北祁连造山带晚加里东—早海西期造山过程的沉积响应
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摘要
造山带和沉积盆地是地球表面最基本的两类构造单元。造山带沉积地质学是把这两个构造单元有机相连的学科,它以现代地质学理论为指导,融造山带区域地层学、沉积学、大地构造学、地球化学及地球物理学为一体,探讨造山带沉积盆地形成和展布、物质构成、演化过程,重塑造山带古地理、古海洋、古构造及岩石圈动力学过程。造山带同造山过程的沉积响应即盆—山相互作用研究是造山带沉积地质学的重要内容,是当今沉积地质学的一个重要领域。同造山盆地的物源供给及其垂向变化研究是重塑盆地演化及其相邻造山带造山过程的重要方法。
北祁连加里东造山带位于青藏高原东北缘。其构造演化是在新元古代Rodinia联合大陆裂解的基础上,经由寒武纪早期华北板块南缘裂谷盆地、寒武纪后期—奥陶纪初期成熟洋盆、奥陶纪中晚期北祁连活动大陆边缘、志留纪一早中泥盆世碰撞造山而形成的。然而对于该造山带的造山过程与同造山盆地性质争议颇多,对造山过程与同造山盆地转换的详细细节尚欠深入。本文以北祁连-走廊带奥陶纪-泥盆纪同造山盆地内的陆源碎屑岩为研究对象,在详实的野外调查基础上,采用碎屑岩碎屑组分分析、沉积地球化学和碎屑锆石年代学方法,对奥陶纪-泥盆纪碎屑岩物源进行了深入的研究,结合区域构造演化,讨论了北祁连加里东造山带造山过程中几个关键性的科学问题。
中晚奥陶世天祝组碎屑锆石定年结果显示：中晚奥陶世北祁连-走廊带盆地沉积物源岩时代横跨太古代-早古生代,峰值区间在2.5Ga、1.6Ga、1.0Ga和0.47Ga。与区域岩浆热事件对比结果表明：太古代-早元古代碎屑锆石主要来自于盆地北侧的华北板块,而晚元古代-新元古代碎屑锆石则主要来自盆地南侧的中祁连地块的变质基底,早古生代碎屑锆石年龄一致于北祁连洋俯冲消减产生的北祁连岛弧。从物源垂向变化来看,前寒武碎屑颗粒主要分布在中晚奥陶世地层的上部,而早古生代碎屑颗粒主要分布在地层的下部,且由下向上含量逐渐递减。结合天祝组及与天祝组层位相当的、主要分布在北祁连-走廊带东段的古浪组的岩性特征——欠磨圆、分选的砾岩,本文认为天祝组和古浪组是中祁连地块与华北板块初始碰撞的沉积记录。根据天祝组底部物源供应的变化及变化前后层位中最小岩浆锆石年龄,确定了初始碰撞的时间应在467-450Ma之间。
志留系碎屑岩碎屑组分分析显示：早志留世碎屑岩中石英含量自肃南-石灰沟-水泉依次增多,在各个剖面上,层位由下向上石英含量增高。从造山带走向上来看,岩屑含量由肃南-石灰沟-水泉逐渐降低,但其中变质岩岩屑由肃南-石灰沟-水泉依次增多,且水泉显著多于肃南和石灰沟的样品,但在水泉剖面上,变质岩岩屑由层位下部向上逐渐递减,而在肃南和石灰沟剖面上却逐渐增多。火山岩岩屑和沉积岩岩屑主要集中于肃南和石灰沟一带,水泉样品中极少。在肃南和石灰沟剖面上,火山岩岩屑由下部向上逐渐递减,而沉积岩岩屑却逐渐增多。长石碎屑含量东西部变化不大。
志留系地球化学显示：①主量元素除来自东部靖远一带的泥岩接近于澳大利亚后太古代页岩(PAAS)外,其余均低于PAAS,显示出低成熟度的特征。靖远样品根据岩性主量元素分异明显：泥质岩较砂岩具有更高的铁镁质含量,更多的钾长石和粘土矿物,但是砂岩比泥岩拥有更高的SiO2含量。西部肃南志留系样品的层位由下向上SiO2逐渐降低,铁镁质组分逐渐增加,钾长石和斜长石含量相当。所有志留系样品中CaO与P2O5不具有线性关系而与CO2具有显著的线性关系,表明志留系样品中CaO主要来自于碳酸盐矿物；②在上地壳标准化蛛网图中,肃南样品微量元素较PAAS(?)低,而靖远地区的样品微量元素表现出较强的分异特征,泥质岩微量元素普遍高于ⅠPAAS,砂岩微量元素低于PAAS。同时,所有样品均亏损Nb、Ta和Sr元素,且肃南样品以及靖远水泉砂岩样品也显示Rb的亏损,而泥岩样品的Rb元素接近于上地壳。肃南样品以及靖远水泉的泥岩均富集Ni、Cr元素,而靖远砂岩中则显示Ni、Cr元素的弱亏损；③稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分配型式均显示右倾型。肃南旱峡组样品与PAAS相当,而旱峡组下伏地层的稀土元素普遍低于PAAS,而在靖远的样品中,泥岩较PAAS的稀土元素高,而砂岩显著低于PAAS,同样表现出了与主量元素和微量元素相似的特征。所有样品均显示较强的Eu负异常。岩石地球化学研究表明：东西部志留系源岩均以长英质岩石和基性岩石混合为主,并伴有少量花岗岩物质的混入,然而东部沉积物源区经历了弱的化学风化,并有经历了沉积再循环物质加入。源岩大地构造背景判别及碎屑锆石年代学表明：西部肃南一带沉积物主要来自中祁连变质基底(1.6Ga、1.0Ga)、北祁连岛弧(0.45Ga)、俯冲杂岩(0.5-0.6Ga)和华北板块(2.5Ga)；而东部靖远一带沉积物主要来自中祁连变质基底(1.6Ga、1.0Ga)和华北板块(2.5Ga),没有来自北祁连岛弧(0.45Ga)的沉积物,结合中晚奥陶世沉积物中层位由下向上岛弧碎屑物质的逐渐减少,暗示了初始碰撞后,来自两侧陆块沉积物的大量涌入造成了北祁连岛弧被沉积物覆盖。
中下泥盆统老君山组砾岩是北祁连造山带早、中泥盆世强烈隆升阶段形成的陆相磨拉石沉积。老君山组的碎屑组成、沉积地球化学都明显反映造山带物源。其中地球化学特征表明,由西到东,来自肃南、民乐、古浪和靖远的41件砂岩的岩石地球化学特征显著不同：①主量元素显示,西部(肃南、民乐)样品MgO+Fe2O3T值和Al2O3/SiO2值高于东部,而东部样品K2O/Na2O比值高于西部；②在上地壳标准化分布图中,所有样品均亏损Nb、Ta元素。其中西部样品亏损Rb元素,而富集Sc、Co、Ni、V和Cr元素。而东部样品亏损Sr元素且不富集Sc、Co、Ni、V和Cr元素；③稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分配型式均显示右倾型,而LaN/YbN比值和Eu/Eu*值西部样品较低,而东部样品较高。岩石地球化学特征表明,老君山组源岩在东西两段上存在差异。西部肃南一带源岩主要为铁镁质岩石,而东段古浪、靖远一带源岩主要为长英质岩石,民乐一带源岩兼具上述两种岩石特征。根据砾石形态以及沉积地球化学,老君山组沉积物主要以未遭受沉积分选和再循环作用的近源堆积为主,且西部源岩未遭受化学风化而东部遭受了低-中等程度的化学风化。大地构造背景判别和碎屑锆石年代学表明,西部肃南一带沉积物可能主要来自于卷入造山带的北祁连岛弧,自民乐向东,沉积物既有来自北祁连岛弧(0.5-0.4Ga)和俯冲杂岩(0.5-0.6Ga)的物质也有来自中祁连变质基底(0.7-1.4Ga)和华北板块(2.5Ga)的物质。
