近代英国表达自由思想的形成研究
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摘要
表达自由思想源于西方并形成于近代英国。百余年来,在西方政治哲学思潮中,这一思想及其相关理论被置于不同层面加以广泛的研究与批判；它不仅构成了当代西方学术界争论的焦点,而且在很大程度上也成为我国学术界近年越来越关心的问题。从某种程度上说,我国改革开放与现代化发展的过程,也是对西方近代以来的社会制度与实践进行反思和重新评价的过程,这一过程不可避免地会涉及对包括表达自由思想在内的西方自由、民主理论和实践进行更深入的分析与评价。只有对表达自由思想的形成和确立过程有所了解,对表达自由的根本属性有所把握,才能更科学地将表达自由的理论应用于可能的实践；同时更有效地防止在表达自由相关研究中的语境误置,从而避免危险地抗拒我们并没有充分认清的东西,反而得到某些我们根本不想要的东西。但是,从现有的研究成果来看,这方面的研究迄今还较为欠缺。
因此,本文选取表达自由思想的形成过程作为研究对象,借鉴发生学的方法以传播学的角度为切入,对英国近代表达自由思想的形成过程进行了梳理和分析,并在此过程中关注这一思想形成的内在动因。
研究主要关注两个层面的问题：其一,是表达自由思想在英国近代的形成和演变过程；其二,是英国近代表达自由思想形成的内在动因。围绕这两个层面的问题,本研究从传播学的角度将表达自由思想在近代英国的形成过程划分为三个阶段,全文具体展现为七部分。第一部分是对表达自由基本概念和理念基础的历史考察；第二和第三部分是对表达自由思想形成过程中的第一个阶段,即英国资产阶级革命时期的历史条件与文本话语的分别阐释；第四和第五部分是对表达自由思想形成过程中的第二个阶段,即启蒙运动时期的历史条件与话语实践的分别探讨；第六和第七部分是对表达自由思想形成过程中的第三个阶段,即宪章运动前夕的历史条件与思想的分别解析；在各个部分中都从历史事件和思想文本的双重维度,对这一思想形成的动因从宗教、政治、经济、法律、革命等不同角度进行了较深入的讨论。
本研究的创新之处在于：(1)本文研究表达自由思想在近代英国的形成过程,深入探讨了政治、经济、宗教、革命等因素与这一思想形成和内涵演进的相互关联,对表达自由观念的形成和演变在思想史方面的系统阐释,进行了大胆的尝试。(2)研究过程中自大英图书馆数据库、澳大利亚国家图书馆数据库、专题研究数据库和香港各大学的图书馆中收集了近200份一手文献,其中很多在国内该议题的研究中都是首次使用。(3)对表达自由思想形成过程中的某些重要文本进行了修正性的释读。(4)研究尝试将表达自由思想在近代的形成过程划分为三个阶段加以考察,一改此课题研究的系谱学一贯方法,运用发生学的研究方法,建构表达自由思想同其形成过程外在因素之间的逻辑关联,以弥补对这一时期表达自由学说的简单历史传承中存在某些断层和模糊不清之处。
通过对英国近代表达自由思想的历史考察,本文认为,表达自由思想的形成并非是一个从思想到思想,或从思想者到思想者的简单传承,而是承载着理想与现实、事实与价值的多重因素的复杂过程；而仅以作家作品为中心进行裁剪和演绎的做法,在很大程度上只能使我们对表达自由思想的解读流于简单。本文的分析表明,表达自由思想在近代英国的形成过程,也是争取出版自由的实践与出版控制的斗争与妥协的过程,是“新”与“旧”、“变革”与“保守”的话语博弈的过程；这种斗争和博弈无不基于社会转型时期的利益差异。表达自由思想的基本原则建立在古典道德观和哲学基础之上,它们对近代以后的表达自由观念形成的影响突出地表现为：关于自由与言论自由的传统被重新探讨并不断受到反思与质疑；国王“神圣权力”与个人“天赋人权”在表达权利上的相互渗透与冲突,促使表达自由不断朝向要求规范化的制度基础和保障的方向发展。本文认为,知识的生产和传播在很大程度上推动了近代英国社会主导结构完成了从传统到现代的自我嬗变；包括出版审查在内的制度安排,从制度的实践层面建构了“权力”与“知识”的关联；英国近代的出版业则以理性与权利为器开启了现代性的可能,同时为英国近代的知识谱系建构了一个建立在自在自为基础上的自由且自治的知识共同体。而作为表达自由思想推动力的事实与价值之间的紧张关系,也意味着理想的维系和社会规范的需要。通过对思想产生内在动因的思考,本文认为宗教宽容、版权法、议会公开、书商交易、以及反抗暴政的革命斗争和海外扩张等因素,为表达自由思想在近代英国的形成奠定了比同时期其他国家和地区更为充分的条件基础。
本研究旨在改变过去对表达自由思想片面化、简单化的理解,将表达自由思想放在近代英国社会主导结构的变革以及话语博弈的双重维度中加以考察,认为这一思想的形成过程从制度的层面建构了权力、知识、出版之间的关联,而推动其思想内涵转变的恰是基于社会转型期的利益差异。研究所做的工作某种程度上可谓拾遗补缺,亦是从传播学的角度为理解表达自由这一尤为重要且备受争议的思想和理论传统提供另一条路径。本文所做的对表达自由思想的反思和重新发现,对处于现代国家建构、市场秩序建构和个人认同建构同步进行的转型中的中国社会具有可能的启发意义。
The thoughts of freedom of expression was originated in western world and systemized in modern Britain. It has been discussed and criticized in various theoretical frames for hundreds of years, which has not only made up the points at issue but also constituted the heart of the matter for domestic studies in the related fields. To a certain extent, the modernization process of China's reformation and opening could also be considered as the process of rethinking and re-evaluation of the western social constitution and social practice since modern times. It may inevitably touch upon a more deep-going analysis and evaluation on democracy that closely concerns the thoughts of freedom of expression. This research suggests that only if with the sufficient understanding of the genetics and the essence of thoughts of freedom of expression, a scientific application that effectively prevents the research from context misplacement for the theory of freedom of expression may be possible. However, there are many deficient in the current researches.
Drawing on the methodology of genetic studies and cutting in from communication studies, this dissertation carded and analyzed the constructive procedures that the thoughts of freedom of expression in modern Britain been constructed, meanwhile further analyzed capital agents stimulated it.
This dissertation paid close attention to two facets of the matter:the first one is about the evolution of the thoughts of freedom of expression in modem Britain; the second one is about the inner motions that stimulated it. Centered on these facets, the dissertation is composed of 7 parts. Part 1 took a historical inspect on the fundamental conceptions of freedom of expression; part 2 to part 7 were the interpretations respectively on the historical terms and texts in the three phases in modern Britain from 17th century to the beginning of 19th century. The agents such as finance and Legality, politics and revolutions were analyzed and emphasized.
The innovative points laid in:①Some ignored documents were brought into study, thus to complement the forming and evolutionary process both for the key conceptions and the system of thoughts;②By integrating the historical and textual analysis, a number of revision was made on certain significant works, and the connotations of freedom of expression in that history were re-evaluated;③Along the path of historical philosophy, the procedure was divided into three phased in modern Britain, some key motivation factors were draw from the numerous and complicated historical environment, thus to provide a logic explanation evolving the external and internal factors for the formation of the thoughts.④Use the methodology of genetic studies for reference, the dissertation analyzed the deeper motivations for the thoughts of freedom of expression, by which further explained some fractures.
Based on the historical investigation, this dissertation regards the formation of the thoughts of freedom of expression as a complicated process bearing sophisticated matters of ideals and realities or facts and values, rather than a simple course carrying on from minds to minds or thinkers to thinkers.
The study suggests that the process that the thoughts of freedom of expression formed in modern Britain is also a process of struggle and compromise between the printing control and concrete practice; is a contextual game between "the old" and "the new", the reformation and the conservatism. The struggles and compromises both are attributed to the beneficial divergence of the certain social transformation. The fundamental principles for the freedom of expression were established on the classical philosophical morals, the impact of which on the thoughts of freedom of expression since modern times was highlighted as follows:the tradition of freedom and freedom of speech was retrospect and questioned from time to time; the sacred power of the king and the natural rights empowered to individuals mutual influenced by each other, as a result, the freedom of expression was initiated and led to the direction of a more normalized institutions for assurance.
It is concluded that the production and distribution of the knowledge greatly promoted the inner transmutation from convention to modern for the British social structure in modern times; the institutional arrangements including censorships constructed the coalition between "the power" and "the knowledge". By the application of "the reason" and "the rights", the British press institute in modern times opened a possible way leading to the modernity; meanwhile, it has established a free, autonomous community of knowledge for the modern British ancestry. The intense relations between the facts and the values that triggered the evolution of the thoughts of freedom of express indicate the demand for the maintenance of the ideals and social norms. By analyzing the motivations for the thoughts of freedom of expression, this dissertation suggested that the religious tolerance, the copyright law, the opening of the parliament, the book trade, and the struggles against tyranny, as well as the overseas expansion, have provided modern Britain a comparatively ample condition than other European nations in the freedom of expression.
What has been done by this dissertation could be regarded as spot priming, which introduced an optional way to the understanding of freedom of expression, the theme that has been concerned a lot and been filled with argumentations since modern times. As a possible extension of the retrospection and rethinking of the freedom of expression issues, evocations resting in the construction of modernity of the nations, order of the market and the identification of individuals may offer a certain degree of reference for China in transformation.
因此,本文选取表达自由思想的形成过程作为研究对象,借鉴发生学的方法以传播学的角度为切入,对英国近代表达自由思想的形成过程进行了梳理和分析,并在此过程中关注这一思想形成的内在动因。
研究主要关注两个层面的问题：其一,是表达自由思想在英国近代的形成和演变过程；其二,是英国近代表达自由思想形成的内在动因。围绕这两个层面的问题,本研究从传播学的角度将表达自由思想在近代英国的形成过程划分为三个阶段,全文具体展现为七部分。第一部分是对表达自由基本概念和理念基础的历史考察；第二和第三部分是对表达自由思想形成过程中的第一个阶段,即英国资产阶级革命时期的历史条件与文本话语的分别阐释；第四和第五部分是对表达自由思想形成过程中的第二个阶段,即启蒙运动时期的历史条件与话语实践的分别探讨；第六和第七部分是对表达自由思想形成过程中的第三个阶段,即宪章运动前夕的历史条件与思想的分别解析；在各个部分中都从历史事件和思想文本的双重维度,对这一思想形成的动因从宗教、政治、经济、法律、革命等不同角度进行了较深入的讨论。
本研究的创新之处在于：(1)本文研究表达自由思想在近代英国的形成过程,深入探讨了政治、经济、宗教、革命等因素与这一思想形成和内涵演进的相互关联,对表达自由观念的形成和演变在思想史方面的系统阐释,进行了大胆的尝试。(2)研究过程中自大英图书馆数据库、澳大利亚国家图书馆数据库、专题研究数据库和香港各大学的图书馆中收集了近200份一手文献,其中很多在国内该议题的研究中都是首次使用。(3)对表达自由思想形成过程中的某些重要文本进行了修正性的释读。(4)研究尝试将表达自由思想在近代的形成过程划分为三个阶段加以考察,一改此课题研究的系谱学一贯方法,运用发生学的研究方法,建构表达自由思想同其形成过程外在因素之间的逻辑关联,以弥补对这一时期表达自由学说的简单历史传承中存在某些断层和模糊不清之处。
通过对英国近代表达自由思想的历史考察,本文认为,表达自由思想的形成并非是一个从思想到思想,或从思想者到思想者的简单传承,而是承载着理想与现实、事实与价值的多重因素的复杂过程；而仅以作家作品为中心进行裁剪和演绎的做法,在很大程度上只能使我们对表达自由思想的解读流于简单。本文的分析表明,表达自由思想在近代英国的形成过程,也是争取出版自由的实践与出版控制的斗争与妥协的过程,是“新”与“旧”、“变革”与“保守”的话语博弈的过程；这种斗争和博弈无不基于社会转型时期的利益差异。表达自由思想的基本原则建立在古典道德观和哲学基础之上,它们对近代以后的表达自由观念形成的影响突出地表现为：关于自由与言论自由的传统被重新探讨并不断受到反思与质疑；国王“神圣权力”与个人“天赋人权”在表达权利上的相互渗透与冲突,促使表达自由不断朝向要求规范化的制度基础和保障的方向发展。本文认为,知识的生产和传播在很大程度上推动了近代英国社会主导结构完成了从传统到现代的自我嬗变；包括出版审查在内的制度安排,从制度的实践层面建构了“权力”与“知识”的关联；英国近代的出版业则以理性与权利为器开启了现代性的可能,同时为英国近代的知识谱系建构了一个建立在自在自为基础上的自由且自治的知识共同体。而作为表达自由思想推动力的事实与价值之间的紧张关系,也意味着理想的维系和社会规范的需要。通过对思想产生内在动因的思考,本文认为宗教宽容、版权法、议会公开、书商交易、以及反抗暴政的革命斗争和海外扩张等因素,为表达自由思想在近代英国的形成奠定了比同时期其他国家和地区更为充分的条件基础。
本研究旨在改变过去对表达自由思想片面化、简单化的理解,将表达自由思想放在近代英国社会主导结构的变革以及话语博弈的双重维度中加以考察,认为这一思想的形成过程从制度的层面建构了权力、知识、出版之间的关联,而推动其思想内涵转变的恰是基于社会转型期的利益差异。研究所做的工作某种程度上可谓拾遗补缺,亦是从传播学的角度为理解表达自由这一尤为重要且备受争议的思想和理论传统提供另一条路径。本文所做的对表达自由思想的反思和重新发现,对处于现代国家建构、市场秩序建构和个人认同建构同步进行的转型中的中国社会具有可能的启发意义。
The thoughts of freedom of expression was originated in western world and systemized in modern Britain. It has been discussed and criticized in various theoretical frames for hundreds of years, which has not only made up the points at issue but also constituted the heart of the matter for domestic studies in the related fields. To a certain extent, the modernization process of China's reformation and opening could also be considered as the process of rethinking and re-evaluation of the western social constitution and social practice since modern times. It may inevitably touch upon a more deep-going analysis and evaluation on democracy that closely concerns the thoughts of freedom of expression. This research suggests that only if with the sufficient understanding of the genetics and the essence of thoughts of freedom of expression, a scientific application that effectively prevents the research from context misplacement for the theory of freedom of expression may be possible. However, there are many deficient in the current researches.
Drawing on the methodology of genetic studies and cutting in from communication studies, this dissertation carded and analyzed the constructive procedures that the thoughts of freedom of expression in modern Britain been constructed, meanwhile further analyzed capital agents stimulated it.
This dissertation paid close attention to two facets of the matter:the first one is about the evolution of the thoughts of freedom of expression in modem Britain; the second one is about the inner motions that stimulated it. Centered on these facets, the dissertation is composed of 7 parts. Part 1 took a historical inspect on the fundamental conceptions of freedom of expression; part 2 to part 7 were the interpretations respectively on the historical terms and texts in the three phases in modern Britain from 17th century to the beginning of 19th century. The agents such as finance and Legality, politics and revolutions were analyzed and emphasized.
