管理措施对草地土壤有机碳含量的影响
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摘要
草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,也对陆地生态系统碳循环起重要作用。本文通过搜集国内外相关文献和整理不同草地管理措施对土壤有机碳储量影响的试验数据,研究中国和外国不同草地类型不同管理措施下土壤有机碳的变化量,并运用Meta分析方法将数据进行整合,得出每一种管理措施下对不同土层深度草地土壤有机碳的影响,同时分析了试验年限和年均降水量对草地土壤有机碳的影响,为评估我国草地生态系统的碳源/碳汇功能提供依据。并得出以下结论:
1)利用Meta分析法估算不同管理措施下土壤碳年变化为:过度放牧条件下土壤有机碳的年减少量最大,达到-2.34 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),重牧为-1.52 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),轻牧为-0.54 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。而补播措施草地土壤有机碳的年增加量最大,达到0.90 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。围栏、禁牧两种管理措施次之,分别为0.48 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和0.19 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。
2)根据分析不同管理措施对我国不同草地类型土壤有机碳的年变化量中可以看出:温性草甸草原和高寒草原不同管理措施下,土壤有机碳年变化量差异均不显著;高寒草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原三种草地类型中,轻度放牧与禁牧、中牧和重牧管理下的土壤有机碳年变化量差异不显著,但过牧条件下土壤有机碳的年减少量却显著地高于轻牧和禁牧管理(p<0.05)。
3)在搜集到的外文文献中,十二种管理措施对草地土壤有机碳的变化量影响范围分别为:改善草地种植制度(主要包括退耕还(林)草、防止火烧、改善草地植被营养等):0.05～0.8tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),草地转变成农田:-0.14～-1.7tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),一年生牧草变为永久草地:0.3～0.4 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),加强永久草场的利用:-0.9～1.1tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),改善放牧制度:0.03～0.7 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),火烧:-0.04～-0.07 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),降低草地退化程度:0.02～0.5tC·hm~(-2)·a-,1重牧:-0.03～-2.04tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),适度放牧:0.1～1.37 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),施肥:0.02～0.52tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),禁牧:-0.14～0.59tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),延长牧草使用时间:0.1～0.5tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。
4)本文对搜集到的所有数据进行Meta分析,分析了各管理措施下对不同土层有机碳的影响,以及试验年限和年均降水量对土壤有机碳的影响。草地转变成农田,有机碳减少率在年均降雨量200～500mm的地区最为明显;中、重、过牧三种放牧强度下有机碳减少率在0～20cm土层中最大;轻度放牧在10～30years间有机碳开始增长;重牧、过牧管理下有机碳减少率则在开始的0～20years比20～40years年间有所回落。从年均降水量来看,轻牧管理下降水量500～1000mm的地区有机碳增长率比降水量<500mm的地区增加了4.1%;而中、重牧管理下降雨量多的地方有机碳减少率反而有所下降,与过牧管理下降雨量越多有机碳减少率越大的结果正好相反;降雨量在100～300mm时,禁牧下的有机碳增长率最大。围栏管理下10～30cm土层深度有机碳增长率明显高于10cm以下的土层;同时,围栏管理下土壤有机碳在<10years内增长率约为10～20year年间的2.6倍。
Grassland is an important part of terrestrial ecosystem and plays an key role in carbon cycle. In this paper, based on the collection of literatures concerning China and foreign countries and experimental data on the impact of different management measures on soil organic stock change, impact of different management measures on soil organic carbon change was studied. Meanwhile, a integration of SOC under different management of China was made with Meta analysis software, as well as the different effect of each management measure on soil organic carbon in different soil depth. And the impact of the experimental duration and the average annual precipitation on soil organic carbon was analized. It was helpful to provide a basis to evaluate grassland ecosystem carbon sink and resource in China and reached the following conclusions:
1) Meta analysis method was used to estimate the yearly changing amount of soil carbon under the regulations on the main types of grasslands in China. Concretely, the yearly reducing amount of soil organic carbon is the highest under the overgrazing regulations, which reaches -2.34tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)>heavy grazing(-1.52tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))>light grazing(-0.54tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))>medium grazing (-0.49tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)), while the yearly increasing amount of soil organic carbon was the highest under the resowing management, which reaches 0.90tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) followed by enclosure management (0.48 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)) and forbidden grazing(0.19 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)).