上泥盆统沙流水组是加里东造山作用后伸展垮塌的沉积记录。位于造山带东部靖远沙流水的研究剖面中,石英含量较高,而长石、岩屑含量较低。所有样品均显示Nb、Ta、Sr元素的亏损,以及Eu的负异常。源岩经历了中等程度的化学风化作用,少量样品含有沉积分选及再循环的古老物质。岩石地球化学特征显示沙流水组源区岩石主要以长英质岩石和基性岩石的混合为主,并有少量来自花岗质岩石成份的贡献。源岩大地构造背景判别和碎屑锆石年代学研究证实,沉积物主要来自因造山作用被剥露出地表的北祁连岛弧(0.5-0.4Ga)、俯冲杂岩(0.5-0.6Ga)和卷入造山带的中祁连变质基底(1.6Ga, 1.0Ga)和华北板块(2.5Ga)的物质。
根据北祁连-走廊带东西部奥陶系-泥盆系物源供给及其垂向变化规律,可获得如下结论：
1、中晚奥陶世碎屑锆石年代学证明：中晚奥陶纪初期,北祁连-走廊带东部沉积物主要来自北祁连岛弧,没有来自两侧陆块(南部：中祁连地块,北部：华北板块)的物源。而到了中晚期,来自两侧陆块的沉积物大量涌入,并逐渐覆盖了北祁连岛弧,因而,在垂向上北祁连岛弧的物源在逐渐减少,而来自两侧陆块的沉积物逐渐增加。这种物源供应并结合野外砾石的分选和磨圆情况,推断天祝组(古浪组)沉积岩为中祁连地块与华北板块初始碰撞的沉积记录。
2、志留系沉积岩碎屑组分、地球化学和碎屑锆石年代学分析证明：盆地东部物源主要以来自遭受较西部强的化学风化和沉积再循环的中祁连变质基底和华北板块的物质为主,没有北祁连岛弧的沉积物；而西部物源主要以来自未遭受化学风化和沉积再循环的北祁连岛弧、中祁连变质基底和华北板块的物质为主。
3、泥盆系沉积岩碎屑组分、地球化学和碎屑锆石年代学分析证明：西部肃南一带早中泥盆统老君山组碎屑物质主要来自未遭受化学风化和沉积再循环的北祁连岛弧物质,缺乏大陆边缘物质。而东段既有来自北祁连岛弧的物质,也有来自中祁连地块和华北板块的物质,且沉积物源岩遭受了一定程度的化学风化。上泥盆统沙流水组沉积物继承了早期东部老君山组物源特征,主要以来自卷入造山带的北祁连岛弧、中祁连变质基底和华北板块的物质为主。
4、北祁连奥陶纪-泥盆系碎屑锆石年龄谱显示,碎屑锆石年龄谱中均具有显著的华南特征的8-10亿年左右的峰值年龄,显示了亲扬子型而不同于华北型的特征,因而从沉积学物源供应角度证实了祁连山带亲扬子板块的构造属性。
5、中祁连地块与华北板块之间的初始碰撞始于东段中晚奥陶世(467-450Ma),首先在东段武威一带发生的“点碰撞”,形成天祝组、古浪组碰撞砾岩和中上奥陶统之间的平行不整合或微角度不整合面——古浪运动。随后又于早志留世在西段肃南一带发生点碰撞,形成碰撞型鹿角沟组砾岩。因而北祁连晚加里东的造山过程不是过去认识的西早东晚,而是“东早西晚”的“斜向碰撞、不规则边缘碰撞”。
6、来自中下泥盆统老君山组碎屑岩的地球化学研究表明：北祁连造山带的隆升过程不是以往认为的“西强东弱”特点,而是由“东早西晚”的“斜向碰撞、不规则边缘碰撞”作用引起的“东强西弱”的不均一隆升特点,而这种隆升也导致了晚泥盆世造山带东部的伸展垮塌。
7、奥陶纪-泥盆纪北祁连-走廊带同造山盆地转换经历了弧后盆地(早、中奥陶世)-弧后残余洋盆(西段晚奥陶世)-前陆盆地(东段晚奥陶世-泥盆纪、西段志留纪—泥盆纪)的转换过程,由于“斜向碰撞、不规则边缘碰撞”作用的影响,在晚奥陶世-早志留世可能出现西部弧后残留洋盆与东部前陆盆地共存的构造格局。
Orogen and basin are the best basic structural types on the surface of Earth. The Orogenic Sedimentology is a subject that organically contact with them. With the modern geological theory, the Orogen Sedimentology employs the regional stratigraphy, sedimentology, tectonics, geochemistry, and geophysics to reveal the formation and distribution of basin, composition and evolvement, to reconstruct the paleogeography, the ancient ocean, the ancient structure and the lithosphere dynamics. Sedimentary response to orogenesis, also named to basin-range interaction, is an important content in the Orogenic Sedimentary and Sedimentary Geology. Provenance of synorogenic basin and its variation with the time are important ways and means by which to reconstruct the orogenesis and evolvement of basin.