The innovative points laid in:①Some ignored documents were brought into study, thus to complement the forming and evolutionary process both for the key conceptions and the system of thoughts;②By integrating the historical and textual analysis, a number of revision was made on certain significant works, and the connotations of freedom of expression in that history were re-evaluated;③Along the path of historical philosophy, the procedure was divided into three phased in modern Britain, some key motivation factors were draw from the numerous and complicated historical environment, thus to provide a logic explanation evolving the external and internal factors for the formation of the thoughts.④Use the methodology of genetic studies for reference, the dissertation analyzed the deeper motivations for the thoughts of freedom of expression, by which further explained some fractures.
Based on the historical investigation, this dissertation regards the formation of the thoughts of freedom of expression as a complicated process bearing sophisticated matters of ideals and realities or facts and values, rather than a simple course carrying on from minds to minds or thinkers to thinkers.
The study suggests that the process that the thoughts of freedom of expression formed in modern Britain is also a process of struggle and compromise between the printing control and concrete practice; is a contextual game between "the old" and "the new", the reformation and the conservatism. The struggles and compromises both are attributed to the beneficial divergence of the certain social transformation. The fundamental principles for the freedom of expression were established on the classical philosophical morals, the impact of which on the thoughts of freedom of expression since modern times was highlighted as follows:the tradition of freedom and freedom of speech was retrospect and questioned from time to time; the sacred power of the king and the natural rights empowered to individuals mutual influenced by each other, as a result, the freedom of expression was initiated and led to the direction of a more normalized institutions for assurance.
It is concluded that the production and distribution of the knowledge greatly promoted the inner transmutation from convention to modern for the British social structure in modern times; the institutional arrangements including censorships constructed the coalition between "the power" and "the knowledge". By the application of "the reason" and "the rights", the British press institute in modern times opened a possible way leading to the modernity; meanwhile, it has established a free, autonomous community of knowledge for the modern British ancestry. The intense relations between the facts and the values that triggered the evolution of the thoughts of freedom of express indicate the demand for the maintenance of the ideals and social norms. By analyzing the motivations for the thoughts of freedom of expression, this dissertation suggested that the religious tolerance, the copyright law, the opening of the parliament, the book trade, and the struggles against tyranny, as well as the overseas expansion, have provided modern Britain a comparatively ample condition than other European nations in the freedom of expression.
What has been done by this dissertation could be regarded as spot priming, which introduced an optional way to the understanding of freedom of expression, the theme that has been concerned a lot and been filled with argumentations since modern times. As a possible extension of the retrospection and rethinking of the freedom of expression issues, evocations resting in the construction of modernity of the nations, order of the market and the identification of individuals may offer a certain degree of reference for China in transformation.
引文
1参见：马克斯·韦伯.韦伯作品集Ⅻ·新教伦理与资本主义精神[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2007.
10 Anthony Arblaster. Democracy. Milton Keynes. Open University Press.1987:11-12.
11昆汀·斯金纳.现代政治思想的基础(卷一)[M].奚瑞森、亚方/译.台北：左岸文化出版社.2004：22.
12参见：昆汀·斯金纳.现代政治思想的基础(卷一)[M].奚瑞森、亚方/译.台北：左岸文化出版社.2004：22-23.
13甄树青(2000).论表达自由[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社：86-107.
14约翰·洛克.政府论两篇[M].赵伯英/译.西安：陕西人民出版社.2004：142.
15 Lagueur, W. and B. Rubin (eds.). The Human Rights Reader(2nd. edt). NY:New American Library.1990:79-81.
16热拉尔·瓦尔特.罗伯斯庇尔[M].姜靖/译.北京：商务印书馆.1983：364.
17托克维尔.论美国的民主(上)[M].北京：商务印书馆.1988：289.
18托克维尔.论美国的民主(上)[M].北京：商务印书馆.1988：885.
19以赛亚·柏林并非最早提出“消极自由”概念的思想家。他继承了包括霍布斯、边沁等人的这一思想,并作了简练的概括,从而使这一概念得到了广泛的认同。斯金纳认为,在当代的英语哲学家中,对这个话题的 讨论已经获得了广泛的认同,即自由的概念实际上就是消极自由的概念。这一观点可参见：Quentin Skinner. The Idea of Negative Liberty:Philosophical and Historical Perspectives. In Richard Rorty, J B Scheneewind, Quentin Skinner (eds). Philosophy in History. Cambridge University Press.1984.
20施拉姆等.报刊的四种理论[M].北京：新华出版社.1980：110.
21哈贝马斯.公共领域的结构转型[M].曹卫东/等译.北京：学林出版社.1999.
22参见：许正林.2005.欧洲传播思想史[M].上海三联书店：308-309.
30唐纳德·M·吉尔摩等.美国大众传播法：判例评析(上)[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2002：7.
31参见：林子仪.言论自由与出版自由[M].台北：月旦出版社股份有限公司,1994：29-34.
32邱小平.表达自由—美国宪法第一修正案研究[M].北京大学出版社.2005.
33莫纪宏.表达自由的法律界限[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社.1998.
34王四新.网络空间的表达自由[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.2007.
35王锋.表达自由及其界限[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.2006.
37 Elizabeth Eisenstein. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press,1979.
38埃里克·方纳.美国自由的故事[M].王希/译.北京：商务印书馆.2002.
39 David A Copeland. The Idea of a Free Press—The Enlightenment and its Unruly Legacy. Illinois:Northwestern University Press.2006.
40 Thomas Emerson. The System of Freedom of Expression, New York:Randon House.1970.
41 D.L.Fraleigh and J.S.Tuman.1997.Freedom of Speech in the Marketplace of Idea. New York:St. Martin's Press.
42 Fredrick Seaton Siebert(1952).Freedom of the Press in England 1476-1776—the Rise and Decline of Government Control. Urbana, University of Illinois Press,1965.
43柯林伍德.历史的观念[M].何兆武、张文杰/译.商务印书馆,2007：12.
44 E.H.卡尔.历史是什么?[M].陈恒/译.商务印书馆,2008：89.
45转引自：E.H.卡尔.历史是什么?[M].陈恒/译.商务印书馆,2008：96.
46参见：美国罗文大学历史系教授、国际史学会史学理论与史学史委员会秘书长王晴佳.从历史思辨、历史认识到历史再现[DB/OL].国学网.2009-02-09.另,“思辨的历史哲学”与“分析的历史哲学”这两个术语的确定,归功于1951年沃尔什《历史哲学导论》的出版。
47参见：马克斯·韦伯.社会科学方法论[M].李秋玲/译.中国人民大学出版社.1999：76-83.
48参见：朱元发.韦伯思想概论[M].三联书店(香港)有限公司.1990：34-35.
49转引自：E H卡尔.历史是什么?[M].陈恒/译.商务印书馆,2008：60-61.
50路易斯·N·马格纳.生命科学史[M].武汉：华中工学院出版社：1985：39.
51亚·沃尔夫.十六、十七世纪科学、技术和哲学史(下)[M].北京：商务印书馆.1984：476-477.
52亚·沃尔夫.十六、十七世纪科学、技术和哲学史(上)[M].北京：商务印书馆.1984：241-242.
53耶日·托波尔斯基.历史学方法论[M].北京：华夏出版社.1990：98-99.
54耶日·托波尔斯基.历史学方法论[M].北京：华夏出版社.1990：99.
55张乃和.发生学方法与历史研究[A].史学集刊[J].2007(5)：43-50.
56 Wills, C. The Runaway Brain:The Evolution of Human Uniqueness. London:Flamingo,1993:3-11.
57参见：顾自安.制度发生学探源：制度是如何形成的?.当代经济管理[J].2006(4).
58皮亚杰.发生认识论原理[M].北京：商务印书馆.1996：17.
68 "Pray you use your freedom, And, so far as you please, allow me mine...". Philip Massinger. The Duke of Milan,
Ⅳ. 1623.
69参见《牛津英语大辞典》中对该两词的详细解释。The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.), Oxford:Clarendon Press.1989.
70 Hanna Fenichel Pitkin. Are Freedom and Liberty Twins? in Political Theory (Vol.16).1988:14.
71 Richard Lovelace. To Althea from Prison.1642.
72 Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme,& Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, ed. Richard Tuck, revised student edn, Cambridge.1996:149.
73 Sir Robert Filmer. Patriarcha and Other Writings. Ed. Johann P. Sommerville, NY:Cambridge University Press. 1991:275.
74见：Benjamin Constant. The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns in Political Writings. Ed. Biancamaria Fontana, Cambridge University Press.1988:309,316-17. Isaiah Berlin. Two Concepts of Liberty:An Inaugural Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958, Oxford University Press.1958:39-47.
95 Leonard Busher. Religious Peace; or, a Plea for Liberty of Conscience. In E B Underhill ed. Tracts on Liberty of Conscience and Persecution:1614-1661. London:J Haddon.1846:1-81.
96 Henry Robinson (1605?-1664?). John the Baptist, Forerunner of Christ Iesves, Necessity for Liberty of Conscience. London?:1644该小册子原版本存十大英博物馆；哥伦比亚大学编《文化史录》(Records of Civilization)丛书中,维廉·哈勒(William Haller)编《自由论丛》(Tracts on Liberty)收其印影本(Vol 3：107-78)。本文所用材料源自：台湾国立大学馆藏EEBO。
97 John Cotton. Controversie Concerning Liberty of Conscience. London:Thomas Banks.1646.
98 Thomas Edward. Casting down of the Last and Strongest hold of Satan; or, A Treatise against Toleration and Pretended Liberty of Conscience. London:T R & E M for George Calvert.1647.
99 John Goodwin. Liberty of Conscience,; or, Persecution for Religion Condemned. London:R. A:1649.
100 Samuel Rutherfor. Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience, London:Printed by R.I. for Andrew Crook.1649.
101 John Crook. Liberty of Conscience Asserted, and Several Reasons Rendered, why no outward force, nor imposition, ought to be used in matters of faith and religion; with several sayings, collected from the speeches and writings of King James and King Charles the first. London:Robert Wilson.1661.
102 Thomas Tomkins. Liberty of Conscience upon its True and Proper Grounds Asserted & Vindicated... London. 1668.
103 Sir Roger L'Estrange. Liberty of Conscience in its Order to Universal Peace, impartially stated, and proved to be the just, right, and genuine effect, of true natural, and Christian religion... London:T Parkhurst.1681.
104 John Tillotson. Toleration and Liberty of Conscience Considered, and proved impracticable, impossible, and, even in the opinion of Dissenters, sinful and unlawful. London:Thomas Dring.1685.
116参见：J. O. A. Larsen. Representative Government in Greek and Roman History. Berkeley:University of California Press,1955.
117如：Thomas Erskine. Essays on the formation and publication of opinions, and on other subjects. London:J. Green.1837. "Freedom of discussion":120-40.
118如：Anthony Collins. Discourse of the grounds and reasons of the Christian religion...to which is prefixed an apology for free debate and liberty of writing. London.1737. Archibald Bruce. Reflections on freedom of writing;
and the impropriety of attempting to suppress it by penal laws.... Edinburgh:W. Berry.1794.
119参见：Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd.2002:5.
120原文具体为："This is true liberty, when free-born men, Having to advise the public, may speak free, Which he who can, and will, deserves high praise; Who neither can, nor will, may hold his peace:What can be juster in a state than this? "--Euripid. Hicetid.
121原文为："Give me liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties."Milton. Areopagitica, with commentary by Sir Richard C Jebb and with supplementary material. Cambridge University press.1918:57.
122原文为："The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write and print with freedom..." French National Assembly. Declaration of the Rights of Man. August 26,1789.
123 William Bollan. Freedom of speech and writing upon public affairs. London:S. Baker.1766.该小册子有160页,以罗马法关于诽谤问题的历史观为切入视角,分析了对待“诽谤”的不同处理方式,并探讨了出版自由应如何合理使用的问题。
124 William Strahan. Thoughts of a Tory author concerning the press; with the opinion of the ancients and moderns about the freedom of speech and writing. London:A Baldwin.1712.
125此一表述较早可见于《圣经·新约》：10：228-9。
126 Klein, Dr. Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Volumes I and II. New York:Elsevier Publishing Company,1966.
127 Milton. Areopagitica, with commentary by Sir Richard C Jebb and with supplementary material. Cambridge University press.1918:42.
128该小册子中所使用的"liberty of the press"而非"liberty of unlicensed printing".见：Francis Hargrave, ed. Areopagitica:an essay on the liberty of the press; dedicated to the Rt. Hon Charles James Fox, the friend of truth and liberty. London:J Deighton.1791.
129包括：Thomas Erskine. Speeches of the Hon Thomas Erskine of subject connected with the liberty of the press and against constructive treason.3v. London.1810. Celebrated speech of the Hon. T. Erskine, in support of the liberty of the press. Edinburgh:J Buel.1793. Declaration of the Friends to the liberty of the press. London:J. Ridgway.1793. Thomas Barnard. Observations on the proceeding of the Friends of liberty of the press, etc. December 22,1792; and an answer to Mr. Erskine's speech of January 19,1793. London:J Evans.1793. Mr Erskine's speech, spoken at the meeting of the Friends to the freedom of the press, January 19,1793. London:J. Ridgway.1793. John Bowles. Short answer to the declaration of the persons calling themselves the Friends of the liberty of the press. London:J Downes.1793.
130 Jeremy Bentham. On the Liberty of the Press, and Public Discussion. London:W Hone.1821.
131 James Mill. Liberty of the Press.1811. Encyclopedia Britannica. London:J Innes.1825.
132 James Paterson. Liberty of the press, speech and public worship:being commentaries on the liberty of the subject and the laws of England. London and New York:the Macmillan co.1880.
133 Chapter 7:"Liberty of action and discussion", in Francis Charles Montague. Limits of individual liberty. London:Rivingtons.1885.
134 John Thewall. Natural and constitutional right of Britons to annual Parliaments, universal suffrage, and the freedom of popular association. London:Symond.1795.
135 George Harris, ed. The life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke:with selections from his correspondence, diaries, speeches, and judgements (Vol.1).3 Vols. London:E. Moxon,1847:430.
136参见：Cyndia Susan Clegg. Press Censorship in Jacobean England. Cambridge University Press.2001: 20-21,57-67.
143参见：Falconer Madan, A Chart of Oxford Printing "1468"—1900 (Oxford,1904):38-39; "Two Lost Causes", The Library,3rd Series, IX (1918):90. William Blades, The Biography and Typography of William Caxton (2nd ed). New York,1882:80-81. H.B. Lathrop, "The First English Printers and Their Patrons", Transactions of the Bibliographical Society,4th Series, Ⅲ:60-96,72-75.
144 Charles Stuart. Law That Led to Free Press Passed Just 500 Years Ago. Journalism Quarterly,1984 (61): 689-691.
145 E G Duff, Wynkyn de Worde and his Contemporaries. London:University of Chicago Press,1925. E J Worman, Alien Members of the Book Trade. London:Blades, East & Blades,1906.