2)The annual soil organic carbon change under different management shows that: the difference of SOC change was not significant in temperate grassland and alpine meadow grassland under various managements. However, the difference of SOC change among the light grazing with forbidden grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing was not significant in alpine meadow steppe, temperate steppe and temperate desert steppe grasslands, but the SOC stocks under over grazing management has been significantly higher than that of light grazing and forbidden grazing (p <0.05).
3) Collecting the foreign literatures, variation ranges of SOC change for 12 kinds of management measures on the grassland were as follows: improving grassland cropping systems 0.05 ~ 0.8 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), conversion grassland into cropland -0.14~-1.7tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), change from short duration to permanent grasslands 0.3~0.4tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), intensification of organic soils with permanent grassland -0.9~1.1tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), improving grazing system 0.03~0.7 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), firing -0.04~-0.07 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), reducing the degradation of grassland (including reclaiming forest or grassland from farmland, forbidding burning, improving the nutrition of vegetation on grassland)0.02~0.5tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), heavy grazing (including moderate grazing and forbidding grazing) -0.03~-2.04 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), moderate grazing 0.1~1.37tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), fertilization 0.02~0.52 t C·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), forbidden grazing -0.14~0.59tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), increasing the duration of grassland 0.1~0.5 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).
4) In this paper, all data was collected for Meta analysis .The impact of different management ,experimental duration and annual precipitation on SOC change in different soil depth was studied. The loss of SOC under the conversion from grassland to cropland was obvious in the 200~500mm-average annual rainfall areas, but the amount of SOC decreased seriously in the soil depth of 0~20cm under moderate, heavy and over grazing intensity. Under light grazing, SOC increased gradually during 10~30years. But the loss of SOC in 20~40years under heavy and over grazing was larger during 0~20years. Judging from the annual precipitation, SOC change of 500~1000mm rainfall areas increased by 4.1% than the <500mm region under light grazing, while under the moderate and heavy grazing the loss of SOC decreased with the increasing rainfall amount. It was an opposite result for the overgrazing management. Meanwhile, the impact on SOC change under forbidden grazing was most significant in 100~300mm rainfall areas. It was significant that the increase rate of SOC was larger(10~30cm) than that (<10cm)under enclosed management and the value of SOC change during the <10years was about 2.6 times than that in 10~20years.
1)利用Meta分析法估算不同管理措施下土壤碳年变化为:过度放牧条件下土壤有机碳的年减少量最大,达到-2.34 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),重牧为-1.52 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),轻牧为-0.54 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。而补播措施草地土壤有机碳的年增加量最大,达到0.90 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。围栏、禁牧两种管理措施次之,分别为0.48 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和0.19 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。
2)根据分析不同管理措施对我国不同草地类型土壤有机碳的年变化量中可以看出:温性草甸草原和高寒草原不同管理措施下,土壤有机碳年变化量差异均不显著;高寒草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原三种草地类型中,轻度放牧与禁牧、中牧和重牧管理下的土壤有机碳年变化量差异不显著,但过牧条件下土壤有机碳的年减少量却显著地高于轻牧和禁牧管理(p<0.05)。
3)在搜集到的外文文献中,十二种管理措施对草地土壤有机碳的变化量影响范围分别为:改善草地种植制度(主要包括退耕还(林)草、防止火烧、改善草地植被营养等):0.05～0.8tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),草地转变成农田:-0.14～-1.7tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),一年生牧草变为永久草地:0.3～0.4 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),加强永久草场的利用:-0.9～1.1tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),改善放牧制度:0.03～0.7 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),火烧:-0.04～-0.07 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),降低草地退化程度:0.02～0.5tC·hm~(-2)·a-,1重牧:-0.03～-2.04tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),适度放牧:0.1～1.37 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),施肥:0.02～0.52tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),禁牧:-0.14～0.59tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),延长牧草使用时间:0.1～0.5tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。
4)本文对搜集到的所有数据进行Meta分析,分析了各管理措施下对不同土层有机碳的影响,以及试验年限和年均降水量对土壤有机碳的影响。草地转变成农田,有机碳减少率在年均降雨量200～500mm的地区最为明显;中、重、过牧三种放牧强度下有机碳减少率在0～20cm土层中最大;轻度放牧在10～30years间有机碳开始增长;重牧、过牧管理下有机碳减少率则在开始的0～20years比20～40years年间有所回落。从年均降水量来看,轻牧管理下降水量500～1000mm的地区有机碳增长率比降水量<500mm的地区增加了4.1%;而中、重牧管理下降雨量多的地方有机碳减少率反而有所下降,与过牧管理下降雨量越多有机碳减少率越大的结果正好相反;降雨量在100～300mm时,禁牧下的有机碳增长率最大。围栏管理下10～30cm土层深度有机碳增长率明显高于10cm以下的土层;同时,围栏管理下土壤有机碳在<10years内增长率约为10～20year年间的2.6倍。