The North Qilian Orogenic Belt (NQOB) is located in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. It succeeded the breakup of Rodinian Supercontinent, experiencing an evolution of rift in the early Cambrian and mature ocean in the late Cambrian-Ordovician, the active continent margin in the middle-late Ordovician, collision in Silurian-Devonian on the south margin of the North China Plate. The process of orogenesis and the attribute of synorogenic basin are still debated and the details of transfer of synorogenic basin is retain faintly. This paper studied the provenance of the terrigenous detrital rocks in Ordovician-Devonian by composition of fragment, sedimentary geochemistry and chronology of detrital zircon with the geological investigation in the field, which shed light on the several key scientific questions about tectonic evolution of orogen and synorogenic basin.
Detrital zircons from the middle-late Ordovician were dated and show a wide age range from Archean to the early Paleozoic with prominent peak at around 2.5 Ga,1.6 Ga,1.0 Ga, and 0.47Ga. Combined the regional magmatic events, Archean and the early Proterozoic detritus mainly derived from the North China Craton (NC) to the north, whereas the Central Qilian Block (CQ) to the south likely provided the late Proterozoic grains. The early Paleozoic ages are in consistent with the time of magmatic arc related to subduction of oceanic crust. Precambrian grains were restricted to the upper of section, with Paleozoic grains descending from bottom to upper of section, which reflect the initial collision between the CQ and NC. The two youngest zircons from the bottom of section suggest that the time of initial collision is located in the 467Ma-450Ma.
Composition of detrital rocks in Silurian shows quartz to ascend from Sunan to Shihuigou, to Shuiquan and from lower to upper in the section. Along the trending of orogen, rock fragments gradually descend from Sunan to Shihuigou, to Shuiquan, however, metamorphic rock fragments display a reverse variation. And metamorphic rock fragments in the Shuiquan area is evidently more than that in the Sunan and Shihuigou areas. In Shuiquan section, metamorphic rock fragments gradually descend from lower to upper, whereas those in the Sunan and Shihuigou sections ascend from lower to upper. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks fragments exist largely in the Sunan and Shuiquan areas and absent in the Shuiquan area. The volcanic rocks fragments gradually descend and the sedimentary rocks fragments ascend from lower to upper in Sunan and Shuiquan sections. In all studied sections, the content of feldspar in the eastern part of orogen is consistent with that in the western part of orogen.
Geochemical analyses for detrital rocks in Silurian show:①major elements in all samples usually lower than those of PAAS, indicating the low mature, except for mudstones in the Shuiquan area. Mudstones from Shuiquan area occupy the higher femic, k-feldspar and clay minerals contents, and lower SiO2 content, relative to those of sandstones. Samples from Sunan area show the descending SiO2 content and ascending femic composition from lower to upper of section, but the contents of K-feldspar and plagioclase are equivalent in the lower and upper of section. CaO2 contents of most samples linearly relative to CO2 contents of them, which suggest that CaO2 are contained mainly in the carbonate.②All samples from Sunan area and sandstones from Shuiquan area display the lower trace elements contents relative to PAAS in the Upper crust-normalized spider diagrams, whereas mudstones from Shuiquan area show the higher trace elements contents than those of PAAS. In the upper crust-normalized spider diagrams, all samples are depleted in Nb, Ta, and Sr elements. Samples from Sunan area and sandstones from Shuiquan are depleted in Rb, whereas mudstones from Shuiquan area are closed to the upper crust in Rb. The contents of Ni, Cr elements are enrichment with all samples from Sunan area and mudstones from Shuiquan area and are depleted with sandstones from Shuiquan area.③All of the samples display a right-inclined REE pattern after Chondrite-normalized. Rare earth elements (REE) of samples from the Hanxia Formation in Sunan area are similar to those of PAAS, with the lower contents of the Lujiaogou, Angzanggou, Qunnaogou Formation relative to PAAS. REE of samples from Shuiquan area show similar characters to maior elements and trace elements. REE of sandstones is lower than that of PAAS and REE of mudstones is higher than that of PAAS. All samples exhibit relatively strong negative Eu anomalies. These geochemical characteristics suggest the input of the felsic and mafic clast with minor granitic rocks into the eastern and wastern area. However, source of sediments in the eastern part underwent the weak chemical weathering and sedimentary recycle. Evidences combining tectonic discriminations and detrital zircon chronology suggest that sediments in the Sunan area were derived mainly from the metamorphic basement of CQ (1.6Ga,1.0Ga), the North Qilian Continental Arc (NQA) (0.45Ga), subducted complex (SC) (0.5-0.6Ga) and NC (2.5Ga), whereas sediments in Shuiquan area predominately came from the metamorphic basement of CQ and NC without the NQA. Combined the descending volcanic rocks fragments from lower to upper, alteration of provenance indicates that NQA was buried under the sediments from the two continents after the initial collision.