146 Henry VIII, c.16 (1529), An Acte Ratifying a Decree Made in the Sterre Chambre, etc.
147参见：Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England:1476-1776. (1952). Urbana:University of Illinois Press.1965:2.
148 W S Holdsworth,A History of English Law. Boston:Little, Brown,1924:Ⅳ,190-217.
149 Robert Steele, Tudor and Stuart Proclamations,1485-1714. Oxford University Press,1910:Vol.Ⅰ, No.7.
150英国自1542年起,有了连续的档案记录。
151 W h Price, The English Patents of Monopoly (New York:Houghton Mifflin,1906):3,15-16.
152该书为Linacre的Progymnasmata,由书商John Rastell;负责出版。该版权页原文为："Empryntyd in London on ye Sowth syde of Poulys by John Rastell with ye privylege of our most suverayn lord kyng Henry the VIII grauntyd to the compyler theof that no man in thyshys realme sell none but such as the same compyler makyth pryntyd for ye space of Ⅱ yeare."转引自：A W Reed, "The Regulation of the Book Trade", Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, London,1916 s3-Ⅶ(25):18-43.
153参见钱乘旦、陈晓律：《在传统与变革之间—英国文化模式溯源》,浙江人民出版社,1991年：23.
154 Leonard W Levy. Emergence of a Free Press. New York:Oxford University Press,1985:8-9.
155参见：John Feather. "From Cnesorship to Copyright:Aspects of the Government's Role in the English Book Trade,1695-1775". in John Feather ed. Books and Society in History. New York,1990:176.
156参见：John Feather. Publishing, Piracy and Politics—An Historical Study of Copyright in Britain. Mansell Publishing Ltd.,1994:12.
157 Lyman Ray Patterson. Copyright in Historical Perspective. Vanderbilt University Press,1968:23.转引自：易建雄.技术发展与版权扩张[M].法律出版社,2009：11.
158 B M C.18. E.2 (113); Steele, op, cit., No.122.
159 First Patent for Bibles (Cromwell).1539.
160 Clyde Augustus Duniway. The Development of Freedom of the Press in Massachusetts. Harvard University Press.1906:4.
161 The Oxford University Press and the Spread of Learning,1478-1978. Oxford University Press,1978,31-32.
165参见：Cyprian Blagden. The Stationers' Company:A History,1403—1959. Harvard University Press,1960: 72.
166 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England,1476—1776. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1965:92-94.
167参见：Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England,1476-1776. Urbana:University of Illinois Press.1965:89-93.
168 Neil Sammells. "Writing and Censorship:An Introduction". In:Paul Hyland & Neil Sammels (eds.), Writing and Censorship in Britain. Routledge,1992:1.
169 Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd. 2002:87.
174起先是《通信员》(The Intelligencer),1666年后是《伦敦公报》(The London Gazette)。
17517世纪作家,在其作品The Popish Plot中，虚构了罗马教廷对刺杀查理二世的许可。参见：Pollock, John.The Popish Plot:A study in the history of the reign of Charles II. London:Duckworth and Co.1903:3.
176如：The True Protestant Mercury,1680-16862, and The Loyal Protestant,1681-1683
178 John P Sommervil.ed.King James Ⅵ and Ⅰ Political Writings.北京：中国政法大学出版社(影印版).2003：239.
179 John P Sommervil.ed.King James Ⅵ and Political Writings.北京：中国政法大学出版社(影印版).2003：20.
180转引自：Quentin Skinner. "States and the Freedom of Citizens". in States and Citizens. Cambridge University Press.2003:12.
181 John P Sommervil. ed. King James VI and Political Writings.北京：中国政法大学出版社(影印版).2003：75.
182参见：John P Sommervil. ed. King James VI and Political Writings.北京：中国政法大学出版社(影印版).2003：103-104.
183 1604年,詹姆士曾声称议会“从他及他的恩惠中获得一切特权”；1621年,他再次声称下院的特权“来自本土列祖列宗的恩典允诺”。参见：钱乘旦、陈晓律.英国文化模式溯源[M].上海社会科学院出版社.2003：41.
184参见：基左.1640年英国革命史[M].北京：商务印书馆.1986：24.
185参见：Herbert Palmer, etc. Scripture and Reason Pleaded for defensive Armes. London:John Ballemy and Ralph Smith,1643:3-5,9-10.
186转引自：Quentin Skinner. "States and the Freedom of Citizens". in States and Citizens. Cambridge University Press.2003:14.
187参见：董云虎等编.世界人权约法总揽[M].成都：四川人民出版社.1991：236-37.
190 Ian Gentles. "London Levellers in the English Revolution:the Chidleys and their circle". Journal of Ecclesiastical History (29).1978:281-309.
191参见：C B. Macpherson. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism. Oxford.1962.
192 Peter Laslett. "Market society and political theory". Historical Journal (7).1964:150-54.
193维诺格拉多夫.近代现代英国史学概论[M].何清新/译.北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,1961：5.
194 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England:1476-1776. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1965:191.
195蒋孟引.英国史[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988：348.
196 Joad Raymon. Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain. Cambridge University press,2003: 205.
197参见：Robert Anton, Vices Anotimies Scourged and Corrected in New Satirs.1617. sig. B1r.
198 OED(Oxford English Dictionary):vide 'pamphlet', noun 2.
199参见：Henry Holland,A Treatise Against Witchcraft.1590. sig. E3v.
200可参见：Edward Arber, ed., An Introductory Sketch to the Martin Marprelate Controversy 1588-1590.1879: 49-50. Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland,3.1903:160.
201参见：Nicholas K. Kiessling,'The Library of Anthony Wood from 1681 to 1999', Bodleian Library Record, (16).1999:470-91.
202 John Harrison, The Library of Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press,1978:32-33.
203 John Minsheu. "under 'pamphlet'". In Hegemon eis tas glossas.1617:345.以及Stephano Kinner. Etymologicon Lingue Anglicane.1617:sig. LII4v.见:Joad Raymon. Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain. Cambridge University press,2003:7.
204参见：Athenae Davies. A Critical History of Pamphlets, vol.1, section 2.1716:1.
205夏德·范迪尔门.欧洲的近代生活——宗教、巫术、启蒙运动[M].王亚平/译.北京：东方出版社.2005：19.
206王觉非.近代英国史[M].南京：南京大学出版社.1997：33-34.
207基佐.一六四零年英国革命史[M].北京：商务印书馆.1986：73-74.
208李磊.外国新闻史教程[M].北京：中国广播电视出版社.2001：82.
213参见：哈罗德·伊尼斯.传播的偏向[M].何道宽/译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：121.
214在谈及“小册子”时,这位作家曾说：“再没有价值的小册子之于聪明人,都比神圣的经文之于蠢人要好得多。”参见：Milton. Areopagitica, with commentary by Sir Richard C Jebb and with supplementary material. Cambridge University press.1918:24.
215 David A Copeland The Idea of A Free Press—The Enlightenment and its Unruly Legacy. Illinois: Northwestern University Press.2006:40.
225参见：R. C. Richardson and G. M. Ridden eds. Freedom and the English Revolution:Essays in History and Literature. Manchester University Press,1986:83-84.
226关于利伯尔的材料参见：Pauline Gregg. Free-Born John:Biography of John Lilburne. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.2000. 227 Thomas N. Corns. Uncloistered Virtue:English Political Literature,1640-1660. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1992:134-35.
228见：Samuel R. Gardiner. History of the Great Civil War,1642-1649. (Vol. Ⅲ).2006:383-394.
232 Joshua Buckley, Collin Cleary and Michael Moynihan. TYR:Myth—Culture—Tradition. Ultra Publishing, 2002.
233美国《独立宣言》(1776).载《美国指南》,2003年版.
234 参见： 英国历史学家Tony Benn 2001年5月在BBC上的演讲。http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/benn_levellers_01.shtml.
235掘地运动主要指十七世纪英国的平均地权者开挖耕种某些公有土地,以抗议私有财产制度的社会经济运动。
236参见：[苏]塔·巴甫洛娃.温斯坦莱传.沈红、张德浦译.商务印书馆,1992：译序.
237参见：G. E. Aylmer. "The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley". In J. F. McGregor and B. Reay eds. Radical Religion in the English Revolution. Oxford University Press,1986:91-119.
238 George Juretic. "Digger no Millenarian:The Revolutionizing of Gerrard Winstanley". Journal of the History of Ideas (36).1975:280.
239温斯坦莱G.温斯坦莱文选[C].北京：商务印书馆,1982：122.
240温斯坦莱G温斯坦莱文选[C].北京：商务印书馆,1982：110-202.
241温斯坦莱G温斯坦莱文选[C].北京：商务印书馆,1982：120.
242参见：李风鸣.空想社会主义思想史[M].上海人民出版社,1980：24,56.
243 George H. Sabine eds. The Works of Gerrard Winstanley. Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1941: 399-403.
244 J. C. Davies. Fear, Myth and History:The Ranters and the Historians. Cambridge University Press,1986:ii, 83.
245 John Carey. "Foreword" to Smith eds. Ranter Writings. London:Junction Books,1983:2.
246 John Carey. "Foreword" to Smith eds. Ranter Writings. London:Junction Books,1983:234.
247 Kate Peters. "Patterns of Quaker Authorship,1652-1656". in Prose Studies,1994 (17):9,17.
248 David Loewenstein. "The War of the Lamb:George Fox and the Apocalyptic Discourse of Revolutionary Quakerism". in Prose Studies,1994(17):25-41.
249 Elaine Hobby. "Handmaids of the Lord and Mothers in Israel:Early Vindications of Quaker Women's Prophecy". in Prose Studies,1994(17):88.
250转引自：Ann Hughes. "Early Quakerism:A Historian's Afterword". in Prose Studies,1994(17):145-46.
262参见：John Milton. Areopagitica. In Michael Davis ed. Areopagitica and Of Education. New York:Macmillan. 1963:50-51.
263参见：John Milton. Areopagitica. In Michael Davis ed. Areopagitica and Of Education. New York:Macmillan. 1963:46.
264参见：Stanley Fish. "Driving from the Letter:Truth and Indeterminacy in Milton's Areopagitica". In How Milton Works. Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2001:102.
265 Quentin Skinner, John Milton and the politics of slavery. in Quentin Skinner, Visions of Politics, vol.2, Renaissance Virtues. Cambridge University Press,2002:302.
266转引自：斯科特·戈登.控制国家：西方宪政的历史[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,2001：245.
267阿伯特·戴雪.英宪精义[M].商务印书馆,1935：284.
268戴维·米勒等.布莱克维尔政治学百科全书[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社.2002：513.
269希伯特认为,在弥尔顿的时代,弥尔顿的《论出版自由》不是唯一的呼吁出版自由的小册子,甚至不是这个话题中最著名的小册子。通过其研究,列举了其他类似的作品。具体可见：Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England:1476-1776. (1952). Urbana, University of Illinois Press.1965:196-201.
270参见：马凌.阐释与语境：弥尔顿影响[J].新闻大学,2007(4)：32-47.
271关于曾格案的小册子《纽约周报印刷商约翰·皮特·曾格案件的简要叙述》(A Brief Narrative of the Case and Tryal of John Peter Zenger, Printer of the New York Weekly Journal,1738)在伦敦出版,一年内重印了4至5次之多。
272 Leonard W. Levy. The Emergence of a Free Press. New York:Oxford University Press,1985:134-135.
273 "Where Liberty aboundeth, there confusion and disorder follow." Cabinet Council 25.107.
280 J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1140.
281见：J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1136.
282参见：J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1146.
283参见：J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1147.
284同上。
285 J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1140.
288 Hotman. FRANCO-GALLIA:or, an account of the Ancient Free State of France, and most other parts of Europe, before the loss of their liberties.该文最初在1574年以拉丁文写成,后被一位丹麦作家译成英文。
289参见：Evert Mordecai Clark eds. The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth, with Introduction, Notes and Glossary. New Heaven:Yale University Press,1915:64-65.
297彼得·赖尔、艾伦·威尔逊.启蒙运动百科全书[M].刘北成、王婉强/编译.上海人民出版社.2004：20.
298欧洲18世纪启蒙运动的两个中心是法国和苏格兰。当时的苏格兰涌现了一大批卓有见地的思想家,为启蒙思想的发扬和丰富做出了重要的贡献。
302参见：Roy Porter. Enlightenment:Britain and the Creation of the Modern World. London:Penguin,2001: 76-77,85,91,95,479.
303参见：John Brewer. The Pleasures of the Imagination:English Culture in the Eighteenth Century. New York: University of Chicago Press,1997:137,125,187,191-196.
304如：Sir Leslie Stephen.1876. History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (2 vols). New York and Burlingame:Harcourt, Brace & World Inc.1962. Elizabeth L. Eisenstein.1979. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. New York:Cambridge University Press,1993. Alexander Broadie eds. The Scottish Enlightenment: An Anthology. Edinburgh:Canongate Classics,1997. John Feather.1991. A History of British Publishing. London and New York:Routledge.2004. Leona Rostenberg and Madeleine B. Stern. From Revolution to Revolution. New Castle, Delaware:Oak Knoll Press,2002.等等。
305 Isser Woloch. Eighteenth-Century Europe:Tradition and Progress,1715-1789. New York:W. W. Norton & Co..1982:189-90.
306 Thomas Munck. The Enlightenment:A Comparative Social History,1721-1794. London:Arnold,2000:105.
307参见：Carla Hesse. "Books in Time". in Geoffrey Number eds. The Future of the Book. (1965). Berkeley: University of California Press,1996:21.
308参见：彼得·赖尔、艾伦·威尔逊.启蒙运动百科全书[M].刘北成、王婉强/编译.上海人民出版社.2004：14-15.
315参见：Richard B. Sher. The Enlightenment and the Book. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,2006:98-108.
316参见：Carla Hesse. "Print Culture in the Enlightenment". in Fitzpatrick et al. Enlightenment World. London, New York:Routledge,2001:366-80.
317具体原文可参见：History of Copyright:Statute of Anne,1710[DB/OL]. http://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html.
318 Ronan Deazley. On the Origin of the Right to Copy—Charting the Movement of Copyright Law in 18th Century Britain,1695—1775. Oxford:Hart Publishing,2004:46.
319如John Feather批评立法者对《安妮法》中的关键概念(如copies, Books, Right等)未作任何界定,引起无数纷争。具体可参见：John Feather. Publishing, Piracy and Politics—An Historical Study of Copyright in Britain. London:Mansell Publishing Ltd.,1994:64.
320根据彼得森等学者的研究,“版权”(copy right)这一术语最早出现在17世纪70年代的书商登记薄上。见：Patterson &. Lindberg. The Nature of Copyright. The University of Georgia Press,1991:22.
321 John Brewer. The Pleasure of the Imagination:English Culture in the Eighteenth Century. New York: University of Chicago Press,1997:158.
322 Geoffrey Turnovsky. "The Enlightenment Literary Market:Rousseau, Authorship, and the Book Trade". Eighteenth-Century Studies (36),2003:387-410.
323参见：Niel McKendrick, John Brewer and J.H. Plumb. The Birth of Consumer Society:The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1982.