Grassland is an important part of terrestrial ecosystem and plays an key role in carbon cycle. In this paper, based on the collection of literatures concerning China and foreign countries and experimental data on the impact of different management measures on soil organic stock change, impact of different management measures on soil organic carbon change was studied. Meanwhile, a integration of SOC under different management of China was made with Meta analysis software, as well as the different effect of each management measure on soil organic carbon in different soil depth. And the impact of the experimental duration and the average annual precipitation on soil organic carbon was analized. It was helpful to provide a basis to evaluate grassland ecosystem carbon sink and resource in China and reached the following conclusions:
1) Meta analysis method was used to estimate the yearly changing amount of soil carbon under the regulations on the main types of grasslands in China. Concretely, the yearly reducing amount of soil organic carbon is the highest under the overgrazing regulations, which reaches -2.34tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)>heavy grazing(-1.52tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))>light grazing(-0.54tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))>medium grazing (-0.49tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)), while the yearly increasing amount of soil organic carbon was the highest under the resowing management, which reaches 0.90tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) followed by enclosure management (0.48 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)) and forbidden grazing(0.19 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)).
2)The annual soil organic carbon change under different management shows that: the difference of SOC change was not significant in temperate grassland and alpine meadow grassland under various managements. However, the difference of SOC change among the light grazing with forbidden grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing was not significant in alpine meadow steppe, temperate steppe and temperate desert steppe grasslands, but the SOC stocks under over grazing management has been significantly higher than that of light grazing and forbidden grazing (p <0.05).
3) Collecting the foreign literatures, variation ranges of SOC change for 12 kinds of management measures on the grassland were as follows: improving grassland cropping systems 0.05 ~ 0.8 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), conversion grassland into cropland -0.14~-1.7tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), change from short duration to permanent grasslands 0.3~0.4tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), intensification of organic soils with permanent grassland -0.9~1.1tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), improving grazing system 0.03~0.7 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), firing -0.04~-0.07 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), reducing the degradation of grassland (including reclaiming forest or grassland from farmland, forbidding burning, improving the nutrition of vegetation on grassland)0.02~0.5tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), heavy grazing (including moderate grazing and forbidding grazing) -0.03~-2.04 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), moderate grazing 0.1~1.37tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), fertilization 0.02~0.52 t C·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), forbidden grazing -0.14~0.59tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), increasing the duration of grassland 0.1~0.5 tC·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).
4) In this paper, all data was collected for Meta analysis .The impact of different management ,experimental duration and annual precipitation on SOC change in different soil depth was studied. The loss of SOC under the conversion from grassland to cropland was obvious in the 200~500mm-average annual rainfall areas, but the amount of SOC decreased seriously in the soil depth of 0~20cm under moderate, heavy and over grazing intensity. Under light grazing, SOC increased gradually during 10~30years. But the loss of SOC in 20~40years under heavy and over grazing was larger during 0~20years. Judging from the annual precipitation, SOC change of 500~1000mm rainfall areas increased by 4.1% than the <500mm region under light grazing, while under the moderate and heavy grazing the loss of SOC decreased with the increasing rainfall amount. It was an opposite result for the overgrazing management. Meanwhile, the impact on SOC change under forbidden grazing was most significant in 100~300mm rainfall areas. It was significant that the increase rate of SOC was larger(10~30cm) than that (<10cm)under enclosed management and the value of SOC change during the <10years was about 2.6 times than that in 10~20years.
引文
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