无线传感器网络路由技术研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络由大量廉价的、低功耗的微型传感器节点通过自组织方式连接而成,能够实时监测、感知和采集覆盖区域内的各种环境信息,并进行处理后报告给感兴趣的用户,具有部署灵活、扩展方便、可靠性强、经济性好等特点,在军事国防、环境监测、抢险救灾以及商业应用等领域具有广阔的应用前景,受到学术界和工业界的高度重视。
路由协议负责将传感器节点采集的数据逐跳转发至汇聚节点,是无线传感器网络的关键技术之一,其性能至关重要。传感器节点依靠电池供电,计算、存储和通信能力都十分有限。资源的局限性给路由协议的设计带来了巨大挑战,许多成熟的路由技术不再适合于无线传感器网络,迫切需要根据其自身特点研究合适的路由协议。在对当前路由协议系统学习和总结的基础上,本文主要对无线传感器网络中分簇、QoS和多播三大基础而关键的路由技术进行了研究,主要贡献和创新如下：
1)一种非均匀密度的节点部署方案与分簇路由协议
由于传感器节点有着严格的能量限制,并且难以进行能量补充,如何合理利用网络能量是设计无线传感器网络路由协议所面临的首要问题。将传感器节点组织成簇的形式有利于降低节点的能耗和提高网络的可扩展性,许多能量高效的路由协议都是在簇结构的基础上进行设计的,例如LEACH、HEED、PEGASIS等,但分簇路由协议存在“热区”问题。当簇首以多跳通信的方式将数据传输至汇聚节点时,靠近汇聚节点的簇首由于需要转发大量来自外层簇首的数据而负载过重,容易过早地耗尽能量而失效,导致网络分割。本文提出了
一种非均匀密度的节点部署方案及相应的分簇路由协议(UDNDC),在数据转发量较大的区域部署更多的节点,以提供足够的能量供簇间转发时使用,并从理论上分析了不同网络区域最优的节点分布密度。仿真实验表明：UDNDC能很好地平衡节点的能耗,显著地延长网络寿命。
2)一种基于蚁群算法的无线传感器网络QoS路由协议
近年来,无线传感器网络中对时延敏感的应用越来越多,这些应用要求从网络得到的信息是连续的、实时的,服务质量成为系统设计者必须考虑的因素之一。QoS路由协议设计的目标是：寻找一条满足服务质量要求的从源节点至目的节点的最短路径,路径约束条件包括带宽、时延、抖动、丢包率等。研究表明网络中寻找一条满足两个或者两个以上约束条件的路径是NP完全问题；并且无线传感器网络具有链路带宽低、节点能量有限、处理能力差、拓扑变化频繁等许多特点,使得在复杂环境中提供QoS保证非常困难。蚁群算法在求解复杂优化问题方面存在一定的优势,它具有正反馈、分布式计算和贪婪的启发式搜索等特征,特别适合于解决无线传感器网络QoS路由问题。本文提出了一种基于蚁群算法的按需驱动的QoS路由协议(ACQR),采用前向蚂蚁寻找从源节点到汇聚节点的路径,采用后向蚂蚁对路径上的信息素进行更新。协议同时提供了三种路由服务功能,即音视频流服务、异常报警服务和普通信息服务；并根据每一类服务的特点,设计了相应的状态转移规则和信息素更新规则。仿真实验表明：该协议能确保所生成的路径满足QoS要求。
3)一种基于地理位置的无线传感器网络多播路由协议
无线传感器网络中存在大量点到多点的通信需求,在此情况下多播是一种有效的通信手段,能够最大限度地节省网络带宽、降低能量消耗。多播路由协议的核心是建立一棵费用最小的多播树,即Steiner树,它是一个NP完全问题。现有的启发式算法存在以下主要问题：(1)需要网络的全局信息,这在大型无线传感器网络中是不现实的；(2)计算的时间和空间复杂度大,难以在普通传感器节点上实现；(3)依靠预先建立的路径,通信开销大。本文提出了一种基于地理位置的无线传感器网络多播路由协议(GMRP),它采用面向连接和面向无连接相结合的方式进行数据传输,并用GG(Gabriel Graph)算法来解决“路由空洞”问题。其核心思想是：源节点发送探测包,探测包携带了所有的目的地址和数据,按记分牌算法选择路径,并在传输过程中在各中间节点建立多播路由表；后续数据包采用面向连接的方式,沿已建立的多播路径传输。该协议不需要预先建立路径,计算简单,通信开销小。仿真实验表明：GMRP在能量消耗、跳数和时延方面优于LGS和PBM。
本文得到国家自然科学基金项目(60672137、90304018)、教育部博士点基金项目(20060497015)、教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NCET-08-0806)、国家软件开发环境重点实验室开放课题(SKLSDE-2009KF-2-02)和武汉市重点科技攻关项目(20041001001)的资助。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a self-organizing network which is composed of a large number of low-cost, low-power tiny sensor nodes. These sensors can be used for monitoring, sensing, collecting the environment information in overlay area and transferring the processed data to users. WSN has many features including flexible deployment, good scalability, high reliability and low cost. It can be used in a wide range of potential applications, such as national security, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, and commerce applications, etc. Both academia and industry are very interested in it.
