某市岩溶地下水水源地四氯化碳污染机理研究
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摘要
本文以某岩溶水源地地质水文地质条件、长期积累的污染源资料及水源地污染动态的系统监测信息为基础,以先进的检测、模拟实验技术为手段,从水源地污染途径与方式、污染主通道、岩溶地下水及土壤污染特征及规律、四氯化碳迁移污染机理实验模拟、水源地四氯化碳输入输出平衡分析等诸方面,系统研究了该水源地多元结构体系(下伏岩溶含水层、上覆松散层)中四氯化碳污染的机理,论文要点如下:
(1)污染源为某农药厂,四氯化碳进入岩溶含水层的途径主要有:含四氯化碳废水通过岩溶发育的裸露灰岩直接流入或通过土层的渗漏间接进入。
利用野外示踪试验查明了七里沟水源地CCl4污染物运移主通道位于向斜盆地的轴部。在主运移通道上污染物运移速度最高达3027.8米/小时。
(2)水源地岩溶地下水四氯化碳迁移污染特征如下:
在平面上四氯化碳污染羽呈“哑铃型”形态,污染重心分布在南部污染源亚区和北部人工集中排泄亚区,且南区四氯化碳浓度明显高于北区。
四氯化碳污染羽的时间动态变化受污染源输入、地下水开采量、人工流场等因素的影响。2004年前,丰水期四氯化碳污染羽范围大于平水期和枯水期,且丰水期污染加重。受2005年始北区开采量锐减、南北水头差减小(小于10m)的影响,同一年份里两端污染集中区内无论四氯化碳污染羽范围还是污染程度,丰水期和枯水期的变化都不大,但污染浓度呈逐年下降之势。
(3)四氯化碳在土壤中的垂向渗透迁移室内模拟试验研究表明:
土壤有机质含量是影响四氯化碳在土壤中渗透迁移的重要因素。在有机质含量较高的土壤中,四氯化碳在土壤有机质中的分配起主导作用,本研究中有机质含量分别为1.60%、0.13%和0.059%的粘壤土,土壤中CT平衡浓度分别为:113.3、8.6和4.1μg/kg。黏土夹层对四氯化碳的迁移有阻挡、延滞作用,会延缓四氯化碳的垂向迁移,造成四氯化碳的蓄积、浓度的升高。
淋溶模拟试验的结果表明,土壤有机质含量是影响四氯化碳淋溶性的主要因素。在有机质含量高的土壤中四氯化碳的淋溶性较差,淋洗较难清除其中的四氯化碳。
(4)开发了研究地下水中四氯化碳通过(含水层、土壤)二元结构向上挥发迁移、污染的模拟实验方法,结果表明:
土壤含水率对四氯化碳的挥发迁移有很大影响。土壤水分是影响土壤吸附四氯化碳的主导因子,土壤水分含量越大吸附量越小;土壤水分对四氯化碳在土壤气相中的挥发迁移具强烈的阻滞作用,而土壤有机质含量对此的影响甚微,土壤含水率仍然是主导因子。
土壤气相中的四氯化碳平衡浓度与储液室中四氯化碳浓度关系符合亨利定律。
四氯化碳在土壤中的迁移符合一级反应动力学规律。动力学分析也显示影响四氯化碳在不饱和土壤中迁移的主导因子是含水率而非有机质含量,土壤水分对四氯化碳在土壤中的迁移具阻滞作用。
土柱通风吹脱实验表明,土壤的有机质含量对土壤中四氯化碳的残留影响明显,土壤的有机质含量越高,残留量越大;温度是另一重要影响因素,当环境温度从10℃升高至20℃时,四氯化碳的挥发速率提高近3倍。
(5)室内模拟试验揭示了土壤四氯化碳污染的机理:
排污渠含四氯化碳废水在沟底发生渗漏,是造成排污渠附近土壤四氯化碳污染原因。
污染地下水上覆土壤会受到来自下部地下水中四氯化碳向上挥发迁移的污染。由于农药厂井地下水中四氯化碳浓度很高(平均为1336.5μg/L),造成了附近土壤四氯化碳较重污染,土壤中四氯化碳浓度最高达52.1μg/kg。污染最重的层段一般在2.5米以下。
(6)盆地四氯化碳的输入来源主要是农药厂排污沟和农药厂厂区的渗漏。四氯化碳主要输出途径是人工抽水排泄和通过三元结构(基岩含水层、潜水含水层、土壤)向上挥发排泄等。排污沟渗漏输入的四氯化碳量很小,在输出项中以人工抽水排泄为主。
年输入输出缺口很大,2001年在5.0t/a以上,2004年为1.30t/a,2005年也在0.27t/a以上。这个缺口就是农药厂内部的无组织排放或有意识的偷排量。
盆地岩溶地下水四氯化碳自然和人工排泄量、排泄速度是较大的,只要不再发生大量偷排现象,岩溶地下水四氯化碳污染程度会逐渐减轻。
Based on the geological and hydro-geological conditions of a Karst water source, as well as long-term water pollution information and means of simulation experiment, we studied the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride contamination of the water sources systematically, and the conclusions are as follows:
(1) A pesticide plant is the pollution source, so the ways of carbon tetrachloride into the Karst aquifer are mainly: waste water from the pesticide factory flowing directly into the Karst aquifer through the exposed limestone Karst or through the leakage into the soil at the bottom of drainage.