332参见：Samuel Fleischacker. "The impact on America:Scottish philosophy and the American founding". In Alexander Broadie eds. Cambridge Companions to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press,2006: 317.
333 Thomas Jefferson. The Life and Selected Letters of Thomas Jefferson. eds. A. Koch and W. Peden. New York: Random House,1993:8.
334 Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution,2 vols. New York:Library of America,1993:ⅰ.1022.
335 Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution,2 vols. New York:Library of America,1993:ⅰ.1022.
336 Samuel Fleischacker. "The impact on America:Scottish philosophy and the American founding". In Alexander Broadie eds. Cambridge Companions to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press,2006:317-18.
337 Douglas L. Wilson. "Thomas Jefferson's Library and the Skipwith List". Harvard Library Bulletin (3), 1992-93:56-72.
338参见：James N. Green. "From Printer to Publisher". in Michael Hackenberg eds. Getting the Books Out: Papers of the Chicago Conference on the Book in 19th Century America. Washington DC:library of Congress, 1987:26-44.
339 James Raven. "The Export of Books to Colonial North America". Publishing History (42),1997:21-49.
340 James Raven. "Co modification and Value:Interactions in Book Traffic to North America, c.1750-1820". in Bill Bell, Philip Bennett, and Jonquil Bevan eds. Access Boundaries:The Book in Culture and Commerce. Winchester, UK, and New Castle:Oak Knoll Printing House,2000:103.
341如：Hugh Gaine. Catalogue of Books, Lately Imported from England, Ireland, and Scotland, and to Be Sold at His Book-Store and Printing-Office, at the Bible in Hanover-Square. New York:printed by Hugh Gaine,1792.以及Mathew Carey. No.158, Market-Street, Philadelphia, Has Imported from London, Dublin, and Glasgow, and Extensive Assortment of Books. Philadelphia:printed by Mathew Carey,1792.等。
342现代德国直到1871年才形成。在18世纪,现代德国的国土上分布着343个主权王国、公国、主教辖区、大主教辖区、自由市以及其他独立领地,它们松散地组成了哈布斯堡王朝统治的庞大、垂死的神圣罗马帝国。18世纪德意志的主要公国有：普鲁士、萨克森、巴伐利亚、莱茵巴拉丁、汉诺威。
344参见：Michel Malherbe. "The Impact on Europe". in Alexander Broadie eds. Cambridge Companions to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press,2006:300-301.
345上述四项条件由法国历史学家Daniel Mornet在Les Origines intellectuelles de la Revolution francaise: 1715-1787 (Paris:Armand Colin,1933)中提出。转引自：Daniel Roche. "Printing, Books and Revolution". in John Y. Cole eds. Publishing and Readership in Revolutionary France and America. London:Greenwood Press, 1993:1.
346 Carla Hesse. "The Dilemmas of Republican Publishing,1793-1799". in John Y. Cole eds. Publishing and Readership in Revolutionary France and America. London:Greenwood Press,1993:61.
347参见：Carla Hesse. "The Dilemmas of Republican Publishing,1793-1799". in John Y. Cole eds. Publishing and Readership in Revolutionary France and America. London:Greenwood Press,1993:66.
349 William Guthrie. A New Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar; and Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World. London:Charles Dilly,1792:Preface,
35018世纪出版业的繁荣在很多研究文献中都有描述,被称为‘'the print boom"、"the print explosion"或"print
capitalism"等等。参见：Roy Porter. Enlightenment:Britain and the Creation of the Modern World. London,2000: 91,85,479,76,77 ("print explosion"); 87,94 ("print boom"); 95 ("print capitalism").
351 John Brewer. Pleasures of the Imagination:English Culture in Eighteenth Century. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1997:chapter 3 and 4.
352参见：John Brewer. Pleasures of the Imagination:English Culture in Eighteenth Century. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1997:125-137,187-196.
353参见：Robert Darnton. The Business of Enlightenment:A Publishing History of the Encyclopedia,1775-1880. Cambridge and London,1979. Carla Hesse. "Print Culture in the Enlightenment". In Fitzpatrick et al., Enlightenment World,2001(4):366-80.
354 如:Tucoo-Chala的Charles-Joseph Panckouche; Selwyn的Everyday Life in the German Book Trade; Zachs的First John Murray; Birn的Forging Rousseau等等。
355彼得·赖尔、艾伦·威尔逊.启蒙运动百科全书[M].刘北成、王婉强/编译.上海人民出版社.2004：21.
357参见：Edward L Hart, ed. Minor Lives:A Collection of Biographies by John Nichols. Cambridge University Press,1971:184-90.
358 Richard Sher, Hugh Amory. "From Scotland to the Strand:The Genesis of Andrew Millar's Bookselling Career". In The Moving Market:Continuity and Change in the Book Trade, ed. Peter Isaac and Barry McKay. New Castle:Oak Knoll Press,2001:51-70.
359参见：Ian Maxted. The British Book Trades,1710-1777:An Index of Masters and Apprentices. (Exeter) UK: Published by the author,1983:1015.
360参见：Henry R Sefton. The Early Development of Moderatism in the Church of Scotland. PhD dissertation. Glasgow University,1962.
361 Kenrick to Wodrow,16 Aug.1808, Wodrow-Kenrick Correspondence, no.265.转引自：Richard B Sher. The Enlightenment and the Book—Scottish Authors &. Their Publishers in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Ireland,& America. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,2006:285.
362 Authenticus. "Anecdotes of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1791): 127-30.
363 Authenticus. "Anecdotes of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1791): 128.
364参见：Authenticus. "Anecdotes of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1791):129-30.
365参见：Richard Sher, Hugh Amory. "From Scotland to the Strand:The Genesis of Andrew Millar's Bookselling Career". In The Moving Market:Continuity and Change in the Book Trade, ed. Peter Isaac and Barry McKay. New Castle:Oak Knoll Press,2001:64-65.
366 James Anderson. "Second Anecdote of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1971):131-33.
367 James Anderson. "Second Anecdote of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1971):131.
368参见：James Anderson. "Second Anecdote of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1971):132-33.
369 Robert Darnton. "Two Paths through the Social History of Ideas." In Mason, Darnton Debate:282.
371参见：B. Kemp. The King and Commons:1660—1832. Macmillan Publishing House,1957:5.
37217世纪末期,英国出现了一党内阁,但这种内阁始终没有摆脱萌芽状态,根据相关研究,最重要的原因是缺少能够取代国王独自领导内阁的首相。参见：B. E. Carter. The Office of Prime Minister. London,1955:19.
373马克思.马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)[M].人民出版社,1995：667.
374指1713年与西班牙和法国之间签订的"Treaty of Utrecht",威尔克斯将其戏称为"[the] Peace of God, for it passeth all understanding".
375参见：Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd.1962:56-95.
376 Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London:William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:97.
377参见：Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:98.
378参见：Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd.2002:122.
379参见：George Nobbe. The North Briton:a Study in Political Propaganda. New York:Columbia University Press,1939.
380根据约翰·斯托在公元1598年出的《伦敦巡礼》中的记载,该城堡是关押最危险的敌人的国家监狱；是举行会议或签订协约的王宫；是当时全英国唯一的造币场所；是储藏武器的军械库；是珍藏王室饰品和珠宝的宝库,也是保存国王在威斯敏斯特法庭大量记录的档案馆。
381参见：Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England,1476—1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Controls. Urbana:the University of Illinois Press,1952:346-55.
382参见：埃里克·方纳.美国自由的故事[M].王希/译.商务印书馆,2002：28.
383朱迪斯·A·维嘉.“启蒙运动的差异,当今的认同”.载：昆廷·斯金纳、博·斯特拉思/主编.国家与公民：历史、理论、展望[C].彭利平/译.上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005：144.
384图片源自：Arthur H. Cash. John Wilkes:The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty. London:Yale University Press,2007:236.
385参见：Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:168-209.
386转引自：Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd.2002:133.
387 Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London:William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:259-60.
388参见：N. C. Phillips. "Edmund Burke and the County Movement 1779—1780", in English Historical Review (Ixxvi),1961.
389参见：Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:211-65.
390 Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd. 2002：137.
391图片源自：http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/summer03/wilkes.cfm
392根据这种观念,人民主权能够进行宪政改革。
393 John Feather. Publishing, Piracy and Politics—An Historical Study of Copyright in Britain. CA:Mansell Publishing Ltd.,1994:150.
394下文参见：詹姆斯·密尔.论出版自由[M].吴小坤/译.上海交通大学出版社,2008：译者序.
395让·诺埃尔·让纳西.西方媒介史[M].段慧敏/译.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2005：33.
396劳伦斯·克雷明.美国教育史：殖民地时期的历程[M].周玉军/等译.北京师范大学出版社,2003：339.
397劳伦斯·克雷明.美国教育史：殖民地时期的历程[M].周玉军/等译.北京师范大学出版社,2003：340.
398参见：Brian L Blakeley and Jacquelin Collins, eds. Documents in English History:Early Times to the Present. New York:Wiley Press,1975:189.
399转引自：乔万尼·萨托利.民主新论[M].冯克利、阎克文/译.上海人民出版社,2009：103.
400本段中引文内容参见：让·诺埃尔·让纳西.西方媒介史[M].段慧敏/译.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2005：42.
401托克维尔.旧制度与大革命[M].冯棠/译.商务印书馆,1997：80-81.
402参见：让·诺埃尔·让纳西.西方媒介史[M].段慧敏/译.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2005：40-41.
403黄仁宇.资本主义与二十一世纪[M].三联书店,1997：185.转引自：马凌.共和与自由：美国近代新闻史研究[M].复旦大学出版社,2007：154.
404 C. P. Hill. British Economic and Social History,1760—1982. London.1985:46-47.
405 G M. Trevelyan. English Social History. Longman Publishing House,1978:281.
406参见：I. Jennings. Party Politics,3 vols. Cambridge University Press,1961:136-38.
407 I. Jennings. Party Politics,3 vols. Cambridge University Press,1961:138.
408参见：弗雷德里克·巴比耶.书籍的历史[M].刘阳/等译.广西师范大学出版社,2005：297.
409 J. Raven, et al., ed., The Practice and representation of reading in England. Cambridge,1996.转引自：弗雷德里克·巴比耶.书籍的历史[M].刘阳/等译.广西师范大学出版社,2005：298.
413詹姆斯·卡瑞,珍·辛顿.英国新闻史[M].栾轶玫/译.清华大学出版社,2005：14.
414参见：吴小坤.“《论出版自由》的历史背景与当代发展”.詹姆斯·密尔/著.论出版自由[M].吴小坤/译.上海交通大学出版社,2008：107.
415参见：詹姆斯·卡瑞,珍·辛顿.英国新闻史[M].栾轶玫/译.清华大学出版社,2005：11.
416参见：R.C.甘米奇.宪章运动史[M].苏公隽/译.商务印书馆,2004：12-23.
417爱德华·罗伊尔.激进的政治,1790-1900[M].剑桥大学出版社,1971：26.
418参见：吴小坤.“《论出版自由》的历史背景与当代发展”.詹姆斯·密尔.论出版自由[M].吴小坤/译.上海交通大学出版社,2008：104-06.
419参见：R G甘米奇.宪章运动史[M].苏公隽/译.北京：商务印书馆,2004：19.
420马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,1995：695.
421参见：Leonard W. Levy. Emergence of a Free Press. New York:Oxford University Press,1985:9.
422参见：马凌.共和与自由：美国近代新闻史研究[M].复旦大学出版社,2007：161-62.
423 John Feather, ed., Books and Society in History. New York,1990:180.
426 The Libel Act.1792 (32 Geo.3 C.60). in Halsbury ed,. Statutes of England (19),3rd ed. Butterworths,1970:5-6.转引自：沈固朝.欧洲书报检查制度的兴衰[M].南京大学出版社,1999：114-15.关于争论的具体文本,可参见：Erskine, Thomas. Mr Erskine's speech, spoken at the meeting of the Friends to the freedom of the press, January 19, London, J. Ridgway,1793. Erskine, Thomas. Declaration of the Friends to the liberty of the press(2d ed). London:J. Ridgway,1793.
427詹姆斯·卡瑞,珍·辛顿.英国新闻史[M].栾轶玫/译.北京：清华大学出版社,2005：7.
428唐亚明、王凌洁.英国传媒体制[M].广州：南方日报出版社,2007：31.
429马克思.马克思恩格斯全集(第九卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,1995：667.
430约翰·洛克.政府论两篇[M].赵伯英/译.西安：陕西人民出版社,2004：131-32.
431约翰·洛克.政府论两篇[M].赵伯英/译.西安：陕西人民出版社,2004：5.
437比如,对“公意”的讨论,以及对《查士丁尼法典》的相关解释。
438转引自：Chandran Kukathas. Hayek and Modern Liberalism. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989:211.
439参见：哈耶克.自由秩序原理[M].邓正来/译.北京：三联书店,1997：178-206.
440 Jeremy Bentham. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Ed. By J H Burns and H L A Hart, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1996:12.
441如：葛塞特认为自由主义与民主是完全对立的,在含义上有相互冲突的趋势,并从二者对“公共权力”问题的不同回答进行了分辨。参Ortega Y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses, London:G Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1932:83.
442参见：Blackstone. Commentaries on law of England.2nd revised Ed. T. Cooley ed., Chicago:Callaghan & Co., Book IV.1872:151-52.
443如19世纪末著名的英国宪法学家戴雪就在《英宪精义》中表述了类似的观点。参见：Albert Venn Dicey. Introduction to the Study of the Constitution.8th ed. London:Macmillan,1915:152.
444后文参见：吴小坤.“詹姆斯·密尔传略”,詹姆斯·密尔.论出版自由[M].吴小坤／译.上海交通大学出版社,2008：91-93.
445 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart, ed., London:Oxford University Press,1970:21.
446牛京辉.英国功用主义伦理思想研究[M].北京：人民出版社,2002：45.
447乔治·霍兰·萨拜因.政治学说史(下)[M].北京：商务印书馆,1986：767.
448边沁.政府片论[M].沈叔平/译.北京：商务印书馆,1995：214.
449詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：117.
450 James Mill, An Essay on Government (hereafter Gov.) in Essays on Government, Jurisprudence, Liberty of the Press, Law of Nations. New York:Augustus M. Kelley,1976:5.
451詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：107.
455詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：105-106.
456黄伟合.英国近代自由主义研究-从洛克、边沁到密尔[M].北京大学出版社,2005：51.
457转引自：詹姆斯·斯蒂芬.自由·平等·博爱—一位法学家对约翰·密尔的批判[M].冯克利等/译.广西师范大学出版社,2007：80.
458参见：詹姆斯·密尔.论出版自由[M].吴小坤/译.上海交通大学出版社,2008,译序：21-24.
459詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：118-119.
460詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：118.
461詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：130.
465甄树青.论表达自由[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2000：214.
466詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：124-126.
467杰罗姆·巴伦、托马斯·迪恩斯.美国宪法概论[M].刘瑞祥/等译.北京：中国社会科学出版社,1995：187.