Routing protocol takes charge of per hop transmission of data from sensors nodes to sink, which is one of key technologies of WSN and has significant impact on the network performance. Sensor nodes are operated by battery power, and have very limited computation ability, limited memory and limited bandwidth, which bring a tremendous challenge to design of routing protocols. Most existent and mature routing technologies are not suitable for WSN, and special routing protocols need to be designed for WSN. Based on systematically summarizing current routing protocols, this dissertation focuses on three basic and key routing technologies in WSN, namely, clustering routing, QoS routing and multicast routing. The major contributions of this dissertation are as below:
1) Unequal Density-based Node Deployment and Clustering Routing Protocol
Sensor nodes have limited and irreplaceable battery power, so how to efficiently use network energy is a question of the first importance for routing protocols in WSN. Clustering techniques can reduce energy consumption of nodes and increase the scalability of the network. Therefore, many efficient energy-aware clustering routing protocols are proposed, for example, LEACH, HEED, PEGASIS, and so on. However, there is the problem of the hot spots in the clustering protocols. When cluster heads corporately forward the data packet to sink with multi-hop communication, the cluster heads close to sink tend to die earlier because of heavy relay load from outer cluster heads, which results in the network being partitioned. The dissertation presents unequal density-based node deployment and clustering routing protocol (UDNDC). More nodes are deployed in regions with heavier relay load to provide enough energy for the inter-cluster data forwarding. The dissertation also analyzes the optimal node deployment density in different regions in theory. Simulation results show that UDNDC can effectively balance the energy depletion among network nodes and obviously prolong the network lifetime.
2) QoS Routing Protocol based on Ant Colony Algorithm for WSN
Recently, more and more applications in WSN are delay-sensitive, which need to get a continuous and real-time traffic from network, so QoS has to be considered. The objective of QoS routing protocols is to find the shortest path from source node to destination node, which satisfies QoS requirements including bandwidth, delay, jitter, packet loss rate, etc. Researches show that it is NP-hard problem to find a path satisfying two or more constraints. WSN has many characteristics, for example, low bandwidth, limited energy, poor processing capacity, frequent topology change, etc, which make it difficult to guarantee QoS in WSN. Ant colony algorithm has many advantages in solving complicated optimization problems. It has features including positive feedback, distributed computing and greedy heuristic search, which is very suitable for solving QoS routing in WSN. The dissertation presents an on-demand QoS routing protocol based on ant colony algorithm (ACQR), where forward ants are used to search a path from the source node to sink, and back ants are used to refresh the pheromone amount in the path. ACQR provides three routing services, namely, voice and video service, abnormal alarm service and ordinary information service. The dissertation designs proper state transition rule and pheromone updating rule for each service. Simulation results show that ACQR can ensure that the found path satisfies QoS requirements.
3) Geographic Multicast Routing Protocol for WSN
In WSN, there exist many point-to-multipoint applications where multicast is an effective communication mode. Multicast can conserve network bandwidth and reduce energy consumption. Its core is to generate a multicast tree with minimal cost, namely, Steiner tree, which is NP-hard problem. Current heuristic algorithms have main disadvantages:(1) They need overall information of network which can not be gotten in large WSN; (2) Time complexity and space complexity are large, which make it difficult to realize routing protocol in common sensor nodes; (3) Path must be generated before transferring data, thus routing protocol has heavy communication overhead. The dissertation presents a geographic multicast routing protocol for WSN (GMRP), which is a hybrid of connection-oriented service and connectionless-oriented service, and uses GG (Gabriel Graph) algorithm to solve routing-hole problem. Its core is as follows. The source node sends probe packet which brings all destination addresses and data, and chooses path by a scoreboard algorithm. During the transmission of data, all intermediate nodes build routing table of multicast, and successive data packets follow the generated path in connection-oriented mode. GMRP does not need to build path before transferring data and has advantages of simple calculation and little overhead. Simulation results show that GMRP outperforms LGS and PBM in energy consumption, hop count and delay.