The field tracer tests show that the main transport channel of carbon tetrachloride is in the axis of a syncline basin. In the main migration channel, the contaminant transport speed can be up to 3027.8 m/h.
(2) The migration and pollution characteristics of carbon tetrachloride of the Karst groundwater source are as follows:
Carbon tetrachloride contamination plume in the plane is a "dumbbell" shape, and the focus of the distribution of pollution are in southern pollution source sub-region and northern artificial centeralized excretion sub-region, and the concentration of CT in the south is significantly higher than that in the north.
The developments of the carbon tetrachloride contamination plume are affected by pollution inputs, groundwater extraction, artificial flow field and other factors. Before 2004, the scope of carbon tetrachloride contaminated plume in wet period was greater than that in the normal river flow period and dry period, and the pollution became serious in wet period. Affected by a significant reduction in the amount of northern artificial centeralized extraction and reduction of hydraulic head difference (less than 10 m) between north and south area at the beginning of 2005, for the two heavily polluted poles, changes both the scope of carbon tetrachloride contaminated plume, and pollution levels, between wet and dry seasons, were little in the same year, and the pollution concentration showed a declining trend in the different years.
(3) The simulation study on the vertical penetration of CT in soils shows:
The content of organic matter in soil is an important factor that affects the permeability of CT in soil. The soil interlayer has a great influence on the vertical penetration of CT. The clay interlayer has resistance and arrearage influence on the transposition of CT and it can retard the vertical transposition of CT, which can cause the accumulation and increase of concentration of CT.
The eluviation results show that the content of soil organic matter is the main factor affecting the leaching of CT. The leaching of CT is poor in soils with high organic matter content, so it is more difficult to remove CT in this condition. Another important factor affecting the leaching of CT is soil particle size. The leaching of CT in sandy loam soil is better than that in sticky nature soil.
(4) The study on the volatilization and transfer of CT through the bedrock aquifers and soil shows:
Soil moisture content has great influence on the volatilization and transportation of CT in soil. When the soil organic matter content is lower (<3.02% in this research), moisture content plays a leading role in affecting the adsorption of CT. The greater the moisture content, the smaller the absorption capacity. Similarly, the moisture has a great blocking effect on the volatilization and transfer of CT in soil-gaseous phase. On the contrary, the volatilization and migration of CT in the soil-gaseous phase is affected little by the content of soil organic matter, and the soil moisture content still plays a leading role in this situation. The relation between concentration of CT in soil-gaseous phase and that in liquid storage bottle conform to the Henry's Law.
The migration of CT in the soil accorded with the first order reaction kinetics. The kinetic analysis shows that the dominant facor which affected the migration of CT in soil was also the moisture. The moisture had a blocking effect on the migration of CT.
The ventilation experiment shows that the soil organic matter content plays an important role in the residues of CT in the soil, and the higher the soil organic matter content, the more residual amount. Temperature significantly affects the volatilization of CT in the soil, when the temperature increases from 10℃to 20℃, the latter evaporation rate of CT is nearly three times of the former. The ventilation experiment can simulate the dynamic change of volatilization and residues of CT in unsaturated soil.
(5) We have studied the mechanism of contamination of CT in the soil through the indoor simulation experiment:
The waste water containing carbon tetrachloride in the ditch of the outfall is leaked; it is why the soil is contaminated near the ditch.
The overlying soil of contaminated groundwater is polluted by the volatilization and migration of CT from the groundwater. As the concentration of CT in groundwater near pesticide plant is on the high level (average 1336.5μg/L), the soil in this region is polluted by CT severely, and the concentration is up to 52.1μg/kg. Generally, the most polluted layer is below 2.5 meters deep.
(6) The main input source of CT in the basin is the leakage of pollutant in sewage ditch near the pesticide plant and the leakage or secret emissions of pesticide plant and so on. The main output pathway of CT in groundwater is volatilization transfer and artificial pumping excretion and so on. Actually, the input carbon tetrachloride by means of the leakage in the sewage ditch is little. The output item of CT is mainly by artificial pumping of water.
Input-output gap is large every year, it’s estimated that it was more than 5.0 t/a in 2001, 1.30 t/a in 2004 and 0.27 t/a in 2005. This gap is owing to the unorganized pesticide plant emissions or conscious secretly emissions.