468 A. Meiklejohn, Political Freedom:The Constitutional Powers of the People (1965), from C. Edwin Barker, Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech, Oxford University Press,1989:26.
470参见：J. Allen Smith. The Growth and Decadence of Constitutional Government. New York:Holt,1930:280.
471 G Ferrero. The Principles of Power. New York:Putnam,1942:217.
472 Lord Acton. "The Hlstory of Freedom in Antiquity", in Essays on Freedom and Power. New York:Meridian Books,1955:56.
473 Bruce Ackerman. We the People:Foundations. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1991:10-15.
474 C. B. Macpherson. Democratic Theory:Essays in Retrieval. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1973:50.这一概念是麦 克弗森有关民主理论的核心概念,该著作中很多内容都是围绕这一概念展开的。
475托克维尔.旧制度与大革命[M].冯棠/译.商务印书馆,1997.
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1. 萨拜因：《政治学说史》,刘山/等译,北京：商务印书馆,1986年版
2. 欧内斯特·巴克：《英国政治思想史》,黄维新,胡待岗/等译,北京：商务印书馆,1987年版
3. 乔治·皮博迪·古奇：《十九世纪历史与历史学家》,耿淡如/译,北京：商务印书馆,1989年版
4. 邓正来主编：《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》(翻译版),北京：中国政法大学出版社,1996年版
5.列奥·施特劳斯、约瑟夫·克罗波希：《政治哲学史》,李天然/译,石家庄：河北人民出版社,1998年版
6.萨尔沃·马斯泰罗内：《欧洲民主史》,黄华光/译,北京：社会科学文献出版社,1999年版
7. 爱德蒙·柏克：《自由与传统》,蒋庆/等译,北京：商务印书馆,2001年版
8. 阿克顿：《自由史论》,胡传胜/译,南京：译林出版社,2001年版
9.迈克尔·埃默里、埃德温·埃默里：《美国新闻史》,展江/等译,北京：新华出版社,2001年版
10.斯科特·戈登：《控制国家—西方宪政的历史》,应奇/等译,南京：江苏人民出版社,2001年
11.埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆：《史学家—历史神话的终结者》,马俊亚郭英剑/译,上海人民出版社,2002年版
12.昆廷·斯金纳：《近代政治思想的基础》,奚瑞森亚方/译,北京：商务印书馆,2002年版
13.昆廷·斯金纳：《自由主义之前的自由》,李宏图/译,上海：三联书店,2003年版
14.埃里克·方纳：《美国自由的故事》,王希/译, 北京：商务印书馆,2002年版
15.伯林：《反潮流：观念史论文集》,冯克利/译,南京：译林出版社,2002年版
16.J·B·伯里：《思想自由史》,宋杜煌/译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2003年版
17.约翰·麦克里兰：《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋/译,海口：海南出版社,2003年版
18.苏珊·李·安德森：《密尔》,崔庆杰,陈慧颖/译,北京：中华书局,2003年版
19.圭多·德·拉吉罗：《欧洲自由主义史》,杨军/译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2003年版
20.弗里德里希·沃特金斯：《西方政治传统》,黄辉、杨健/译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2003年版
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22.彼得斯：《交流的无奈—传播思想史》,何道宽/／译,北京：华夏出版社,2003年版
23.罗素：《西方哲学史》,何兆武李约瑟/译,北京：商务印书馆,2004年版
24.《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》,寿纪瑜/译,北京：商务印书馆,2004年版
25.安东尼·阿巴拉斯特：《西方自由主义的兴衰》,曹海军/等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2004年版
26.G·希尔贝克和N·伊都：《西方哲学史》,童世骏/等译,上海译文出版社,2004年版
27.皮埃尔·莫内：《自由主义思想文化史》,曹海军/译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2004年版
28.詹姆斯·卡瑞,珍·辛顿：《英国新闻史》,栾轶玫/译,北京：清华大学出版社,2005年版
29.让·诺埃尔·让纳西：《西方媒介史》,段慧敏/译,桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2005年版
30.罗兰·斯特龙柏格：《西方现代思想史》,刘北成赵国新/译,北京：中央编译出版社,2005年版
31.A·S·麦格雷迪：《中世纪哲学》,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006年版
32.埃利·哈列维：《哲学激进主义的兴起—从苏格兰启蒙运动到功利主义》,曹海军／等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2006年版
33.理查德·塔纳斯：《西方思想史》, 吴象婴/等译,上海社会科学院出版社,2007年版
34.托克维尔：《旧制度与大革命》,冯棠/译,北京：商务印书馆,1996年版
35.鲍桑葵：《关于国家的哲学理论》,汪淑钧/译,北京：商务印书馆,1996年版
36.罗杰·埃内拉：《美国、法国与其他欧洲国家的新闻和出版自由》,载路易斯·亨金等编：《宪法与权利》,郑戈、赵晓力、强世功/等译,北京：三联书店,1996年版
37.安东尼·德·亚赛：《重申自由主义》,陈茅/等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1997年版
38.哈耶克：《通往奴役之路》，王明毅/等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1997年版
39.T·巴顿·卡特等：《大众传播法概要》,黄列/译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1997年版
40.斯蒂文·小约翰：《传播理论》,关世杰/等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1999年版
41.邦雅曼·贡斯当：《古代人的自由与现代人的自由》,阎克文、刘满/译,北京：商务印书馆,1999年版
42.J·C·亚历山大：《国家与市民社会》,北京：中央编译出版社,1999年版
43. [日]猪口孝,[英]爱德华·纽曼,[美]约翰·基恩编：《变动中的民主》,林猛/等译,长春：吉林人民出版社,1999年版
44.约翰·罗尔斯：《政治自由主义》,万俊人/译,南京：译林出版社,2000年版
45.约翰·罗尔斯：《作为公平的主义·序言》,姚大志/译,上海：三联书店,2000年版
46.戴维·米勒：《开放的思想与社会—波普思想精粹》,张之沧/译,南京：江苏人民出版社,2000年版
47.文森特·莫斯可：《传播政治经济学》,张金玺/等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2000年版
48.戴维·米勒：《社会正义原则》,应奇/译,南京：江苏人民出版社,2001年版
49.爱德蒙·柏克：《自由与传统》,蒋庆/等译,北京：商务印书馆,2001年版
50.昆廷·斯金纳：《消极自由观的哲学与历史透视》,载王琛等编：《消极自由有什么错》,北京：文化艺术出版社,2001年版
51.拉斯基：《思想的阐释》,张振成 王亦兵/译,贵阳：贵州人民出版社,2001年版
52.罗纳德·德沃金：《两种自由概念》,载王琛等编：《消极自由有什么错》,北京：文化艺术出版社,2001年版
53.约翰·格雷：《自由主义的两张面孔》,顾爱彬,李瑞华/译,南京：江苏人民出版社,2002年版
54.伯林：《浪漫主义革命—现代思想史的一个危机》,载王琛等编：《消极自由有什么错》,北京：文化艺术出版社,2001年版
55.罗纳德·德沃金：《认真对待权利》,信春鹰、吴玉章/译,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,2002年版
56.以赛亚·伯林：《自由论》,胡传胜/译,南京：译林出版社,2003年版
57.约翰·罗尔斯：《万民法》,张晓辉/译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2003年版
58.约翰·基恩：《媒体与民主》,刘士军/译,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2003年版
59.哈罗德·伊尼斯：《帝国与传播》,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003年版
60.哈罗德·伊尼斯：《传播的偏向》,何道宽/译,北京：中国人民出版社,2003年版
61.亚历山大·米克尔约翰：《表达自由的法律限度》,候建/译,贵阳：贵州人 民出版社,2003年
62.沙利·斯皮尔伯利：《媒体法》,周文/译,武汉大学出版社,2004年版
63.新闻委员会：《一个自由而负责的新闻界》,展江/等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004年版
64.托克维尔：《论美国的民主》,董果良/译,北京：商务印书馆,2004年版
65.鲁道夫·冯·耶林：《为权利而斗争》,胡宝海/译,北京：中国法制出版社,2004年版
66.威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》,刘莘/译,上海三联书店,2004年版
67.欧文·M·费斯：《言论自由的反讽》,刘擎、殷莹/译,北京：新星出版社,2005年版
68.尼古拉斯·菲利普和昆廷·斯金纳：《近代英国政治话语》,潘兴明/等译,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年版
69.凯瑞·帕罗内：《昆廷·斯金纳思想研究》,李宏图,胡传胜/译,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年版
70.詹姆斯·塔利：《语境中的洛克》,梅雪芹/等译,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005年版
71.曼弗雷德·布鲁恩：《传播政策》,易文/译,上海：复旦大学出版社,2005年版
72.詹姆斯·凯瑞：《作为文化的传播》,丁未/译,北京：华夏出版社,2005年版
73.彼得·伯克：《欧洲近代早期的大众文化》,杨豫/等译,上海人民出版社2005年版
74.唐·R·彭伯：《大众传播法》,张全玺/等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2005年版
75.约翰·麦考米克：《施米特对自由主义的批判》,北京：华夏出版社,2005年版
76.耶尔·塔密尔：《自由主义的民族主义》,上海：世纪出版社,2005年版
77.马克·里拉和罗纳德·德沃金和罗伯特·西尔维斯：《以赛亚·伯林的遗产》,刘擎,殷莹/译,北京：新星出版社,2006年版
78.伦纳德·霍布豪斯：《社会正义要素》,孔兆政/译,长春：吉林人民出版社,2006年版
79.威尔·金里卡：《自由主义、社群与文化》,应奇/等译,上海：译文出版社,2006年版
80.B·F·斯金纳：《超越自由与尊严》,陈维纲,王映桥/等译,贵阳：贵州人民出版社,2006年版
81.雅克·朗西埃：《政治的边缘》,姜宇辉/译,上海译文出版社,2007年版
82.G·A·柯亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》,李朝辉/译,北京：东方出版社,2008年版
83.道格拉斯·F·凯利：《自由的崛起：16—18世纪,加尔文主义和五个政府的形成》,王怡、李玉臻/译,南昌：江西人民出版社,2008年版
84.雅克·索雷：《18世纪美洲和欧洲的革命》,王艳红/译,长春：吉林出版集团责任有限公司,2008年版
85.詹姆斯·密尔：《论出版自由》,吴小坤/译,上海交通大学出版社,2008年版
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22.李良荣等：《当代西方新闻媒体》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2003年版
23.魏永征、张咏华：《西方传媒的法制、管理和自律》,中国人民大学出版社,2003年版
24.顾肃：《自由主义的基本理念》,北京：中央编译出版社,2003年版
25.应奇：《从自由主义到后自由主义》,北京：三联书店,2003年版
26.吴椿华：《西方政治思想史》,天津人民出版社,2005年版
27.宋林飞：《西方社会学理论》,南京大学出版社,2005年版
28.许正林：《欧洲传播思想史》,上海：三联书店,2005年版
29.马德普：《普遍主义的贫困—自由主义政治哲学批判》,北京：人民出版社,2005年版
30.苏国勋、刘小枫编：《社会理论的政治分化》,上海三联书店,华东师范大学出版社,2005年版
31.黄伟合：《英国近代自由主义研究—从洛克、边沁到密尔》,北京大学出版社,2005年版
32.金冠军、郑涵编：《国际传媒政策新视野》,上海：三联书店,2005年版
33.顾肃：《理想国之后》,江苏人民出版社,2006年版
34.曹海军编：《权利与功利之间》,南京：江苏人民出版社,2006年版
35.张凤阳等：《政治哲学关键词》,南京：江苏人民出版社,2006年版
36.刘训练编：《后伯林的自由观》,南京：江苏人民出版社,2007年版
37.浦薛凤：《西洋近代政治思潮》,北京大学出版社,2007年版
38.王伟连：《密尔政治思想研究》,哈尔滨：黑龙江大学出版社,2007年版
39.钱乘旦许洁明：《英国通史》,上海社会科学院出版社,2007年版
40.马凌：《共和与自由：美国近代新闻史研究》, 上海：复旦大学出版社,2007年版
41.夏勇：《人权概念的起源—权利的历史哲学》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007年版
42.郭方：《英国近代国家的形成—16世纪英国国家机构与职能的变革》,北京：商务印书馆,2007年版
43.易建雄：《技术发展与版权扩张》,北京：法律出版社,2009年版
10 Anthony Arblaster. Democracy. Milton Keynes. Open University Press.1987:11-12.
11昆汀·斯金纳.现代政治思想的基础(卷一)[M].奚瑞森、亚方/译.台北：左岸文化出版社.2004：22.
12参见：昆汀·斯金纳.现代政治思想的基础(卷一)[M].奚瑞森、亚方/译.台北：左岸文化出版社.2004：22-23.
13甄树青(2000).论表达自由[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社：86-107.
14约翰·洛克.政府论两篇[M].赵伯英/译.西安：陕西人民出版社.2004：142.
15 Lagueur, W. and B. Rubin (eds.). The Human Rights Reader(2nd. edt). NY:New American Library.1990:79-81.
16热拉尔·瓦尔特.罗伯斯庇尔[M].姜靖/译.北京：商务印书馆.1983：364.
17托克维尔.论美国的民主(上)[M].北京：商务印书馆.1988：289.
18托克维尔.论美国的民主(上)[M].北京：商务印书馆.1988：885.
19以赛亚·柏林并非最早提出“消极自由”概念的思想家。他继承了包括霍布斯、边沁等人的这一思想,并作了简练的概括,从而使这一概念得到了广泛的认同。斯金纳认为,在当代的英语哲学家中,对这个话题的 讨论已经获得了广泛的认同,即自由的概念实际上就是消极自由的概念。这一观点可参见：Quentin Skinner. The Idea of Negative Liberty:Philosophical and Historical Perspectives. In Richard Rorty, J B Scheneewind, Quentin Skinner (eds). Philosophy in History. Cambridge University Press.1984.
20施拉姆等.报刊的四种理论[M].北京：新华出版社.1980：110.
21哈贝马斯.公共领域的结构转型[M].曹卫东/等译.北京：学林出版社.1999.
22参见：许正林.2005.欧洲传播思想史[M].上海三联书店：308-309.
30唐纳德·M·吉尔摩等.美国大众传播法：判例评析(上)[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2002：7.
31参见：林子仪.言论自由与出版自由[M].台北：月旦出版社股份有限公司,1994：29-34.
32邱小平.表达自由—美国宪法第一修正案研究[M].北京大学出版社.2005.
33莫纪宏.表达自由的法律界限[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社.1998.
34王四新.网络空间的表达自由[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.2007.
35王锋.表达自由及其界限[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.2006.
37 Elizabeth Eisenstein. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press,1979.
38埃里克·方纳.美国自由的故事[M].王希/译.北京：商务印书馆.2002.
39 David A Copeland. The Idea of a Free Press—The Enlightenment and its Unruly Legacy. Illinois:Northwestern University Press.2006.
40 Thomas Emerson. The System of Freedom of Expression, New York:Randon House.1970.
41 D.L.Fraleigh and J.S.Tuman.1997.Freedom of Speech in the Marketplace of Idea. New York:St. Martin's Press.
42 Fredrick Seaton Siebert(1952).Freedom of the Press in England 1476-1776—the Rise and Decline of Government Control. Urbana, University of Illinois Press,1965.
