance in Northern part, Changxian provenance in North-West, Cengning uplift provenance in Southern part and low uplift provenance inner depression. There are many hydrocarbon systems, such as, third, second and first member of Shahejie Formation and Dongying Formation, and there also developed various types of reservoir.
The third chapter mainly builds the sequence stratigraphic framework of Tertiary in Qikou sag. Guiding by Exxon model of sequence stratigraphy, and according to the drilling, lithology, well-logs, the way of stratal terminations in seismic profiles, and seismogram synthesis, the paper identifies sequence boundaries.100 wells have synthetic seismogram in area about 3150 km2, and based on the synthetic seismogram, seismic profiles, sequence stratigraphy have been rebuilt and explained preciously. For NE02 as example, recognizing the sequence boundary, building division scheme, tracing and closing to 800 m* 800 m. Sequence framework character and inner texture have been explained precisely, for Trace 2564 and Line 1968 as examples.
In the Tertiary strata of Qikou sag, the paper has identified one interface of first-order sequence, four interfaces of second-order sequence,17 interfaces of third-order sequence, and 11 interfaces of the largest lake flooding surface (the paper hasn't identified the largest lake flooding surface in the Neogene stratra), and established the sequence stratigraphic framework of Paleogene and Neogene in Qikou Sag. The study found that a significant phase of basin evolution, and multi-screen sex, and the process can be divided into fault-depression period and the depression period, while the faulted phase can be further divided into three fault-screen, each screen was a the second-order sequence.
The forth chapter put forward the research thinking, that is, based on sequence stratigraphy framework, project the reservoir to the framework and make data statistic to analyze the distribution, illuminate the enrichment mechanism.1340 drill holes in Qikou Sag have been used in the research. We select oil layers data of 3m thick or thicker to study the distribution rules of hydrocarbon reservoirs, and select oil layers and oil-water layers data of 3m thick or thicker to analyze favorable reservoirs.304 layers in 155 drill holes, totally 1836.2m oil layers have been selected, and 384 layers of oil and oil-water favorable reservoirs in 207 drill holes, totally 2593.9m have been selected, to analyze distribution rules of favorable reservoirs. It is found that these layers are almost all around the secondary sequence boundary (Eslx:30.59%), Es2:14.47%, Ng: 6.91%), account almost 52%, and the nearer to sequence boundary, the reservoir became richer, that is:reservoirs always developed in EST and LST upper the sequence boundary, while developed in HST lower the sequence boundary. In summary, the reservoirs almost developed in EST and LST.
According to the border fault's contributing factor, pattern in profile and association on the surface, the boundary of Qikou depression are divided into fault steep slope zone, fault multi-level zone, fault-terrace steep slope zone, flexure slope break zone and so on. Basin margin slope-break type impacts pattern of sequence, sedimentary systems, and sand distributed system spatial distribution. According to the slope break division,188 wells have been classified and statistics. The result showed, fault-controlled steep slope belt enriched 40 percent reservoir, fault step steep slope belt enriched 28 percent, multi-fault step enriched 25 percent, and twist slope break just only 7 percent. Based on structure, sedimentary, sequence stratigraphy and reservoir study, illustrate distribution reason and put forward the research thinking, that is, second-order sequence boundary+relevant third-order system tract+slope break type=favorable proposed triple-coupled control zone.
The main contents of Chapter five is that the author depicted the special geological bodies in the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework preciously and pointed out that favorable zone. The general idea is that:under the guidance of the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy theory and the macroscopic ideas of a favorable proposed triple-coupled control zone concluded in front, in the high-frequency sequence stratigraphic framework (fourth-order sequences), we could look for the special geological bodies, carry out the analytical work of the geological bodies'formation cause and the study on the law of spatial distribution, compare to the known oil and gas reservoirs, predicted favorable zone and subtle oil and gas reservoirs, using single-well's identification and calibration, seismic identification and tracking (fourth-order sequences), seismic attribute analysis (third-order+fourth-order sequences), even the crosswell analysis (parasequence), drilling constrained inversion, multi-level and multi-angle fine portray geological body, combined with structure-the ancient landforms, depositional system analysis. There has been conducive to a proper understanding of lateral changes in reservoir characteristics, and further improve the reservoir predicted reliability, through the carrying out geologic body identification and contrast to improve the accuracy of sand body horizontal comparison, avoiding sand body when wearing horizontal contrast in the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework,.
The author used the basin-floor fan, slope fan, and the highstand systems tract of high turbidite body and wedge as the research object, such geologic bodies mainly developed in the lake center, the slope edge,the root of the boundary fault basin margin, sand bodies developed in the geological bodies share quite a few characteristics including that the onlap, toplap (updippinchout) (the downlap, truncation), or two-way onlap, or sand bodies' oneside controlled by faults which was blochaded, the other side of the onlap and toplap. Special geological bodies could be easy to form lithologic reservoirs because they in generally and directly developed in the deep lake-semi-deep lake mudstone, with very good conditions for the upper and lower closure and directly contacted with the high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks, with its proximity advantages. Based on the research findings, and compared the known oil and gas reservoir, we could predicted a favorable geological target zone.
In chapter six, based on the previous works, comparing with former hydrocarbon accumulation theory, there put forward the thought of analyzing reservoir-forming rules under sequence stratigraphic framework. The study steps are listed as follows:build high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework; project known reservoirs into framework and summarize the distribution characteristics; analyze the reason of hydrocarbon accumulation combined with structure, sedimentation, diagenesis, and so on; refine reservoir-forming rules for predicting favorable exploration area; based on all the previous works, meticulously depict the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework of geological target; predict favorable reservoir area and prove the correctness with examples to proof and revise summarized reservoir-forming rules, and put forward better ones from another angle of view.
The innovations are as follows:
1. Based on sequence stratigraphy, the author analyzes and summarizes the reservoir distribution characteristics of Tertiary in Qikou sag. According to data statistics and examples proof, second-order sequence boundary or structure transfer surface is one important reservoir accumulation belt:upper the surface, reservoir always accumulated in EST and LST, while lower the surface, reservoir accumulated in HST. In summary, the EST and LST are favorable for reservoir accumulation. In the plane, reservoir accumulation are controlled by structural geology, such as, fault-controlled steep slope belt is abundant in reservoir, while twist break slope is poor in reservoir. The favorable triple-coupled control zone is proposed, that is:second-order sequence boundary+relevant third-order system tract+slope break type=favorable proposed triple-coupled control zone.
2. According to this paper, the author put forward analyze reservoir accumulation regularity under sequence stratigraphy framework, whose steps can be listed as follows:build high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework; project known reservoirs into framework and summarize the distribution characteristics; analyze the reason of hydrocarbon accumulation combined with structure, sedimentation, diagenesis, and so on; refine reservoir-forming rules for predicting favorable exploration area; based on all the previous works, meticulously depict the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework of geological target; predict favorable reservoir area and prove the correctness with examples to proof and revise summarized reservoir-forming rules, and put forward better ones from another angle of view.
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