The Middle-Lower Devonian Laojunshan Formation is a suite of molasse formed during the rapid uplift of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt (NQOB).41 sandstones have be sampled from the Sunan and Minle sections in the western sector and the Gulang and Jingyuan sections in the eastern sector of the NQOB belt. Geochemical analyses of those samples indicated:①the MgO+Fe2O3T and Al2O3/SiO2 values are higher, and K20/Na2O ratios are lower in the western sector than those in the eastern sector.②All of them are depleted in Nb and Ta elements. The samples from the western sector are depleted in Rb element and enriched with Sc, Co, Ni, V, and Cr elements in the Upper Crust-normalized patterns. However, those from the eastern sector are depleted in Sr without enrichments of Sc, Co, Ni, V, and Cr.③All of the samples display a right-inclined REE pattern after Chondrite-normalized. But LaN/YbN and Eu/Eu* ratios of the samples from the western sector are lower than those of the samples from the eastern sector. These geochemical characteristics suggest the prominent input of mafic clast with minor granitic rocks into the Sunan area, felsic clast into the Gulang and Jingyuan area, both mafic and felsic clast into the Minle area. The angular shapes of gravels imply that these ill-sorted sediments were deposited near their sources without recycling. Geochemical features above also demonstrated that no major chemical weathering occurred for the western provenance, but deposits in the eastern sector resulted from low or middle degree chemical weathering. Evidences combining tectonic discriminations and detrital zircon chronology revealed that sediments in the Sunan area were derived mainly from NQA (0.5-0.4Ga) and SC (0.5-0.6Ga), while sediments in the Minle, Gulang, and Jingyuan areas were derived not only from NQA (0.5-0.4Ga) and SC (0.5-0.6Ga) but also from the basement of the metamorphic basement of CQ (1.6Ga、1.OGa) and NC (2.5Ga).
The Upper Devonian Shaliushui Formation had recorded the end of the orogeny. Samples from the studied section located in the Shaliushui, Jingyuan County, contain major quartz and minor fragments and feldspar. All samples are depleted in Nb, Ta, and Sr elements and negative Eu anomalies. Geochemical data show that source underwent the middle chemical weathering and sediments did not undergo sedimentary recycle. Sediments were derived mainly from the felsic and mafic rocks, with minor granitic rocks. The tectonic discriminations and detrital zircon chronology revealed that sediments in the Upper Devonian were derived from NQA (0.5-0.4Ga) exhumed, and the metamorphic basement of CQ (1.6Ga、1.0Ga), SC (0.5-0.6Ga) and NC(2.5Ga) engulfed into orogen.
Provenance and its alteration with the time can draw the following conclusion:
1. The Late Ordovician detrital zircon chronology suggest that sediments in the eastern part of NQOB maily derived from the North Qilian Arc, no from the continental block at the two side of basin. However, until the late of Late Ordovician, a large of sediments from the two continental block, the Central Qilian Block to the south and the North China Plate to the north, were filled in the basin and buried the North Qilian Arc, which resulted into the decreasing sediments from the North Qilian Arc and the increasing sedioments from the two continental block with the time going. Integrated the outcrop of the Lujiaogou Formation, the Tianzhu Formation should be as sedimentary record of the initial collision.
2. The composition, geochemistry and chronology of detrital rocks in Silurian show that provenance of eastern basin maily came from the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate and sediments underwent the chemical weathering and sedimentary recycle, whereas sediments without the chemical weathering and sedimentary recycle in the western basin mainly derived from the North Qilian Arc, the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate.
3. The composition, geochemistry and chronology of detrital rocks in Devonian show that sediments from the Laojunshan Fromation in the western basin mainly derived from the North Qilian Arc without the chemical weathering, with no sediments from the continental block, and sediments did not undergo the sedimentary recycle. However, sediments deposited in the eastern part of basin mainly came from the North Qilian Arc, the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate, with the chemical weathering and sedimentary recycle. Provenance of the Upper Dovonian Shaliushui Formation inherited that of the Laojunshan Formation in the eastern basin. Sediments mainly were supplied by the North Qilian Arc, the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate engulfed into the orogenic belt.
4. The detrital zircons with U-Pb ages of 8-10 Ga occur in the Ordovician-Devonian sediments, which indicated that the source of them, the Central Qilian block, similar to the Yangtze Plate and dissimilar to the North China Plate on the basis of sedimentology.
5. The initial collision between the Central Qilian block and North China Plate happened in the Middle-Late Ordovician (467-450 Ma) at the eastern part of orogen, Wuweu area. This event resulted in the collisional conglomerate (the Tianzhu and Gulang Formation) and the unconformity between the middle and late Ordovician, named the Gulang Movement. The sequent collision occurred at the Sunan area in the Early Silurian and formed the Lujiaogou Formation conglomerate. Thus collision between the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate show that the orogeny of NQOB was diachronous in the trending direction from east to west.