43柯林伍德.历史的观念[M].何兆武、张文杰/译.商务印书馆,2007：12.
44 E.H.卡尔.历史是什么?[M].陈恒/译.商务印书馆,2008：89.
45转引自：E.H.卡尔.历史是什么?[M].陈恒/译.商务印书馆,2008：96.
46参见：美国罗文大学历史系教授、国际史学会史学理论与史学史委员会秘书长王晴佳.从历史思辨、历史认识到历史再现[DB/OL].国学网.2009-02-09.另,“思辨的历史哲学”与“分析的历史哲学”这两个术语的确定,归功于1951年沃尔什《历史哲学导论》的出版。
47参见：马克斯·韦伯.社会科学方法论[M].李秋玲/译.中国人民大学出版社.1999：76-83.
48参见：朱元发.韦伯思想概论[M].三联书店(香港)有限公司.1990：34-35.
49转引自：E H卡尔.历史是什么?[M].陈恒/译.商务印书馆,2008：60-61.
50路易斯·N·马格纳.生命科学史[M].武汉：华中工学院出版社：1985：39.
51亚·沃尔夫.十六、十七世纪科学、技术和哲学史(下)[M].北京：商务印书馆.1984：476-477.
52亚·沃尔夫.十六、十七世纪科学、技术和哲学史(上)[M].北京：商务印书馆.1984：241-242.
53耶日·托波尔斯基.历史学方法论[M].北京：华夏出版社.1990：98-99.
54耶日·托波尔斯基.历史学方法论[M].北京：华夏出版社.1990：99.
55张乃和.发生学方法与历史研究[A].史学集刊[J].2007(5)：43-50.
56 Wills, C. The Runaway Brain:The Evolution of Human Uniqueness. London:Flamingo,1993:3-11.
57参见：顾自安.制度发生学探源：制度是如何形成的?.当代经济管理[J].2006(4).
58皮亚杰.发生认识论原理[M].北京：商务印书馆.1996：17.
68 "Pray you use your freedom, And, so far as you please, allow me mine...". Philip Massinger. The Duke of Milan,
Ⅳ. 1623.
69参见《牛津英语大辞典》中对该两词的详细解释。The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.), Oxford:Clarendon Press.1989.
70 Hanna Fenichel Pitkin. Are Freedom and Liberty Twins? in Political Theory (Vol.16).1988:14.
71 Richard Lovelace. To Althea from Prison.1642.
72 Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme,& Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, ed. Richard Tuck, revised student edn, Cambridge.1996:149.
73 Sir Robert Filmer. Patriarcha and Other Writings. Ed. Johann P. Sommerville, NY:Cambridge University Press. 1991:275.
74见：Benjamin Constant. The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns in Political Writings. Ed. Biancamaria Fontana, Cambridge University Press.1988:309,316-17. Isaiah Berlin. Two Concepts of Liberty:An Inaugural Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958, Oxford University Press.1958:39-47.
95 Leonard Busher. Religious Peace; or, a Plea for Liberty of Conscience. In E B Underhill ed. Tracts on Liberty of Conscience and Persecution:1614-1661. London:J Haddon.1846:1-81.
96 Henry Robinson (1605?-1664?). John the Baptist, Forerunner of Christ Iesves, Necessity for Liberty of Conscience. London?:1644该小册子原版本存十大英博物馆；哥伦比亚大学编《文化史录》(Records of Civilization)丛书中,维廉·哈勒(William Haller)编《自由论丛》(Tracts on Liberty)收其印影本(Vol 3：107-78)。本文所用材料源自：台湾国立大学馆藏EEBO。
97 John Cotton. Controversie Concerning Liberty of Conscience. London:Thomas Banks.1646.
98 Thomas Edward. Casting down of the Last and Strongest hold of Satan; or, A Treatise against Toleration and Pretended Liberty of Conscience. London:T R & E M for George Calvert.1647.
99 John Goodwin. Liberty of Conscience,; or, Persecution for Religion Condemned. London:R. A:1649.
100 Samuel Rutherfor. Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience, London:Printed by R.I. for Andrew Crook.1649.
101 John Crook. Liberty of Conscience Asserted, and Several Reasons Rendered, why no outward force, nor imposition, ought to be used in matters of faith and religion; with several sayings, collected from the speeches and writings of King James and King Charles the first. London:Robert Wilson.1661.
102 Thomas Tomkins. Liberty of Conscience upon its True and Proper Grounds Asserted & Vindicated... London. 1668.
103 Sir Roger L'Estrange. Liberty of Conscience in its Order to Universal Peace, impartially stated, and proved to be the just, right, and genuine effect, of true natural, and Christian religion... London:T Parkhurst.1681.
104 John Tillotson. Toleration and Liberty of Conscience Considered, and proved impracticable, impossible, and, even in the opinion of Dissenters, sinful and unlawful. London:Thomas Dring.1685.
116参见：J. O. A. Larsen. Representative Government in Greek and Roman History. Berkeley:University of California Press,1955.
117如：Thomas Erskine. Essays on the formation and publication of opinions, and on other subjects. London:J. Green.1837. "Freedom of discussion":120-40.
118如：Anthony Collins. Discourse of the grounds and reasons of the Christian religion...to which is prefixed an apology for free debate and liberty of writing. London.1737. Archibald Bruce. Reflections on freedom of writing;
and the impropriety of attempting to suppress it by penal laws.... Edinburgh:W. Berry.1794.
119参见：Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd.2002:5.
120原文具体为："This is true liberty, when free-born men, Having to advise the public, may speak free, Which he who can, and will, deserves high praise; Who neither can, nor will, may hold his peace:What can be juster in a state than this? "--Euripid. Hicetid.
121原文为："Give me liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties."Milton. Areopagitica, with commentary by Sir Richard C Jebb and with supplementary material. Cambridge University press.1918:57.
122原文为："The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write and print with freedom..." French National Assembly. Declaration of the Rights of Man. August 26,1789.
123 William Bollan. Freedom of speech and writing upon public affairs. London:S. Baker.1766.该小册子有160页,以罗马法关于诽谤问题的历史观为切入视角,分析了对待“诽谤”的不同处理方式,并探讨了出版自由应如何合理使用的问题。
124 William Strahan. Thoughts of a Tory author concerning the press; with the opinion of the ancients and moderns about the freedom of speech and writing. London:A Baldwin.1712.
125此一表述较早可见于《圣经·新约》：10：228-9。
126 Klein, Dr. Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Volumes I and II. New York:Elsevier Publishing Company,1966.
127 Milton. Areopagitica, with commentary by Sir Richard C Jebb and with supplementary material. Cambridge University press.1918:42.
128该小册子中所使用的"liberty of the press"而非"liberty of unlicensed printing".见：Francis Hargrave, ed. Areopagitica:an essay on the liberty of the press; dedicated to the Rt. Hon Charles James Fox, the friend of truth and liberty. London:J Deighton.1791.
129包括：Thomas Erskine. Speeches of the Hon Thomas Erskine of subject connected with the liberty of the press and against constructive treason.3v. London.1810. Celebrated speech of the Hon. T. Erskine, in support of the liberty of the press. Edinburgh:J Buel.1793. Declaration of the Friends to the liberty of the press. London:J. Ridgway.1793. Thomas Barnard. Observations on the proceeding of the Friends of liberty of the press, etc. December 22,1792; and an answer to Mr. Erskine's speech of January 19,1793. London:J Evans.1793. Mr Erskine's speech, spoken at the meeting of the Friends to the freedom of the press, January 19,1793. London:J. Ridgway.1793. John Bowles. Short answer to the declaration of the persons calling themselves the Friends of the liberty of the press. London:J Downes.1793.
130 Jeremy Bentham. On the Liberty of the Press, and Public Discussion. London:W Hone.1821.
131 James Mill. Liberty of the Press.1811. Encyclopedia Britannica. London:J Innes.1825.
132 James Paterson. Liberty of the press, speech and public worship:being commentaries on the liberty of the subject and the laws of England. London and New York:the Macmillan co.1880.
133 Chapter 7:"Liberty of action and discussion", in Francis Charles Montague. Limits of individual liberty. London:Rivingtons.1885.
134 John Thewall. Natural and constitutional right of Britons to annual Parliaments, universal suffrage, and the freedom of popular association. London:Symond.1795.
135 George Harris, ed. The life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke:with selections from his correspondence, diaries, speeches, and judgements (Vol.1).3 Vols. London:E. Moxon,1847:430.
136参见：Cyndia Susan Clegg. Press Censorship in Jacobean England. Cambridge University Press.2001: 20-21,57-67.
143参见：Falconer Madan, A Chart of Oxford Printing "1468"—1900 (Oxford,1904):38-39; "Two Lost Causes", The Library,3rd Series, IX (1918):90. William Blades, The Biography and Typography of William Caxton (2nd ed). New York,1882:80-81. H.B. Lathrop, "The First English Printers and Their Patrons", Transactions of the Bibliographical Society,4th Series, Ⅲ:60-96,72-75.
144 Charles Stuart. Law That Led to Free Press Passed Just 500 Years Ago. Journalism Quarterly,1984 (61): 689-691.
145 E G Duff, Wynkyn de Worde and his Contemporaries. London:University of Chicago Press,1925. E J Worman, Alien Members of the Book Trade. London:Blades, East & Blades,1906.
146 Henry VIII, c.16 (1529), An Acte Ratifying a Decree Made in the Sterre Chambre, etc.
147参见：Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England:1476-1776. (1952). Urbana:University of Illinois Press.1965:2.
148 W S Holdsworth,A History of English Law. Boston:Little, Brown,1924:Ⅳ,190-217.
149 Robert Steele, Tudor and Stuart Proclamations,1485-1714. Oxford University Press,1910:Vol.Ⅰ, No.7.
150英国自1542年起,有了连续的档案记录。
151 W h Price, The English Patents of Monopoly (New York:Houghton Mifflin,1906):3,15-16.
152该书为Linacre的Progymnasmata,由书商John Rastell;负责出版。该版权页原文为："Empryntyd in London on ye Sowth syde of Poulys by John Rastell with ye privylege of our most suverayn lord kyng Henry the VIII grauntyd to the compyler theof that no man in thyshys realme sell none but such as the same compyler makyth pryntyd for ye space of Ⅱ yeare."转引自：A W Reed, "The Regulation of the Book Trade", Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, London,1916 s3-Ⅶ(25):18-43.
153参见钱乘旦、陈晓律：《在传统与变革之间—英国文化模式溯源》,浙江人民出版社,1991年：23.
154 Leonard W Levy. Emergence of a Free Press. New York:Oxford University Press,1985:8-9.
155参见：John Feather. "From Cnesorship to Copyright:Aspects of the Government's Role in the English Book Trade,1695-1775". in John Feather ed. Books and Society in History. New York,1990:176.
156参见：John Feather. Publishing, Piracy and Politics—An Historical Study of Copyright in Britain. Mansell Publishing Ltd.,1994:12.
157 Lyman Ray Patterson. Copyright in Historical Perspective. Vanderbilt University Press,1968:23.转引自：易建雄.技术发展与版权扩张[M].法律出版社,2009：11.
158 B M C.18. E.2 (113); Steele, op, cit., No.122.
159 First Patent for Bibles (Cromwell).1539.
160 Clyde Augustus Duniway. The Development of Freedom of the Press in Massachusetts. Harvard University Press.1906:4.
161 The Oxford University Press and the Spread of Learning,1478-1978. Oxford University Press,1978,31-32.
165参见：Cyprian Blagden. The Stationers' Company:A History,1403—1959. Harvard University Press,1960: 72.
166 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England,1476—1776. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1965:92-94.
167参见：Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England,1476-1776. Urbana:University of Illinois Press.1965:89-93.
168 Neil Sammells. "Writing and Censorship:An Introduction". In:Paul Hyland & Neil Sammels (eds.), Writing and Censorship in Britain. Routledge,1992:1.
169 Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd. 2002:87.
174起先是《通信员》(The Intelligencer),1666年后是《伦敦公报》(The London Gazette)。
17517世纪作家,在其作品The Popish Plot中，虚构了罗马教廷对刺杀查理二世的许可。参见：Pollock, John.The Popish Plot:A study in the history of the reign of Charles II. London:Duckworth and Co.1903:3.
176如：The True Protestant Mercury,1680-16862, and The Loyal Protestant,1681-1683
178 John P Sommervil.ed.King James Ⅵ and Ⅰ Political Writings.北京：中国政法大学出版社(影印版).2003：239.
179 John P Sommervil.ed.King James Ⅵ and Political Writings.北京：中国政法大学出版社(影印版).2003：20.
180转引自：Quentin Skinner. "States and the Freedom of Citizens". in States and Citizens. Cambridge University Press.2003:12.
181 John P Sommervil. ed. King James VI and Political Writings.北京：中国政法大学出版社(影印版).2003：75.
182参见：John P Sommervil. ed. King James VI and Political Writings.北京：中国政法大学出版社(影印版).2003：103-104.
183 1604年,詹姆士曾声称议会“从他及他的恩惠中获得一切特权”；1621年,他再次声称下院的特权“来自本土列祖列宗的恩典允诺”。参见：钱乘旦、陈晓律.英国文化模式溯源[M].上海社会科学院出版社.2003：41.
184参见：基左.1640年英国革命史[M].北京：商务印书馆.1986：24.
185参见：Herbert Palmer, etc. Scripture and Reason Pleaded for defensive Armes. London:John Ballemy and Ralph Smith,1643:3-5,9-10.
186转引自：Quentin Skinner. "States and the Freedom of Citizens". in States and Citizens. Cambridge University Press.2003:14.
187参见：董云虎等编.世界人权约法总揽[M].成都：四川人民出版社.1991：236-37.
190 Ian Gentles. "London Levellers in the English Revolution:the Chidleys and their circle". Journal of Ecclesiastical History (29).1978:281-309.
191参见：C B. Macpherson. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism. Oxford.1962.
192 Peter Laslett. "Market society and political theory". Historical Journal (7).1964:150-54.
193维诺格拉多夫.近代现代英国史学概论[M].何清新/译.北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,1961：5.
194 Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England:1476-1776. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1965:191.
195蒋孟引.英国史[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988：348.
196 Joad Raymon. Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain. Cambridge University press,2003: 205.
197参见：Robert Anton, Vices Anotimies Scourged and Corrected in New Satirs.1617. sig. B1r.
198 OED(Oxford English Dictionary):vide 'pamphlet', noun 2.
199参见：Henry Holland,A Treatise Against Witchcraft.1590. sig. E3v.
200可参见：Edward Arber, ed., An Introductory Sketch to the Martin Marprelate Controversy 1588-1590.1879: 49-50. Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland,3.1903:160.
201参见：Nicholas K. Kiessling,'The Library of Anthony Wood from 1681 to 1999', Bodleian Library Record, (16).1999:470-91.
202 John Harrison, The Library of Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press,1978:32-33.
203 John Minsheu. "under 'pamphlet'". In Hegemon eis tas glossas.1617:345.以及Stephano Kinner. Etymologicon Lingue Anglicane.1617:sig. LII4v.见:Joad Raymon. Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain. Cambridge University press,2003:7.