This dissertation is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60672137、90304018), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No.20060497015), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No.NCET-08-0806), Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment (No.SKLSDE-2009KF-2-02) and Key Project of Wuhan City, China (No.2004001001).
路由协议负责将传感器节点采集的数据逐跳转发至汇聚节点,是无线传感器网络的关键技术之一,其性能至关重要。传感器节点依靠电池供电,计算、存储和通信能力都十分有限。资源的局限性给路由协议的设计带来了巨大挑战,许多成熟的路由技术不再适合于无线传感器网络,迫切需要根据其自身特点研究合适的路由协议。在对当前路由协议系统学习和总结的基础上,本文主要对无线传感器网络中分簇、QoS和多播三大基础而关键的路由技术进行了研究,主要贡献和创新如下：
1)一种非均匀密度的节点部署方案与分簇路由协议
由于传感器节点有着严格的能量限制,并且难以进行能量补充,如何合理利用网络能量是设计无线传感器网络路由协议所面临的首要问题。将传感器节点组织成簇的形式有利于降低节点的能耗和提高网络的可扩展性,许多能量高效的路由协议都是在簇结构的基础上进行设计的,例如LEACH、HEED、PEGASIS等,但分簇路由协议存在“热区”问题。当簇首以多跳通信的方式将数据传输至汇聚节点时,靠近汇聚节点的簇首由于需要转发大量来自外层簇首的数据而负载过重,容易过早地耗尽能量而失效,导致网络分割。本文提出了
一种非均匀密度的节点部署方案及相应的分簇路由协议(UDNDC),在数据转发量较大的区域部署更多的节点,以提供足够的能量供簇间转发时使用,并从理论上分析了不同网络区域最优的节点分布密度。仿真实验表明：UDNDC能很好地平衡节点的能耗,显著地延长网络寿命。
2)一种基于蚁群算法的无线传感器网络QoS路由协议
近年来,无线传感器网络中对时延敏感的应用越来越多,这些应用要求从网络得到的信息是连续的、实时的,服务质量成为系统设计者必须考虑的因素之一。QoS路由协议设计的目标是：寻找一条满足服务质量要求的从源节点至目的节点的最短路径,路径约束条件包括带宽、时延、抖动、丢包率等。研究表明网络中寻找一条满足两个或者两个以上约束条件的路径是NP完全问题；并且无线传感器网络具有链路带宽低、节点能量有限、处理能力差、拓扑变化频繁等许多特点,使得在复杂环境中提供QoS保证非常困难。蚁群算法在求解复杂优化问题方面存在一定的优势,它具有正反馈、分布式计算和贪婪的启发式搜索等特征,特别适合于解决无线传感器网络QoS路由问题。本文提出了一种基于蚁群算法的按需驱动的QoS路由协议(ACQR),采用前向蚂蚁寻找从源节点到汇聚节点的路径,采用后向蚂蚁对路径上的信息素进行更新。协议同时提供了三种路由服务功能,即音视频流服务、异常报警服务和普通信息服务；并根据每一类服务的特点,设计了相应的状态转移规则和信息素更新规则。仿真实验表明：该协议能确保所生成的路径满足QoS要求。
3)一种基于地理位置的无线传感器网络多播路由协议
无线传感器网络中存在大量点到多点的通信需求,在此情况下多播是一种有效的通信手段,能够最大限度地节省网络带宽、降低能量消耗。多播路由协议的核心是建立一棵费用最小的多播树,即Steiner树,它是一个NP完全问题。现有的启发式算法存在以下主要问题：(1)需要网络的全局信息,这在大型无线传感器网络中是不现实的；(2)计算的时间和空间复杂度大,难以在普通传感器节点上实现；(3)依靠预先建立的路径,通信开销大。本文提出了一种基于地理位置的无线传感器网络多播路由协议(GMRP),它采用面向连接和面向无连接相结合的方式进行数据传输,并用GG(Gabriel Graph)算法来解决“路由空洞”问题。其核心思想是：源节点发送探测包,探测包携带了所有的目的地址和数据,按记分牌算法选择路径,并在传输过程中在各中间节点建立多播路由表；后续数据包采用面向连接的方式,沿已建立的多播路径传输。该协议不需要预先建立路径,计算简单,通信开销小。仿真实验表明：GMRP在能量消耗、跳数和时延方面优于LGS和PBM。
本文得到国家自然科学基金项目(60672137、90304018)、教育部博士点基金项目(20060497015)、教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NCET-08-0806)、国家软件开发环境重点实验室开放课题(SKLSDE-2009KF-2-02)和武汉市重点科技攻关项目(20041001001)的资助。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a self-organizing network which is composed of a large number of low-cost, low-power tiny sensor nodes. These sensors can be used for monitoring, sensing, collecting the environment information in overlay area and transferring the processed data to users. WSN has many features including flexible deployment, good scalability, high reliability and low cost. It can be used in a wide range of potential applications, such as national security, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, and commerce applications, etc. Both academia and industry are very interested in it.