6. The provenance of the lower and middle Devonian Laojunshan Formation and the distributions of Silurian-Devonian jointly suggest that the orogeny of NQOB was diachronous in the trending direction and the eastern sector had stronger tectonic intensity compared to the western sector, which resulted into the Late Devonian collapse in the eastern part of orogen
7. The synorogenic basin in the North Qilian-Hexi Corridor belt had transferred from the Early-middle Ordovician retroarc basin to the Late Ordovician remnant retroarc basin, to Silurian-Devonian foreland basin and the remnant retroarc basin and foreland basin indeed coexisted in the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian.
北祁连加里东造山带位于青藏高原东北缘。其构造演化是在新元古代Rodinia联合大陆裂解的基础上,经由寒武纪早期华北板块南缘裂谷盆地、寒武纪后期—奥陶纪初期成熟洋盆、奥陶纪中晚期北祁连活动大陆边缘、志留纪一早中泥盆世碰撞造山而形成的。然而对于该造山带的造山过程与同造山盆地性质争议颇多,对造山过程与同造山盆地转换的详细细节尚欠深入。本文以北祁连-走廊带奥陶纪-泥盆纪同造山盆地内的陆源碎屑岩为研究对象,在详实的野外调查基础上,采用碎屑岩碎屑组分分析、沉积地球化学和碎屑锆石年代学方法,对奥陶纪-泥盆纪碎屑岩物源进行了深入的研究,结合区域构造演化,讨论了北祁连加里东造山带造山过程中几个关键性的科学问题。
中晚奥陶世天祝组碎屑锆石定年结果显示：中晚奥陶世北祁连-走廊带盆地沉积物源岩时代横跨太古代-早古生代,峰值区间在2.5Ga、1.6Ga、1.0Ga和0.47Ga。与区域岩浆热事件对比结果表明：太古代-早元古代碎屑锆石主要来自于盆地北侧的华北板块,而晚元古代-新元古代碎屑锆石则主要来自盆地南侧的中祁连地块的变质基底,早古生代碎屑锆石年龄一致于北祁连洋俯冲消减产生的北祁连岛弧。从物源垂向变化来看,前寒武碎屑颗粒主要分布在中晚奥陶世地层的上部,而早古生代碎屑颗粒主要分布在地层的下部,且由下向上含量逐渐递减。结合天祝组及与天祝组层位相当的、主要分布在北祁连-走廊带东段的古浪组的岩性特征——欠磨圆、分选的砾岩,本文认为天祝组和古浪组是中祁连地块与华北板块初始碰撞的沉积记录。根据天祝组底部物源供应的变化及变化前后层位中最小岩浆锆石年龄,确定了初始碰撞的时间应在467-450Ma之间。
志留系碎屑岩碎屑组分分析显示：早志留世碎屑岩中石英含量自肃南-石灰沟-水泉依次增多,在各个剖面上,层位由下向上石英含量增高。从造山带走向上来看,岩屑含量由肃南-石灰沟-水泉逐渐降低,但其中变质岩岩屑由肃南-石灰沟-水泉依次增多,且水泉显著多于肃南和石灰沟的样品,但在水泉剖面上,变质岩岩屑由层位下部向上逐渐递减,而在肃南和石灰沟剖面上却逐渐增多。火山岩岩屑和沉积岩岩屑主要集中于肃南和石灰沟一带,水泉样品中极少。在肃南和石灰沟剖面上,火山岩岩屑由下部向上逐渐递减,而沉积岩岩屑却逐渐增多。长石碎屑含量东西部变化不大。
志留系地球化学显示：①主量元素除来自东部靖远一带的泥岩接近于澳大利亚后太古代页岩(PAAS)外,其余均低于PAAS,显示出低成熟度的特征。靖远样品根据岩性主量元素分异明显：泥质岩较砂岩具有更高的铁镁质含量,更多的钾长石和粘土矿物,但是砂岩比泥岩拥有更高的SiO2含量。西部肃南志留系样品的层位由下向上SiO2逐渐降低,铁镁质组分逐渐增加,钾长石和斜长石含量相当。所有志留系样品中CaO与P2O5不具有线性关系而与CO2具有显著的线性关系,表明志留系样品中CaO主要来自于碳酸盐矿物；②在上地壳标准化蛛网图中,肃南样品微量元素较PAAS(?)低,而靖远地区的样品微量元素表现出较强的分异特征,泥质岩微量元素普遍高于ⅠPAAS,砂岩微量元素低于PAAS。同时,所有样品均亏损Nb、Ta和Sr元素,且肃南样品以及靖远水泉砂岩样品也显示Rb的亏损,而泥岩样品的Rb元素接近于上地壳。肃南样品以及靖远水泉的泥岩均富集Ni、Cr元素,而靖远砂岩中则显示Ni、Cr元素的弱亏损；③稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分配型式均显示右倾型。肃南旱峡组样品与PAAS相当,而旱峡组下伏地层的稀土元素普遍低于PAAS,而在靖远的样品中,泥岩较PAAS的稀土元素高,而砂岩显著低于PAAS,同样表现出了与主量元素和微量元素相似的特征。所有样品均显示较强的Eu负异常。岩石地球化学研究表明：东西部志留系源岩均以长英质岩石和基性岩石混合为主,并伴有少量花岗岩物质的混入,然而东部沉积物源区经历了弱的化学风化,并有经历了沉积再循环物质加入。源岩大地构造背景判别及碎屑锆石年代学表明：西部肃南一带沉积物主要来自中祁连变质基底(1.6Ga、1.0Ga)、北祁连岛弧(0.45Ga)、俯冲杂岩(0.5-0.6Ga)和华北板块(2.5Ga)；而东部靖远一带沉积物主要来自中祁连变质基底(1.6Ga、1.0Ga)和华北板块(2.5Ga),没有来自北祁连岛弧(0.45Ga)的沉积物,结合中晚奥陶世沉积物中层位由下向上岛弧碎屑物质的逐渐减少,暗示了初始碰撞后,来自两侧陆块沉积物的大量涌入造成了北祁连岛弧被沉积物覆盖。