The natural and artificial excretion and excretion rate of carbon tetrachloride are large in the Karst groundwater of the basin. So long as a large number of secret emissions do not occur, the contamination of carbon tetrachloride pollution will rapidly reduce in the Karst groundwater.
(1)污染源为某农药厂,四氯化碳进入岩溶含水层的途径主要有:含四氯化碳废水通过岩溶发育的裸露灰岩直接流入或通过土层的渗漏间接进入。
利用野外示踪试验查明了七里沟水源地CCl4污染物运移主通道位于向斜盆地的轴部。在主运移通道上污染物运移速度最高达3027.8米/小时。
(2)水源地岩溶地下水四氯化碳迁移污染特征如下:
在平面上四氯化碳污染羽呈“哑铃型”形态,污染重心分布在南部污染源亚区和北部人工集中排泄亚区,且南区四氯化碳浓度明显高于北区。
四氯化碳污染羽的时间动态变化受污染源输入、地下水开采量、人工流场等因素的影响。2004年前,丰水期四氯化碳污染羽范围大于平水期和枯水期,且丰水期污染加重。受2005年始北区开采量锐减、南北水头差减小(小于10m)的影响,同一年份里两端污染集中区内无论四氯化碳污染羽范围还是污染程度,丰水期和枯水期的变化都不大,但污染浓度呈逐年下降之势。
(3)四氯化碳在土壤中的垂向渗透迁移室内模拟试验研究表明:
土壤有机质含量是影响四氯化碳在土壤中渗透迁移的重要因素。在有机质含量较高的土壤中,四氯化碳在土壤有机质中的分配起主导作用,本研究中有机质含量分别为1.60%、0.13%和0.059%的粘壤土,土壤中CT平衡浓度分别为:113.3、8.6和4.1μg/kg。黏土夹层对四氯化碳的迁移有阻挡、延滞作用,会延缓四氯化碳的垂向迁移,造成四氯化碳的蓄积、浓度的升高。
淋溶模拟试验的结果表明,土壤有机质含量是影响四氯化碳淋溶性的主要因素。在有机质含量高的土壤中四氯化碳的淋溶性较差,淋洗较难清除其中的四氯化碳。
(4)开发了研究地下水中四氯化碳通过(含水层、土壤)二元结构向上挥发迁移、污染的模拟实验方法,结果表明:
土壤含水率对四氯化碳的挥发迁移有很大影响。土壤水分是影响土壤吸附四氯化碳的主导因子,土壤水分含量越大吸附量越小;土壤水分对四氯化碳在土壤气相中的挥发迁移具强烈的阻滞作用,而土壤有机质含量对此的影响甚微,土壤含水率仍然是主导因子。
土壤气相中的四氯化碳平衡浓度与储液室中四氯化碳浓度关系符合亨利定律。
四氯化碳在土壤中的迁移符合一级反应动力学规律。动力学分析也显示影响四氯化碳在不饱和土壤中迁移的主导因子是含水率而非有机质含量,土壤水分对四氯化碳在土壤中的迁移具阻滞作用。
土柱通风吹脱实验表明,土壤的有机质含量对土壤中四氯化碳的残留影响明显,土壤的有机质含量越高,残留量越大;温度是另一重要影响因素,当环境温度从10℃升高至20℃时,四氯化碳的挥发速率提高近3倍。
(5)室内模拟试验揭示了土壤四氯化碳污染的机理:
排污渠含四氯化碳废水在沟底发生渗漏,是造成排污渠附近土壤四氯化碳污染原因。
污染地下水上覆土壤会受到来自下部地下水中四氯化碳向上挥发迁移的污染。由于农药厂井地下水中四氯化碳浓度很高(平均为1336.5μg/L),造成了附近土壤四氯化碳较重污染,土壤中四氯化碳浓度最高达52.1μg/kg。污染最重的层段一般在2.5米以下。
(6)盆地四氯化碳的输入来源主要是农药厂排污沟和农药厂厂区的渗漏。四氯化碳主要输出途径是人工抽水排泄和通过三元结构(基岩含水层、潜水含水层、土壤)向上挥发排泄等。排污沟渗漏输入的四氯化碳量很小,在输出项中以人工抽水排泄为主。
年输入输出缺口很大,2001年在5.0t/a以上,2004年为1.30t/a,2005年也在0.27t/a以上。这个缺口就是农药厂内部的无组织排放或有意识的偷排量。
盆地岩溶地下水四氯化碳自然和人工排泄量、排泄速度是较大的,只要不再发生大量偷排现象,岩溶地下水四氯化碳污染程度会逐渐减轻。
Based on the geological and hydro-geological conditions of a Karst water source, as well as long-term water pollution information and means of simulation experiment, we studied the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride contamination of the water sources systematically, and the conclusions are as follows:
(1) A pesticide plant is the pollution source, so the ways of carbon tetrachloride into the Karst aquifer are mainly: waste water from the pesticide factory flowing directly into the Karst aquifer through the exposed limestone Karst or through the leakage into the soil at the bottom of drainage.