Routing protocol takes charge of per hop transmission of data from sensors nodes to sink, which is one of key technologies of WSN and has significant impact on the network performance. Sensor nodes are operated by battery power, and have very limited computation ability, limited memory and limited bandwidth, which bring a tremendous challenge to design of routing protocols. Most existent and mature routing technologies are not suitable for WSN, and special routing protocols need to be designed for WSN. Based on systematically summarizing current routing protocols, this dissertation focuses on three basic and key routing technologies in WSN, namely, clustering routing, QoS routing and multicast routing. The major contributions of this dissertation are as below:
1) Unequal Density-based Node Deployment and Clustering Routing Protocol
Sensor nodes have limited and irreplaceable battery power, so how to efficiently use network energy is a question of the first importance for routing protocols in WSN. Clustering techniques can reduce energy consumption of nodes and increase the scalability of the network. Therefore, many efficient energy-aware clustering routing protocols are proposed, for example, LEACH, HEED, PEGASIS, and so on. However, there is the problem of the hot spots in the clustering protocols. When cluster heads corporately forward the data packet to sink with multi-hop communication, the cluster heads close to sink tend to die earlier because of heavy relay load from outer cluster heads, which results in the network being partitioned. The dissertation presents unequal density-based node deployment and clustering routing protocol (UDNDC). More nodes are deployed in regions with heavier relay load to provide enough energy for the inter-cluster data forwarding. The dissertation also analyzes the optimal node deployment density in different regions in theory. Simulation results show that UDNDC can effectively balance the energy depletion among network nodes and obviously prolong the network lifetime.
2) QoS Routing Protocol based on Ant Colony Algorithm for WSN
Recently, more and more applications in WSN are delay-sensitive, which need to get a continuous and real-time traffic from network, so QoS has to be considered. The objective of QoS routing protocols is to find the shortest path from source node to destination node, which satisfies QoS requirements including bandwidth, delay, jitter, packet loss rate, etc. Researches show that it is NP-hard problem to find a path satisfying two or more constraints. WSN has many characteristics, for example, low bandwidth, limited energy, poor processing capacity, frequent topology change, etc, which make it difficult to guarantee QoS in WSN. Ant colony algorithm has many advantages in solving complicated optimization problems. It has features including positive feedback, distributed computing and greedy heuristic search, which is very suitable for solving QoS routing in WSN. The dissertation presents an on-demand QoS routing protocol based on ant colony algorithm (ACQR), where forward ants are used to search a path from the source node to sink, and back ants are used to refresh the pheromone amount in the path. ACQR provides three routing services, namely, voice and video service, abnormal alarm service and ordinary information service. The dissertation designs proper state transition rule and pheromone updating rule for each service. Simulation results show that ACQR can ensure that the found path satisfies QoS requirements.
3) Geographic Multicast Routing Protocol for WSN
In WSN, there exist many point-to-multipoint applications where multicast is an effective communication mode. Multicast can conserve network bandwidth and reduce energy consumption. Its core is to generate a multicast tree with minimal cost, namely, Steiner tree, which is NP-hard problem. Current heuristic algorithms have main disadvantages:(1) They need overall information of network which can not be gotten in large WSN; (2) Time complexity and space complexity are large, which make it difficult to realize routing protocol in common sensor nodes; (3) Path must be generated before transferring data, thus routing protocol has heavy communication overhead. The dissertation presents a geographic multicast routing protocol for WSN (GMRP), which is a hybrid of connection-oriented service and connectionless-oriented service, and uses GG (Gabriel Graph) algorithm to solve routing-hole problem. Its core is as follows. The source node sends probe packet which brings all destination addresses and data, and chooses path by a scoreboard algorithm. During the transmission of data, all intermediate nodes build routing table of multicast, and successive data packets follow the generated path in connection-oriented mode. GMRP does not need to build path before transferring data and has advantages of simple calculation and little overhead. Simulation results show that GMRP outperforms LGS and PBM in energy consumption, hop count and delay.
This dissertation is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60672137、90304018), Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No.20060497015), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No.NCET-08-0806), Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment (No.SKLSDE-2009KF-2-02) and Key Project of Wuhan City, China (No.2004001001).
引文
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