中下泥盆统老君山组砾岩是北祁连造山带早、中泥盆世强烈隆升阶段形成的陆相磨拉石沉积。老君山组的碎屑组成、沉积地球化学都明显反映造山带物源。其中地球化学特征表明,由西到东,来自肃南、民乐、古浪和靖远的41件砂岩的岩石地球化学特征显著不同：①主量元素显示,西部(肃南、民乐)样品MgO+Fe2O3T值和Al2O3/SiO2值高于东部,而东部样品K2O/Na2O比值高于西部；②在上地壳标准化分布图中,所有样品均亏损Nb、Ta元素。其中西部样品亏损Rb元素,而富集Sc、Co、Ni、V和Cr元素。而东部样品亏损Sr元素且不富集Sc、Co、Ni、V和Cr元素；③稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分配型式均显示右倾型,而LaN/YbN比值和Eu/Eu*值西部样品较低,而东部样品较高。岩石地球化学特征表明,老君山组源岩在东西两段上存在差异。西部肃南一带源岩主要为铁镁质岩石,而东段古浪、靖远一带源岩主要为长英质岩石,民乐一带源岩兼具上述两种岩石特征。根据砾石形态以及沉积地球化学,老君山组沉积物主要以未遭受沉积分选和再循环作用的近源堆积为主,且西部源岩未遭受化学风化而东部遭受了低-中等程度的化学风化。大地构造背景判别和碎屑锆石年代学表明,西部肃南一带沉积物可能主要来自于卷入造山带的北祁连岛弧,自民乐向东,沉积物既有来自北祁连岛弧(0.5-0.4Ga)和俯冲杂岩(0.5-0.6Ga)的物质也有来自中祁连变质基底(0.7-1.4Ga)和华北板块(2.5Ga)的物质。
上泥盆统沙流水组是加里东造山作用后伸展垮塌的沉积记录。位于造山带东部靖远沙流水的研究剖面中,石英含量较高,而长石、岩屑含量较低。所有样品均显示Nb、Ta、Sr元素的亏损,以及Eu的负异常。源岩经历了中等程度的化学风化作用,少量样品含有沉积分选及再循环的古老物质。岩石地球化学特征显示沙流水组源区岩石主要以长英质岩石和基性岩石的混合为主,并有少量来自花岗质岩石成份的贡献。源岩大地构造背景判别和碎屑锆石年代学研究证实,沉积物主要来自因造山作用被剥露出地表的北祁连岛弧(0.5-0.4Ga)、俯冲杂岩(0.5-0.6Ga)和卷入造山带的中祁连变质基底(1.6Ga, 1.0Ga)和华北板块(2.5Ga)的物质。
根据北祁连-走廊带东西部奥陶系-泥盆系物源供给及其垂向变化规律,可获得如下结论：
1、中晚奥陶世碎屑锆石年代学证明：中晚奥陶纪初期,北祁连-走廊带东部沉积物主要来自北祁连岛弧,没有来自两侧陆块(南部：中祁连地块,北部：华北板块)的物源。而到了中晚期,来自两侧陆块的沉积物大量涌入,并逐渐覆盖了北祁连岛弧,因而,在垂向上北祁连岛弧的物源在逐渐减少,而来自两侧陆块的沉积物逐渐增加。这种物源供应并结合野外砾石的分选和磨圆情况,推断天祝组(古浪组)沉积岩为中祁连地块与华北板块初始碰撞的沉积记录。
2、志留系沉积岩碎屑组分、地球化学和碎屑锆石年代学分析证明：盆地东部物源主要以来自遭受较西部强的化学风化和沉积再循环的中祁连变质基底和华北板块的物质为主,没有北祁连岛弧的沉积物；而西部物源主要以来自未遭受化学风化和沉积再循环的北祁连岛弧、中祁连变质基底和华北板块的物质为主。
3、泥盆系沉积岩碎屑组分、地球化学和碎屑锆石年代学分析证明：西部肃南一带早中泥盆统老君山组碎屑物质主要来自未遭受化学风化和沉积再循环的北祁连岛弧物质,缺乏大陆边缘物质。而东段既有来自北祁连岛弧的物质,也有来自中祁连地块和华北板块的物质,且沉积物源岩遭受了一定程度的化学风化。上泥盆统沙流水组沉积物继承了早期东部老君山组物源特征,主要以来自卷入造山带的北祁连岛弧、中祁连变质基底和华北板块的物质为主。
4、北祁连奥陶纪-泥盆系碎屑锆石年龄谱显示,碎屑锆石年龄谱中均具有显著的华南特征的8-10亿年左右的峰值年龄,显示了亲扬子型而不同于华北型的特征,因而从沉积学物源供应角度证实了祁连山带亲扬子板块的构造属性。
5、中祁连地块与华北板块之间的初始碰撞始于东段中晚奥陶世(467-450Ma),首先在东段武威一带发生的“点碰撞”,形成天祝组、古浪组碰撞砾岩和中上奥陶统之间的平行不整合或微角度不整合面——古浪运动。随后又于早志留世在西段肃南一带发生点碰撞,形成碰撞型鹿角沟组砾岩。因而北祁连晚加里东的造山过程不是过去认识的西早东晚,而是“东早西晚”的“斜向碰撞、不规则边缘碰撞”。
6、来自中下泥盆统老君山组碎屑岩的地球化学研究表明：北祁连造山带的隆升过程不是以往认为的“西强东弱”特点,而是由“东早西晚”的“斜向碰撞、不规则边缘碰撞”作用引起的“东强西弱”的不均一隆升特点,而这种隆升也导致了晚泥盆世造山带东部的伸展垮塌。
7、奥陶纪-泥盆纪北祁连-走廊带同造山盆地转换经历了弧后盆地(早、中奥陶世)-弧后残余洋盆(西段晚奥陶世)-前陆盆地(东段晚奥陶世-泥盆纪、西段志留纪—泥盆纪)的转换过程,由于“斜向碰撞、不规则边缘碰撞”作用的影响,在晚奥陶世-早志留世可能出现西部弧后残留洋盆与东部前陆盆地共存的构造格局。
Orogen and basin are the best basic structural types on the surface of Earth. The Orogenic Sedimentology is a subject that organically contact with them. With the modern geological theory, the Orogen Sedimentology employs the regional stratigraphy, sedimentology, tectonics, geochemistry, and geophysics to reveal the formation and distribution of basin, composition and evolvement, to reconstruct the paleogeography, the ancient ocean, the ancient structure and the lithosphere dynamics. Sedimentary response to orogenesis, also named to basin-range interaction, is an important content in the Orogenic Sedimentary and Sedimentary Geology. Provenance of synorogenic basin and its variation with the time are important ways and means by which to reconstruct the orogenesis and evolvement of basin.