The field tracer tests show that the main transport channel of carbon tetrachloride is in the axis of a syncline basin. In the main migration channel, the contaminant transport speed can be up to 3027.8 m/h.
(2) The migration and pollution characteristics of carbon tetrachloride of the Karst groundwater source are as follows:
Carbon tetrachloride contamination plume in the plane is a "dumbbell" shape, and the focus of the distribution of pollution are in southern pollution source sub-region and northern artificial centeralized excretion sub-region, and the concentration of CT in the south is significantly higher than that in the north.
The developments of the carbon tetrachloride contamination plume are affected by pollution inputs, groundwater extraction, artificial flow field and other factors. Before 2004, the scope of carbon tetrachloride contaminated plume in wet period was greater than that in the normal river flow period and dry period, and the pollution became serious in wet period. Affected by a significant reduction in the amount of northern artificial centeralized extraction and reduction of hydraulic head difference (less than 10 m) between north and south area at the beginning of 2005, for the two heavily polluted poles, changes both the scope of carbon tetrachloride contaminated plume, and pollution levels, between wet and dry seasons, were little in the same year, and the pollution concentration showed a declining trend in the different years.
(3) The simulation study on the vertical penetration of CT in soils shows:
The content of organic matter in soil is an important factor that affects the permeability of CT in soil. The soil interlayer has a great influence on the vertical penetration of CT. The clay interlayer has resistance and arrearage influence on the transposition of CT and it can retard the vertical transposition of CT, which can cause the accumulation and increase of concentration of CT.
The eluviation results show that the content of soil organic matter is the main factor affecting the leaching of CT. The leaching of CT is poor in soils with high organic matter content, so it is more difficult to remove CT in this condition. Another important factor affecting the leaching of CT is soil particle size. The leaching of CT in sandy loam soil is better than that in sticky nature soil.
(4) The study on the volatilization and transfer of CT through the bedrock aquifers and soil shows:
Soil moisture content has great influence on the volatilization and transportation of CT in soil. When the soil organic matter content is lower (<3.02% in this research), moisture content plays a leading role in affecting the adsorption of CT. The greater the moisture content, the smaller the absorption capacity. Similarly, the moisture has a great blocking effect on the volatilization and transfer of CT in soil-gaseous phase. On the contrary, the volatilization and migration of CT in the soil-gaseous phase is affected little by the content of soil organic matter, and the soil moisture content still plays a leading role in this situation. The relation between concentration of CT in soil-gaseous phase and that in liquid storage bottle conform to the Henry's Law.
The migration of CT in the soil accorded with the first order reaction kinetics. The kinetic analysis shows that the dominant facor which affected the migration of CT in soil was also the moisture. The moisture had a blocking effect on the migration of CT.
The ventilation experiment shows that the soil organic matter content plays an important role in the residues of CT in the soil, and the higher the soil organic matter content, the more residual amount. Temperature significantly affects the volatilization of CT in the soil, when the temperature increases from 10℃to 20℃, the latter evaporation rate of CT is nearly three times of the former. The ventilation experiment can simulate the dynamic change of volatilization and residues of CT in unsaturated soil.
(5) We have studied the mechanism of contamination of CT in the soil through the indoor simulation experiment:
The waste water containing carbon tetrachloride in the ditch of the outfall is leaked; it is why the soil is contaminated near the ditch.
The overlying soil of contaminated groundwater is polluted by the volatilization and migration of CT from the groundwater. As the concentration of CT in groundwater near pesticide plant is on the high level (average 1336.5μg/L), the soil in this region is polluted by CT severely, and the concentration is up to 52.1μg/kg. Generally, the most polluted layer is below 2.5 meters deep.
(6) The main input source of CT in the basin is the leakage of pollutant in sewage ditch near the pesticide plant and the leakage or secret emissions of pesticide plant and so on. The main output pathway of CT in groundwater is volatilization transfer and artificial pumping excretion and so on. Actually, the input carbon tetrachloride by means of the leakage in the sewage ditch is little. The output item of CT is mainly by artificial pumping of water.
Input-output gap is large every year, it’s estimated that it was more than 5.0 t/a in 2001, 1.30 t/a in 2004 and 0.27 t/a in 2005. This gap is owing to the unorganized pesticide plant emissions or conscious secretly emissions.
The natural and artificial excretion and excretion rate of carbon tetrachloride are large in the Karst groundwater of the basin. So long as a large number of secret emissions do not occur, the contamination of carbon tetrachloride pollution will rapidly reduce in the Karst groundwater.
引文
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