204参见：Athenae Davies. A Critical History of Pamphlets, vol.1, section 2.1716:1.
205夏德·范迪尔门.欧洲的近代生活——宗教、巫术、启蒙运动[M].王亚平/译.北京：东方出版社.2005：19.
206王觉非.近代英国史[M].南京：南京大学出版社.1997：33-34.
207基佐.一六四零年英国革命史[M].北京：商务印书馆.1986：73-74.
208李磊.外国新闻史教程[M].北京：中国广播电视出版社.2001：82.
213参见：哈罗德·伊尼斯.传播的偏向[M].何道宽/译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：121.
214在谈及“小册子”时,这位作家曾说：“再没有价值的小册子之于聪明人,都比神圣的经文之于蠢人要好得多。”参见：Milton. Areopagitica, with commentary by Sir Richard C Jebb and with supplementary material. Cambridge University press.1918:24.
215 David A Copeland The Idea of A Free Press—The Enlightenment and its Unruly Legacy. Illinois: Northwestern University Press.2006:40.
225参见：R. C. Richardson and G. M. Ridden eds. Freedom and the English Revolution:Essays in History and Literature. Manchester University Press,1986:83-84.
226关于利伯尔的材料参见：Pauline Gregg. Free-Born John:Biography of John Lilburne. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.2000. 227 Thomas N. Corns. Uncloistered Virtue:English Political Literature,1640-1660. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1992:134-35.
228见：Samuel R. Gardiner. History of the Great Civil War,1642-1649. (Vol. Ⅲ).2006:383-394.
232 Joshua Buckley, Collin Cleary and Michael Moynihan. TYR:Myth—Culture—Tradition. Ultra Publishing, 2002.
233美国《独立宣言》(1776).载《美国指南》,2003年版.
234 参见： 英国历史学家Tony Benn 2001年5月在BBC上的演讲。http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/benn_levellers_01.shtml.
235掘地运动主要指十七世纪英国的平均地权者开挖耕种某些公有土地,以抗议私有财产制度的社会经济运动。
236参见：[苏]塔·巴甫洛娃.温斯坦莱传.沈红、张德浦译.商务印书馆,1992：译序.
237参见：G. E. Aylmer. "The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley". In J. F. McGregor and B. Reay eds. Radical Religion in the English Revolution. Oxford University Press,1986:91-119.
238 George Juretic. "Digger no Millenarian:The Revolutionizing of Gerrard Winstanley". Journal of the History of Ideas (36).1975:280.
239温斯坦莱G.温斯坦莱文选[C].北京：商务印书馆,1982：122.
240温斯坦莱G温斯坦莱文选[C].北京：商务印书馆,1982：110-202.
241温斯坦莱G温斯坦莱文选[C].北京：商务印书馆,1982：120.
242参见：李风鸣.空想社会主义思想史[M].上海人民出版社,1980：24,56.
243 George H. Sabine eds. The Works of Gerrard Winstanley. Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press,1941: 399-403.
244 J. C. Davies. Fear, Myth and History:The Ranters and the Historians. Cambridge University Press,1986:ii, 83.
245 John Carey. "Foreword" to Smith eds. Ranter Writings. London:Junction Books,1983:2.
246 John Carey. "Foreword" to Smith eds. Ranter Writings. London:Junction Books,1983:234.
247 Kate Peters. "Patterns of Quaker Authorship,1652-1656". in Prose Studies,1994 (17):9,17.
248 David Loewenstein. "The War of the Lamb:George Fox and the Apocalyptic Discourse of Revolutionary Quakerism". in Prose Studies,1994(17):25-41.
249 Elaine Hobby. "Handmaids of the Lord and Mothers in Israel:Early Vindications of Quaker Women's Prophecy". in Prose Studies,1994(17):88.
250转引自：Ann Hughes. "Early Quakerism:A Historian's Afterword". in Prose Studies,1994(17):145-46.
262参见：John Milton. Areopagitica. In Michael Davis ed. Areopagitica and Of Education. New York:Macmillan. 1963:50-51.
263参见：John Milton. Areopagitica. In Michael Davis ed. Areopagitica and Of Education. New York:Macmillan. 1963:46.
264参见：Stanley Fish. "Driving from the Letter:Truth and Indeterminacy in Milton's Areopagitica". In How Milton Works. Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2001:102.
265 Quentin Skinner, John Milton and the politics of slavery. in Quentin Skinner, Visions of Politics, vol.2, Renaissance Virtues. Cambridge University Press,2002:302.
266转引自：斯科特·戈登.控制国家：西方宪政的历史[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,2001：245.
267阿伯特·戴雪.英宪精义[M].商务印书馆,1935：284.
268戴维·米勒等.布莱克维尔政治学百科全书[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社.2002：513.
269希伯特认为,在弥尔顿的时代,弥尔顿的《论出版自由》不是唯一的呼吁出版自由的小册子,甚至不是这个话题中最著名的小册子。通过其研究,列举了其他类似的作品。具体可见：Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England:1476-1776. (1952). Urbana, University of Illinois Press.1965:196-201.
270参见：马凌.阐释与语境：弥尔顿影响[J].新闻大学,2007(4)：32-47.
271关于曾格案的小册子《纽约周报印刷商约翰·皮特·曾格案件的简要叙述》(A Brief Narrative of the Case and Tryal of John Peter Zenger, Printer of the New York Weekly Journal,1738)在伦敦出版,一年内重印了4至5次之多。
272 Leonard W. Levy. The Emergence of a Free Press. New York:Oxford University Press,1985:134-135.
273 "Where Liberty aboundeth, there confusion and disorder follow." Cabinet Council 25.107.
280 J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1140.
281见：J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1136.
282参见：J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1146.
283参见：J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1147.
284同上。
285 J. M. "The Readie and easie way to establish a free Commonwealth". Roy Flannagan eds. The Riverside Milton. Boston, New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.1998:1140.
288 Hotman. FRANCO-GALLIA:or, an account of the Ancient Free State of France, and most other parts of Europe, before the loss of their liberties.该文最初在1574年以拉丁文写成,后被一位丹麦作家译成英文。
289参见：Evert Mordecai Clark eds. The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth, with Introduction, Notes and Glossary. New Heaven:Yale University Press,1915:64-65.
297彼得·赖尔、艾伦·威尔逊.启蒙运动百科全书[M].刘北成、王婉强/编译.上海人民出版社.2004：20.
298欧洲18世纪启蒙运动的两个中心是法国和苏格兰。当时的苏格兰涌现了一大批卓有见地的思想家,为启蒙思想的发扬和丰富做出了重要的贡献。
302参见：Roy Porter. Enlightenment:Britain and the Creation of the Modern World. London:Penguin,2001: 76-77,85,91,95,479.
303参见：John Brewer. The Pleasures of the Imagination:English Culture in the Eighteenth Century. New York: University of Chicago Press,1997:137,125,187,191-196.
304如：Sir Leslie Stephen.1876. History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (2 vols). New York and Burlingame:Harcourt, Brace & World Inc.1962. Elizabeth L. Eisenstein.1979. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. New York:Cambridge University Press,1993. Alexander Broadie eds. The Scottish Enlightenment: An Anthology. Edinburgh:Canongate Classics,1997. John Feather.1991. A History of British Publishing. London and New York:Routledge.2004. Leona Rostenberg and Madeleine B. Stern. From Revolution to Revolution. New Castle, Delaware:Oak Knoll Press,2002.等等。
305 Isser Woloch. Eighteenth-Century Europe:Tradition and Progress,1715-1789. New York:W. W. Norton & Co..1982:189-90.
306 Thomas Munck. The Enlightenment:A Comparative Social History,1721-1794. London:Arnold,2000:105.
307参见：Carla Hesse. "Books in Time". in Geoffrey Number eds. The Future of the Book. (1965). Berkeley: University of California Press,1996:21.
308参见：彼得·赖尔、艾伦·威尔逊.启蒙运动百科全书[M].刘北成、王婉强/编译.上海人民出版社.2004：14-15.
315参见：Richard B. Sher. The Enlightenment and the Book. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,2006:98-108.
316参见：Carla Hesse. "Print Culture in the Enlightenment". in Fitzpatrick et al. Enlightenment World. London, New York:Routledge,2001:366-80.
317具体原文可参见：History of Copyright:Statute of Anne,1710[DB/OL]. http://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html.
318 Ronan Deazley. On the Origin of the Right to Copy—Charting the Movement of Copyright Law in 18th Century Britain,1695—1775. Oxford:Hart Publishing,2004:46.
319如John Feather批评立法者对《安妮法》中的关键概念(如copies, Books, Right等)未作任何界定,引起无数纷争。具体可参见：John Feather. Publishing, Piracy and Politics—An Historical Study of Copyright in Britain. London:Mansell Publishing Ltd.,1994:64.
320根据彼得森等学者的研究,“版权”(copy right)这一术语最早出现在17世纪70年代的书商登记薄上。见：Patterson &. Lindberg. The Nature of Copyright. The University of Georgia Press,1991:22.
321 John Brewer. The Pleasure of the Imagination:English Culture in the Eighteenth Century. New York: University of Chicago Press,1997:158.
322 Geoffrey Turnovsky. "The Enlightenment Literary Market:Rousseau, Authorship, and the Book Trade". Eighteenth-Century Studies (36),2003:387-410.
323参见：Niel McKendrick, John Brewer and J.H. Plumb. The Birth of Consumer Society:The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1982.
332参见：Samuel Fleischacker. "The impact on America:Scottish philosophy and the American founding". In Alexander Broadie eds. Cambridge Companions to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press,2006: 317.
333 Thomas Jefferson. The Life and Selected Letters of Thomas Jefferson. eds. A. Koch and W. Peden. New York: Random House,1993:8.
334 Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution,2 vols. New York:Library of America,1993:ⅰ.1022.
335 Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution,2 vols. New York:Library of America,1993:ⅰ.1022.
336 Samuel Fleischacker. "The impact on America:Scottish philosophy and the American founding". In Alexander Broadie eds. Cambridge Companions to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press,2006:317-18.
337 Douglas L. Wilson. "Thomas Jefferson's Library and the Skipwith List". Harvard Library Bulletin (3), 1992-93:56-72.
338参见：James N. Green. "From Printer to Publisher". in Michael Hackenberg eds. Getting the Books Out: Papers of the Chicago Conference on the Book in 19th Century America. Washington DC:library of Congress, 1987:26-44.
339 James Raven. "The Export of Books to Colonial North America". Publishing History (42),1997:21-49.
340 James Raven. "Co modification and Value:Interactions in Book Traffic to North America, c.1750-1820". in Bill Bell, Philip Bennett, and Jonquil Bevan eds. Access Boundaries:The Book in Culture and Commerce. Winchester, UK, and New Castle:Oak Knoll Printing House,2000:103.
341如：Hugh Gaine. Catalogue of Books, Lately Imported from England, Ireland, and Scotland, and to Be Sold at His Book-Store and Printing-Office, at the Bible in Hanover-Square. New York:printed by Hugh Gaine,1792.以及Mathew Carey. No.158, Market-Street, Philadelphia, Has Imported from London, Dublin, and Glasgow, and Extensive Assortment of Books. Philadelphia:printed by Mathew Carey,1792.等。
342现代德国直到1871年才形成。在18世纪,现代德国的国土上分布着343个主权王国、公国、主教辖区、大主教辖区、自由市以及其他独立领地,它们松散地组成了哈布斯堡王朝统治的庞大、垂死的神圣罗马帝国。18世纪德意志的主要公国有：普鲁士、萨克森、巴伐利亚、莱茵巴拉丁、汉诺威。
344参见：Michel Malherbe. "The Impact on Europe". in Alexander Broadie eds. Cambridge Companions to the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press,2006:300-301.
345上述四项条件由法国历史学家Daniel Mornet在Les Origines intellectuelles de la Revolution francaise: 1715-1787 (Paris:Armand Colin,1933)中提出。转引自：Daniel Roche. "Printing, Books and Revolution". in John Y. Cole eds. Publishing and Readership in Revolutionary France and America. London:Greenwood Press, 1993:1.
346 Carla Hesse. "The Dilemmas of Republican Publishing,1793-1799". in John Y. Cole eds. Publishing and Readership in Revolutionary France and America. London:Greenwood Press,1993:61.
347参见：Carla Hesse. "The Dilemmas of Republican Publishing,1793-1799". in John Y. Cole eds. Publishing and Readership in Revolutionary France and America. London:Greenwood Press,1993:66.
349 William Guthrie. A New Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar; and Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World. London:Charles Dilly,1792:Preface,
35018世纪出版业的繁荣在很多研究文献中都有描述,被称为‘'the print boom"、"the print explosion"或"print
capitalism"等等。参见：Roy Porter. Enlightenment:Britain and the Creation of the Modern World. London,2000: 91,85,479,76,77 ("print explosion"); 87,94 ("print boom"); 95 ("print capitalism").
351 John Brewer. Pleasures of the Imagination:English Culture in Eighteenth Century. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1997:chapter 3 and 4.
352参见：John Brewer. Pleasures of the Imagination:English Culture in Eighteenth Century. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1997:125-137,187-196.
353参见：Robert Darnton. The Business of Enlightenment:A Publishing History of the Encyclopedia,1775-1880. Cambridge and London,1979. Carla Hesse. "Print Culture in the Enlightenment". In Fitzpatrick et al., Enlightenment World,2001(4):366-80.
354 如:Tucoo-Chala的Charles-Joseph Panckouche; Selwyn的Everyday Life in the German Book Trade; Zachs的First John Murray; Birn的Forging Rousseau等等。
355彼得·赖尔、艾伦·威尔逊.启蒙运动百科全书[M].刘北成、王婉强/编译.上海人民出版社.2004：21.
357参见：Edward L Hart, ed. Minor Lives:A Collection of Biographies by John Nichols. Cambridge University Press,1971:184-90.
358 Richard Sher, Hugh Amory. "From Scotland to the Strand:The Genesis of Andrew Millar's Bookselling Career". In The Moving Market:Continuity and Change in the Book Trade, ed. Peter Isaac and Barry McKay. New Castle:Oak Knoll Press,2001:51-70.
359参见：Ian Maxted. The British Book Trades,1710-1777:An Index of Masters and Apprentices. (Exeter) UK: Published by the author,1983:1015.
360参见：Henry R Sefton. The Early Development of Moderatism in the Church of Scotland. PhD dissertation. Glasgow University,1962.
361 Kenrick to Wodrow,16 Aug.1808, Wodrow-Kenrick Correspondence, no.265.转引自：Richard B Sher. The Enlightenment and the Book—Scottish Authors &. Their Publishers in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Ireland,& America. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,2006:285.
362 Authenticus. "Anecdotes of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1791): 127-30.
363 Authenticus. "Anecdotes of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1791): 128.
364参见：Authenticus. "Anecdotes of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1791):129-30.