The North Qilian Orogenic Belt (NQOB) is located in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. It succeeded the breakup of Rodinian Supercontinent, experiencing an evolution of rift in the early Cambrian and mature ocean in the late Cambrian-Ordovician, the active continent margin in the middle-late Ordovician, collision in Silurian-Devonian on the south margin of the North China Plate. The process of orogenesis and the attribute of synorogenic basin are still debated and the details of transfer of synorogenic basin is retain faintly. This paper studied the provenance of the terrigenous detrital rocks in Ordovician-Devonian by composition of fragment, sedimentary geochemistry and chronology of detrital zircon with the geological investigation in the field, which shed light on the several key scientific questions about tectonic evolution of orogen and synorogenic basin.
Detrital zircons from the middle-late Ordovician were dated and show a wide age range from Archean to the early Paleozoic with prominent peak at around 2.5 Ga,1.6 Ga,1.0 Ga, and 0.47Ga. Combined the regional magmatic events, Archean and the early Proterozoic detritus mainly derived from the North China Craton (NC) to the north, whereas the Central Qilian Block (CQ) to the south likely provided the late Proterozoic grains. The early Paleozoic ages are in consistent with the time of magmatic arc related to subduction of oceanic crust. Precambrian grains were restricted to the upper of section, with Paleozoic grains descending from bottom to upper of section, which reflect the initial collision between the CQ and NC. The two youngest zircons from the bottom of section suggest that the time of initial collision is located in the 467Ma-450Ma.
Composition of detrital rocks in Silurian shows quartz to ascend from Sunan to Shihuigou, to Shuiquan and from lower to upper in the section. Along the trending of orogen, rock fragments gradually descend from Sunan to Shihuigou, to Shuiquan, however, metamorphic rock fragments display a reverse variation. And metamorphic rock fragments in the Shuiquan area is evidently more than that in the Sunan and Shihuigou areas. In Shuiquan section, metamorphic rock fragments gradually descend from lower to upper, whereas those in the Sunan and Shihuigou sections ascend from lower to upper. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks fragments exist largely in the Sunan and Shuiquan areas and absent in the Shuiquan area. The volcanic rocks fragments gradually descend and the sedimentary rocks fragments ascend from lower to upper in Sunan and Shuiquan sections. In all studied sections, the content of feldspar in the eastern part of orogen is consistent with that in the western part of orogen.
Geochemical analyses for detrital rocks in Silurian show:①major elements in all samples usually lower than those of PAAS, indicating the low mature, except for mudstones in the Shuiquan area. Mudstones from Shuiquan area occupy the higher femic, k-feldspar and clay minerals contents, and lower SiO2 content, relative to those of sandstones. Samples from Sunan area show the descending SiO2 content and ascending femic composition from lower to upper of section, but the contents of K-feldspar and plagioclase are equivalent in the lower and upper of section. CaO2 contents of most samples linearly relative to CO2 contents of them, which suggest that CaO2 are contained mainly in the carbonate.②All samples from Sunan area and sandstones from Shuiquan area display the lower trace elements contents relative to PAAS in the Upper crust-normalized spider diagrams, whereas mudstones from Shuiquan area show the higher trace elements contents than those of PAAS. In the upper crust-normalized spider diagrams, all samples are depleted in Nb, Ta, and Sr elements. Samples from Sunan area and sandstones from Shuiquan are depleted in Rb, whereas mudstones from Shuiquan area are closed to the upper crust in Rb. The contents of Ni, Cr elements are enrichment with all samples from Sunan area and mudstones from Shuiquan area and are depleted with sandstones from Shuiquan area.③All of the samples display a right-inclined REE pattern after Chondrite-normalized. Rare earth elements (REE) of samples from the Hanxia Formation in Sunan area are similar to those of PAAS, with the lower contents of the Lujiaogou, Angzanggou, Qunnaogou Formation relative to PAAS. REE of samples from Shuiquan area show similar characters to maior elements and trace elements. REE of sandstones is lower than that of PAAS and REE of mudstones is higher than that of PAAS. All samples exhibit relatively strong negative Eu anomalies. These geochemical characteristics suggest the input of the felsic and mafic clast with minor granitic rocks into the eastern and wastern area. However, source of sediments in the eastern part underwent the weak chemical weathering and sedimentary recycle. Evidences combining tectonic discriminations and detrital zircon chronology suggest that sediments in the Sunan area were derived mainly from the metamorphic basement of CQ (1.6Ga,1.0Ga), the North Qilian Continental Arc (NQA) (0.45Ga), subducted complex (SC) (0.5-0.6Ga) and NC (2.5Ga), whereas sediments in Shuiquan area predominately came from the metamorphic basement of CQ and NC without the NQA. Combined the descending volcanic rocks fragments from lower to upper, alteration of provenance indicates that NQA was buried under the sediments from the two continents after the initial collision.
