构造煤结构及其对瓦斯特性的控制机理研究
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摘要
以淮北地区为主要研究区域,系统采集不同变形类型和程度构造煤样。基于构造煤宏观、微观变形构造和镜质组反射率测试,结合研究区区域、矿区及矿井地质条件分析和前人构造煤分类的理论研究成果,正确确定样品构造煤类型,并筛选出低、中、高煤级不同变形类型和变形程度的23个构造煤样品进行综合测试和研究,深入探讨了构造煤结构及其对瓦斯特性的控制机理,为矿井瓦斯赋存规律和突出预测提供了重要研究基础和理论支撑。
运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、电子顺共振、核磁共振和傅立叶红外光谱等结构分析手段,压汞、低温液氮吸附、二氧化碳吸附和等温吸附/解吸等瓦斯特性实验测试技术,系统研究了不同煤级、不同变形类型和程度构造煤超微和分子结构及瓦斯特性的演化特征,深入探讨不同煤级构造煤结构演化机理及其对构造煤孔隙结构、吸附/解吸等瓦斯特性和瓦斯赋存与突出的控制机理;将煤中伴生元素分析和孔隙压缩系数计算方法应用于构造煤研究,系统分析了元素赋存的构造动力学效应和构造煤孔隙压缩系数演化特征及其对瓦斯抽采的控制作用。
结果表明,不同煤级、不同应力-应变环境构造煤结构演化机理存在较大差异,变形作用对低、中煤级煤分子结构的影响主要表现在促使煤中大分子脂链断裂和官能团的脱落,强韧性和剪切变形还有助于煤中不成对电子键合,促进煤中分子结构的芳构化进程,变形对高煤级煤分子结构的影响主要表现在不同程度上破坏了煤中芳香层片在垂向上和横向上的完整性;部分伴生元素或元素组合可以作为应力-应变环境的指示剂,可以根据这部分元素在构造煤中的富集程度判定该构造煤形成的应力-应变环境类型和作用强度;不同应力-应变环境、不同煤级构造煤结构演化对不同孔径孔隙的控制机理存在显著差异,不同类型变形对大孔和中、微孔孔容和比表面积的作用机理,分别表现在控制煤中节理、裂隙发育程度和分子结构的有序及无序化程度等方面;不同应力-应变环境中,构造煤结构演化对大孔孔隙形态的控制作用迥异,弱脆性碎裂变形作用下煤层节理、裂隙发育稀疏,中等脆性碎裂变形、剪切变形和弱韧性变形有助于构造煤中开孔的明显增加,而强脆性碎裂变形和强及较强韧性变形则破坏煤中孔隙体系和连通性,并导致细颈瓶孔的发育;不同类型构造煤吸附性的差异取决于主控孔径范围的孔隙含量;不同类型构造煤瓦斯赋存特征和突出危险性存在较大差异,依据不同类型构造煤的瓦斯特性差异,将构造煤划分为非突出、弱突出、突出和强突出四类。
Tectonized coals with various deformation types and extents were collected mostly in Huaibei area, which is the main study area. On the basis of overall characterization of coal samples on macro- and microscopic scales and vitrinite reflectance measurements, in combination with geological analyzes of study region, mining area and coal mines where the samples were collected and present achievements on classification of tectonized coals, the tectonized coal types of each collected samples were determined properly, and 23 tectonized coal samples with low, middle and high coal rank and various deformation types and extents were selected for experimental and theoretical study, the texture of tectonized coal and its controlling mechanism upon gas properties were intensively discussed, which provides important theoretical supports for forcasting the law of gas occurrence and gas outburst in coal mines.
Textural analysis methods, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electronic paramagnet resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fourier transform infrared ray (FT-IR), experimental measurement techniques for gas properties, such as mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), liquid nitrogen adsorption, carbon dioxide adsorption and isothermal adsorption and desorption, were applied to selected coal samples for determining the evolutional characteristics of ultramicro and molecular texture and gas properties of tectonized coals with different coal ranks and deformation types and extents, the evolutional mechanisms of tectonized coal texture at different coal ranks and their controlling mechanism on gas properties of tectonized coal, such as pore structure, adsorption and desorption properties, and gas occurrence and outburst were intensively studied. Associated elements analysis of coal and a method to determine the pore compressibility were introduced to tectonized coal study, the effect of tectonic dynamics upon elemental occurrence and the pore compressibility of tectonized coal and its control on gas extraction were systematically discussed.
Results show that, the textural evolution mechanisms of tectonized coal of different coal ranks and deformation types are significantly different, deformation make the macromolecular aliphatic chain break and the functional groups fall in coals with low and middle coal ranks, strong ductile and shear deformation cause unpaired electrons bond, which is useful for aromatic ring development of coal with low and middle coal ranks, as for coals with high coal rank, the effect of deformation of all of types is to break the integrity of aromatic nucleus vertically and horizontally in different extents. Some associated elements and their combination might be used as indicator of stress-strain environment, used for determining the type of stress-strain environment where the tectonized coal is formed and deformation extent depending upon their concentration in tectonized coal. Textural evolution of tectonized coals of various deformation types and coal ranks show different controlling mechanism upon pore volume and specific surface of pores with different pore diameters, deformation control the amount of pore volume and specific surface of macropores and meso-, micropores by affecting the development of cleats and ordered extent of molecular structure in coals, respectively. The shape of macropore varies as the deformation type and extent change, weak brittle cataclasm deformation leads to sparsely-developed cleats, medium brittle cataclasm and shear deformation and weak ductile deformation are helpful for significant increase of open pores, strong brittle cataclasm and ductile deformation will break the pore system and connectivity, and cause flask pore develop. The difference of adsorption properties of tectonized coals with various deformation types depends upon the amount of pores in certain range of pore diameter. The effect of tectonized coal type upon gas occurrence and outburst is quite different, selected tectonized coals were classified as no outburst, weak outburst, outburst and strong outburst tectonized coal, according to their gas properties, corresponding to probability of coal and gas outburst from weak to strong.