365参见：Richard Sher, Hugh Amory. "From Scotland to the Strand:The Genesis of Andrew Millar's Bookselling Career". In The Moving Market:Continuity and Change in the Book Trade, ed. Peter Isaac and Barry McKay. New Castle:Oak Knoll Press,2001:64-65.
366 James Anderson. "Second Anecdote of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1971):131-33.
367 James Anderson. "Second Anecdote of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1971):131.
368参见：James Anderson. "Second Anecdote of Mr. Andrew Millar." The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer 3 (1 June 1971):132-33.
369 Robert Darnton. "Two Paths through the Social History of Ideas." In Mason, Darnton Debate:282.
371参见：B. Kemp. The King and Commons:1660—1832. Macmillan Publishing House,1957:5.
37217世纪末期,英国出现了一党内阁,但这种内阁始终没有摆脱萌芽状态,根据相关研究,最重要的原因是缺少能够取代国王独自领导内阁的首相。参见：B. E. Carter. The Office of Prime Minister. London,1955:19.
373马克思.马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)[M].人民出版社,1995：667.
374指1713年与西班牙和法国之间签订的"Treaty of Utrecht",威尔克斯将其戏称为"[the] Peace of God, for it passeth all understanding".
375参见：Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd.1962:56-95.
376 Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London:William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:97.
377参见：Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:98.
378参见：Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd.2002:122.
379参见：George Nobbe. The North Briton:a Study in Political Propaganda. New York:Columbia University Press,1939.
380根据约翰·斯托在公元1598年出的《伦敦巡礼》中的记载,该城堡是关押最危险的敌人的国家监狱；是举行会议或签订协约的王宫；是当时全英国唯一的造币场所；是储藏武器的军械库；是珍藏王室饰品和珠宝的宝库,也是保存国王在威斯敏斯特法庭大量记录的档案馆。
381参见：Fredrick Seaton Siebert. Freedom of the Press in England,1476—1776:The Rise and Decline of Government Controls. Urbana:the University of Illinois Press,1952:346-55.
382参见：埃里克·方纳.美国自由的故事[M].王希/译.商务印书馆,2002：28.
383朱迪斯·A·维嘉.“启蒙运动的差异,当今的认同”.载：昆廷·斯金纳、博·斯特拉思/主编.国家与公民：历史、理论、展望[C].彭利平/译.上海：华东师范大学出版社,2005：144.
384图片源自：Arthur H. Cash. John Wilkes:The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty. London:Yale University Press,2007:236.
385参见：Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:168-209.
386转引自：Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd.2002:133.
387 Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London:William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:259-60.
388参见：N. C. Phillips. "Edmund Burke and the County Movement 1779—1780", in English Historical Review (Ixxvi),1961.
389参见：Charles Chenevix Trench. Portrait of A Patriot—A Biography of John Wilkes. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons Ltd,1962:211-65.
390 Robert Hargreaves. The First Freedom—A History of Free Speech. Gloucestershire:Sutton Publishing Ltd. 2002：137.
391图片源自：http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/summer03/wilkes.cfm
392根据这种观念,人民主权能够进行宪政改革。
393 John Feather. Publishing, Piracy and Politics—An Historical Study of Copyright in Britain. CA:Mansell Publishing Ltd.,1994:150.
394下文参见：詹姆斯·密尔.论出版自由[M].吴小坤/译.上海交通大学出版社,2008：译者序.
395让·诺埃尔·让纳西.西方媒介史[M].段慧敏/译.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2005：33.
396劳伦斯·克雷明.美国教育史：殖民地时期的历程[M].周玉军/等译.北京师范大学出版社,2003：339.
397劳伦斯·克雷明.美国教育史：殖民地时期的历程[M].周玉军/等译.北京师范大学出版社,2003：340.
398参见：Brian L Blakeley and Jacquelin Collins, eds. Documents in English History:Early Times to the Present. New York:Wiley Press,1975:189.
399转引自：乔万尼·萨托利.民主新论[M].冯克利、阎克文/译.上海人民出版社,2009：103.
400本段中引文内容参见：让·诺埃尔·让纳西.西方媒介史[M].段慧敏/译.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2005：42.
401托克维尔.旧制度与大革命[M].冯棠/译.商务印书馆,1997：80-81.
402参见：让·诺埃尔·让纳西.西方媒介史[M].段慧敏/译.桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2005：40-41.
403黄仁宇.资本主义与二十一世纪[M].三联书店,1997：185.转引自：马凌.共和与自由：美国近代新闻史研究[M].复旦大学出版社,2007：154.
404 C. P. Hill. British Economic and Social History,1760—1982. London.1985:46-47.
405 G M. Trevelyan. English Social History. Longman Publishing House,1978:281.
406参见：I. Jennings. Party Politics,3 vols. Cambridge University Press,1961:136-38.
407 I. Jennings. Party Politics,3 vols. Cambridge University Press,1961:138.
408参见：弗雷德里克·巴比耶.书籍的历史[M].刘阳/等译.广西师范大学出版社,2005：297.
409 J. Raven, et al., ed., The Practice and representation of reading in England. Cambridge,1996.转引自：弗雷德里克·巴比耶.书籍的历史[M].刘阳/等译.广西师范大学出版社,2005：298.
413詹姆斯·卡瑞,珍·辛顿.英国新闻史[M].栾轶玫/译.清华大学出版社,2005：14.
414参见：吴小坤.“《论出版自由》的历史背景与当代发展”.詹姆斯·密尔/著.论出版自由[M].吴小坤/译.上海交通大学出版社,2008：107.
415参见：詹姆斯·卡瑞,珍·辛顿.英国新闻史[M].栾轶玫/译.清华大学出版社,2005：11.
416参见：R.C.甘米奇.宪章运动史[M].苏公隽/译.商务印书馆,2004：12-23.
417爱德华·罗伊尔.激进的政治,1790-1900[M].剑桥大学出版社,1971：26.
418参见：吴小坤.“《论出版自由》的历史背景与当代发展”.詹姆斯·密尔.论出版自由[M].吴小坤/译.上海交通大学出版社,2008：104-06.
419参见：R G甘米奇.宪章运动史[M].苏公隽/译.北京：商务印书馆,2004：19.
420马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,1995：695.
421参见：Leonard W. Levy. Emergence of a Free Press. New York:Oxford University Press,1985:9.
422参见：马凌.共和与自由：美国近代新闻史研究[M].复旦大学出版社,2007：161-62.
423 John Feather, ed., Books and Society in History. New York,1990:180.
426 The Libel Act.1792 (32 Geo.3 C.60). in Halsbury ed,. Statutes of England (19),3rd ed. Butterworths,1970:5-6.转引自：沈固朝.欧洲书报检查制度的兴衰[M].南京大学出版社,1999：114-15.关于争论的具体文本,可参见：Erskine, Thomas. Mr Erskine's speech, spoken at the meeting of the Friends to the freedom of the press, January 19, London, J. Ridgway,1793. Erskine, Thomas. Declaration of the Friends to the liberty of the press(2d ed). London:J. Ridgway,1793.
427詹姆斯·卡瑞,珍·辛顿.英国新闻史[M].栾轶玫/译.北京：清华大学出版社,2005：7.
428唐亚明、王凌洁.英国传媒体制[M].广州：南方日报出版社,2007：31.
429马克思.马克思恩格斯全集(第九卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,1995：667.
430约翰·洛克.政府论两篇[M].赵伯英/译.西安：陕西人民出版社,2004：131-32.
431约翰·洛克.政府论两篇[M].赵伯英/译.西安：陕西人民出版社,2004：5.
437比如,对“公意”的讨论,以及对《查士丁尼法典》的相关解释。
438转引自：Chandran Kukathas. Hayek and Modern Liberalism. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989:211.
439参见：哈耶克.自由秩序原理[M].邓正来/译.北京：三联书店,1997：178-206.
440 Jeremy Bentham. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Ed. By J H Burns and H L A Hart, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1996:12.
441如：葛塞特认为自由主义与民主是完全对立的,在含义上有相互冲突的趋势,并从二者对“公共权力”问题的不同回答进行了分辨。参Ortega Y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses, London:G Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1932:83.
442参见：Blackstone. Commentaries on law of England.2nd revised Ed. T. Cooley ed., Chicago:Callaghan & Co., Book IV.1872:151-52.
443如19世纪末著名的英国宪法学家戴雪就在《英宪精义》中表述了类似的观点。参见：Albert Venn Dicey. Introduction to the Study of the Constitution.8th ed. London:Macmillan,1915:152.
444后文参见：吴小坤.“詹姆斯·密尔传略”,詹姆斯·密尔.论出版自由[M].吴小坤／译.上海交通大学出版社,2008：91-93.
445 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart, ed., London:Oxford University Press,1970:21.
446牛京辉.英国功用主义伦理思想研究[M].北京：人民出版社,2002：45.
447乔治·霍兰·萨拜因.政治学说史(下)[M].北京：商务印书馆,1986：767.
448边沁.政府片论[M].沈叔平/译.北京：商务印书馆,1995：214.
449詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：117.
450 James Mill, An Essay on Government (hereafter Gov.) in Essays on Government, Jurisprudence, Liberty of the Press, Law of Nations. New York:Augustus M. Kelley,1976:5.
451詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：107.
455詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：105-106.
456黄伟合.英国近代自由主义研究-从洛克、边沁到密尔[M].北京大学出版社,2005：51.
457转引自：詹姆斯·斯蒂芬.自由·平等·博爱—一位法学家对约翰·密尔的批判[M].冯克利等/译.广西师范大学出版社,2007：80.
458参见：詹姆斯·密尔.论出版自由[M].吴小坤/译.上海交通大学出版社,2008,译序：21-24.
459詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：118-119.
460詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：118.
461詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本).北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：130.
465甄树青.论表达自由[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2000：214.
466詹姆士·密尔政治著作选(英文影印本)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2003：124-126.
467杰罗姆·巴伦、托马斯·迪恩斯.美国宪法概论[M].刘瑞祥/等译.北京：中国社会科学出版社,1995：187.
468 A. Meiklejohn, Political Freedom:The Constitutional Powers of the People (1965), from C. Edwin Barker, Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech, Oxford University Press,1989:26.
470参见：J. Allen Smith. The Growth and Decadence of Constitutional Government. New York:Holt,1930:280.
471 G Ferrero. The Principles of Power. New York:Putnam,1942:217.
472 Lord Acton. "The Hlstory of Freedom in Antiquity", in Essays on Freedom and Power. New York:Meridian Books,1955:56.
473 Bruce Ackerman. We the People:Foundations. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1991:10-15.
474 C. B. Macpherson. Democratic Theory:Essays in Retrieval. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1973:50.这一概念是麦 克弗森有关民主理论的核心概念,该著作中很多内容都是围绕这一概念展开的。
475托克维尔.旧制度与大革命[M].冯棠/译.商务印书馆,1997.
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58.约翰·基恩：《媒体与民主》,刘士军/译,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2003年版
59.哈罗德·伊尼斯：《帝国与传播》,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003年版
60.哈罗德·伊尼斯：《传播的偏向》,何道宽/译,北京：中国人民出版社,2003年版
61.亚历山大·米克尔约翰：《表达自由的法律限度》,候建/译,贵阳：贵州人 民出版社,2003年
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63.新闻委员会：《一个自由而负责的新闻界》,展江/等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004年版
64.托克维尔：《论美国的民主》,董果良/译,北京：商务印书馆,2004年版
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75.约翰·麦考米克：《施米特对自由主义的批判》,北京：华夏出版社,2005年版
76.耶尔·塔密尔：《自由主义的民族主义》,上海：世纪出版社,2005年版
77.马克·里拉和罗纳德·德沃金和罗伯特·西尔维斯：《以赛亚·伯林的遗产》,刘擎,殷莹/译,北京：新星出版社,2006年版
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3.张文显：《二十世纪西方法哲学研究》,北京：法律出版社,1996年版
4.王家福、刘海年：《世界人权百科全书》,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1998年版
5. 李强：《自由主义》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1998年版
6. 莫纪宏：《表达自由的法律界限》,北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,1998年版
7.顾肃：《罗尔斯：正义与自由的求索》,沈阳：辽海出版社,1999年版
8. 阎照祥：《英国政治制度史》,北京：人民出版社,1999年版
9. 沈固朝：《欧洲书报检查制度的兴衰》,南京大学出版社,1999年版
10.王炎等：《自由主义与当代世界》,北京：三联书店,2000年版
11.郁建兴：《自由主义批判与自由理论的重建》,上海：学林出版社,2000年版
12.石元康：《当代西方自由主义理论》,上海三联书店,2000年版
13.甄树青：《论表达自由》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2000年版
14.张广智：《西方史学史》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2000年版
15.牛京辉：《英国功用主义伦理思想研究》,北京：人民出版社,2002年版
16.龚群：《当代西方道义论与功利主义研究》,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002年
17.陈力丹：《世界新闻传播史》,上海交通大学出版社,2002年版
18.童兵：《比较新闻传播学》,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002年版
19.金冠军、郑涵主编：《全球化视野：传媒产业经济比较研究》,上海：学林出版社,2002年版
20.童兵：《比较新闻传播学》,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002年版
21.陈欣新：《表达自由的法律保障》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2003年版
22.李良荣等：《当代西方新闻媒体》,上海：复旦大学出版社,2003年版
23.魏永征、张咏华：《西方传媒的法制、管理和自律》,中国人民大学出版社,2003年版
24.顾肃：《自由主义的基本理念》,北京：中央编译出版社,2003年版
25.应奇：《从自由主义到后自由主义》,北京：三联书店,2003年版
26.吴椿华：《西方政治思想史》,天津人民出版社,2005年版
27.宋林飞：《西方社会学理论》,南京大学出版社,2005年版
28.许正林：《欧洲传播思想史》,上海：三联书店,2005年版
29.马德普：《普遍主义的贫困—自由主义政治哲学批判》,北京：人民出版社,2005年版
30.苏国勋、刘小枫编：《社会理论的政治分化》,上海三联书店,华东师范大学出版社,2005年版
31.黄伟合：《英国近代自由主义研究—从洛克、边沁到密尔》,北京大学出版社,2005年版
32.金冠军、郑涵编：《国际传媒政策新视野》,上海：三联书店,2005年版
33.顾肃：《理想国之后》,江苏人民出版社,2006年版
34.曹海军编：《权利与功利之间》,南京：江苏人民出版社,2006年版
35.张凤阳等：《政治哲学关键词》,南京：江苏人民出版社,2006年版
36.刘训练编：《后伯林的自由观》,南京：江苏人民出版社,2007年版
37.浦薛凤：《西洋近代政治思潮》,北京大学出版社,2007年版
38.王伟连：《密尔政治思想研究》,哈尔滨：黑龙江大学出版社,2007年版
39.钱乘旦许洁明：《英国通史》,上海社会科学院出版社,2007年版
40.马凌：《共和与自由：美国近代新闻史研究》, 上海：复旦大学出版社,2007年版
41.夏勇：《人权概念的起源—权利的历史哲学》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007年版
42.郭方：《英国近代国家的形成—16世纪英国国家机构与职能的变革》,北京：商务印书馆,2007年版
43.易建雄：《技术发展与版权扩张》,北京：法律出版社,2009年版
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