The Middle-Lower Devonian Laojunshan Formation is a suite of molasse formed during the rapid uplift of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt (NQOB).41 sandstones have be sampled from the Sunan and Minle sections in the western sector and the Gulang and Jingyuan sections in the eastern sector of the NQOB belt. Geochemical analyses of those samples indicated:①the MgO+Fe2O3T and Al2O3/SiO2 values are higher, and K20/Na2O ratios are lower in the western sector than those in the eastern sector.②All of them are depleted in Nb and Ta elements. The samples from the western sector are depleted in Rb element and enriched with Sc, Co, Ni, V, and Cr elements in the Upper Crust-normalized patterns. However, those from the eastern sector are depleted in Sr without enrichments of Sc, Co, Ni, V, and Cr.③All of the samples display a right-inclined REE pattern after Chondrite-normalized. But LaN/YbN and Eu/Eu* ratios of the samples from the western sector are lower than those of the samples from the eastern sector. These geochemical characteristics suggest the prominent input of mafic clast with minor granitic rocks into the Sunan area, felsic clast into the Gulang and Jingyuan area, both mafic and felsic clast into the Minle area. The angular shapes of gravels imply that these ill-sorted sediments were deposited near their sources without recycling. Geochemical features above also demonstrated that no major chemical weathering occurred for the western provenance, but deposits in the eastern sector resulted from low or middle degree chemical weathering. Evidences combining tectonic discriminations and detrital zircon chronology revealed that sediments in the Sunan area were derived mainly from NQA (0.5-0.4Ga) and SC (0.5-0.6Ga), while sediments in the Minle, Gulang, and Jingyuan areas were derived not only from NQA (0.5-0.4Ga) and SC (0.5-0.6Ga) but also from the basement of the metamorphic basement of CQ (1.6Ga、1.OGa) and NC (2.5Ga).
The Upper Devonian Shaliushui Formation had recorded the end of the orogeny. Samples from the studied section located in the Shaliushui, Jingyuan County, contain major quartz and minor fragments and feldspar. All samples are depleted in Nb, Ta, and Sr elements and negative Eu anomalies. Geochemical data show that source underwent the middle chemical weathering and sediments did not undergo sedimentary recycle. Sediments were derived mainly from the felsic and mafic rocks, with minor granitic rocks. The tectonic discriminations and detrital zircon chronology revealed that sediments in the Upper Devonian were derived from NQA (0.5-0.4Ga) exhumed, and the metamorphic basement of CQ (1.6Ga、1.0Ga), SC (0.5-0.6Ga) and NC(2.5Ga) engulfed into orogen.
Provenance and its alteration with the time can draw the following conclusion:
1. The Late Ordovician detrital zircon chronology suggest that sediments in the eastern part of NQOB maily derived from the North Qilian Arc, no from the continental block at the two side of basin. However, until the late of Late Ordovician, a large of sediments from the two continental block, the Central Qilian Block to the south and the North China Plate to the north, were filled in the basin and buried the North Qilian Arc, which resulted into the decreasing sediments from the North Qilian Arc and the increasing sedioments from the two continental block with the time going. Integrated the outcrop of the Lujiaogou Formation, the Tianzhu Formation should be as sedimentary record of the initial collision.
2. The composition, geochemistry and chronology of detrital rocks in Silurian show that provenance of eastern basin maily came from the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate and sediments underwent the chemical weathering and sedimentary recycle, whereas sediments without the chemical weathering and sedimentary recycle in the western basin mainly derived from the North Qilian Arc, the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate.
3. The composition, geochemistry and chronology of detrital rocks in Devonian show that sediments from the Laojunshan Fromation in the western basin mainly derived from the North Qilian Arc without the chemical weathering, with no sediments from the continental block, and sediments did not undergo the sedimentary recycle. However, sediments deposited in the eastern part of basin mainly came from the North Qilian Arc, the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate, with the chemical weathering and sedimentary recycle. Provenance of the Upper Dovonian Shaliushui Formation inherited that of the Laojunshan Formation in the eastern basin. Sediments mainly were supplied by the North Qilian Arc, the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate engulfed into the orogenic belt.
4. The detrital zircons with U-Pb ages of 8-10 Ga occur in the Ordovician-Devonian sediments, which indicated that the source of them, the Central Qilian block, similar to the Yangtze Plate and dissimilar to the North China Plate on the basis of sedimentology.
5. The initial collision between the Central Qilian block and North China Plate happened in the Middle-Late Ordovician (467-450 Ma) at the eastern part of orogen, Wuweu area. This event resulted in the collisional conglomerate (the Tianzhu and Gulang Formation) and the unconformity between the middle and late Ordovician, named the Gulang Movement. The sequent collision occurred at the Sunan area in the Early Silurian and formed the Lujiaogou Formation conglomerate. Thus collision between the Central Qilian Block and North China Plate show that the orogeny of NQOB was diachronous in the trending direction from east to west.
6. The provenance of the lower and middle Devonian Laojunshan Formation and the distributions of Silurian-Devonian jointly suggest that the orogeny of NQOB was diachronous in the trending direction and the eastern sector had stronger tectonic intensity compared to the western sector, which resulted into the Late Devonian collapse in the eastern part of orogen
7. The synorogenic basin in the North Qilian-Hexi Corridor belt had transferred from the Early-middle Ordovician retroarc basin to the Late Ordovician remnant retroarc basin, to Silurian-Devonian foreland basin and the remnant retroarc basin and foreland basin indeed coexisted in the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian.
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