运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、电子顺共振、核磁共振和傅立叶红外光谱等结构分析手段,压汞、低温液氮吸附、二氧化碳吸附和等温吸附/解吸等瓦斯特性实验测试技术,系统研究了不同煤级、不同变形类型和程度构造煤超微和分子结构及瓦斯特性的演化特征,深入探讨不同煤级构造煤结构演化机理及其对构造煤孔隙结构、吸附/解吸等瓦斯特性和瓦斯赋存与突出的控制机理;将煤中伴生元素分析和孔隙压缩系数计算方法应用于构造煤研究,系统分析了元素赋存的构造动力学效应和构造煤孔隙压缩系数演化特征及其对瓦斯抽采的控制作用。
结果表明,不同煤级、不同应力-应变环境构造煤结构演化机理存在较大差异,变形作用对低、中煤级煤分子结构的影响主要表现在促使煤中大分子脂链断裂和官能团的脱落,强韧性和剪切变形还有助于煤中不成对电子键合,促进煤中分子结构的芳构化进程,变形对高煤级煤分子结构的影响主要表现在不同程度上破坏了煤中芳香层片在垂向上和横向上的完整性;部分伴生元素或元素组合可以作为应力-应变环境的指示剂,可以根据这部分元素在构造煤中的富集程度判定该构造煤形成的应力-应变环境类型和作用强度;不同应力-应变环境、不同煤级构造煤结构演化对不同孔径孔隙的控制机理存在显著差异,不同类型变形对大孔和中、微孔孔容和比表面积的作用机理,分别表现在控制煤中节理、裂隙发育程度和分子结构的有序及无序化程度等方面;不同应力-应变环境中,构造煤结构演化对大孔孔隙形态的控制作用迥异,弱脆性碎裂变形作用下煤层节理、裂隙发育稀疏,中等脆性碎裂变形、剪切变形和弱韧性变形有助于构造煤中开孔的明显增加,而强脆性碎裂变形和强及较强韧性变形则破坏煤中孔隙体系和连通性,并导致细颈瓶孔的发育;不同类型构造煤吸附性的差异取决于主控孔径范围的孔隙含量;不同类型构造煤瓦斯赋存特征和突出危险性存在较大差异,依据不同类型构造煤的瓦斯特性差异,将构造煤划分为非突出、弱突出、突出和强突出四类。
Tectonized coals with various deformation types and extents were collected mostly in Huaibei area, which is the main study area. On the basis of overall characterization of coal samples on macro- and microscopic scales and vitrinite reflectance measurements, in combination with geological analyzes of study region, mining area and coal mines where the samples were collected and present achievements on classification of tectonized coals, the tectonized coal types of each collected samples were determined properly, and 23 tectonized coal samples with low, middle and high coal rank and various deformation types and extents were selected for experimental and theoretical study, the texture of tectonized coal and its controlling mechanism upon gas properties were intensively discussed, which provides important theoretical supports for forcasting the law of gas occurrence and gas outburst in coal mines.
Textural analysis methods, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electronic paramagnet resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fourier transform infrared ray (FT-IR), experimental measurement techniques for gas properties, such as mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), liquid nitrogen adsorption, carbon dioxide adsorption and isothermal adsorption and desorption, were applied to selected coal samples for determining the evolutional characteristics of ultramicro and molecular texture and gas properties of tectonized coals with different coal ranks and deformation types and extents, the evolutional mechanisms of tectonized coal texture at different coal ranks and their controlling mechanism on gas properties of tectonized coal, such as pore structure, adsorption and desorption properties, and gas occurrence and outburst were intensively studied. Associated elements analysis of coal and a method to determine the pore compressibility were introduced to tectonized coal study, the effect of tectonic dynamics upon elemental occurrence and the pore compressibility of tectonized coal and its control on gas extraction were systematically discussed.
Results show that, the textural evolution mechanisms of tectonized coal of different coal ranks and deformation types are significantly different, deformation make the macromolecular aliphatic chain break and the functional groups fall in coals with low and middle coal ranks, strong ductile and shear deformation cause unpaired electrons bond, which is useful for aromatic ring development of coal with low and middle coal ranks, as for coals with high coal rank, the effect of deformation of all of types is to break the integrity of aromatic nucleus vertically and horizontally in different extents. Some associated elements and their combination might be used as indicator of stress-strain environment, used for determining the type of stress-strain environment where the tectonized coal is formed and deformation extent depending upon their concentration in tectonized coal. Textural evolution of tectonized coals of various deformation types and coal ranks show different controlling mechanism upon pore volume and specific surface of pores with different pore diameters, deformation control the amount of pore volume and specific surface of macropores and meso-, micropores by affecting the development of cleats and ordered extent of molecular structure in coals, respectively. The shape of macropore varies as the deformation type and extent change, weak brittle cataclasm deformation leads to sparsely-developed cleats, medium brittle cataclasm and shear deformation and weak ductile deformation are helpful for significant increase of open pores, strong brittle cataclasm and ductile deformation will break the pore system and connectivity, and cause flask pore develop. The difference of adsorption properties of tectonized coals with various deformation types depends upon the amount of pores in certain range of pore diameter. The effect of tectonized coal type upon gas occurrence and outburst is quite different, selected tectonized coals were classified as no outburst, weak outburst, outburst and strong outburst tectonized coal, according to their gas properties, corresponding to probability of coal and gas outburst from weak to strong.
引文
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