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区域土地利用变化及其对生态安全的影响研究
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摘要
土地是十分宝贵的自然资源,是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础,人类社会的发展离不开对土地的利用和改造,可以说人与土地的这种关系是整个人类社会发展史中最基本的生产关系。人类对土地的利用在原始社会就已存在。近几十年来,随着世界人口的急剧增长和科学水平的提高,人们对土地的利用强度不断增加,对土地的利用程度已经达到甚至超过区域土地的生态承载能力,导致区域内的生态环境逐渐恶化。土地资源的过度开发、陡坡垦荒、大面积森林砍伐、草场过牧、工业污染、城市过度集中拥挤等等,都会引起严重的生态危机并造成生态系统的退化。土地利用变化对生态安全的影响已经成为国家和区域生态安全的一个重要方面。土地利用与土地覆盖变化作为改变全球环境的主要驱动力之一,这一观点已经得到各界学者的普遍认可。1995年,国际地圈—生物圈计划(IGBP)与国际全球环境变化人文方面计划(IHDP)联合推出了“土地利用/覆盖变化研究”计划,均将其纳入了自己的核心组分。土地利用/覆盖变化和生态安全已经成为土地资源可持续利用研究的前沿课题,对区域土地可持续发展有着极其重要的意义。
     基于以上考虑,论文在可持续发展理论、系统理论、生态经济学理论、人地关系理论的支撑下,采用理论研究和实证研究、定性分析和定量分析、多学科理论相结合的方法,具体分析了区域土地利用变化及其对生态安全的影响,论文的研究内容和结论陈述如下:
     第一,土地利用的动态变化分析。从土地利用变化的理论内涵出发,研究了土地利用变化的主要特征、表现形式和一般规律,并根据土地利用的时空演变模型,从土地利用的数量变化、结构变化和区域差异三方面对江苏省土地利用动态变化进行具体分析。研究结果表明:从土地利用的数量变化来看,12年内江苏省的耕地、牧草地和水域面积均不断减少,而园地、林地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地和未利用地分别呈增长态势。从土地利用的结构变化来看,耕地、牧草地和水域所占比例减小,耕地所占比例减少幅度最大。园地、林地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地和未利用地所占比例有所增加,其中居民点及工矿用地所占比例的变化最大。另外江苏省土地利用结构的信息熵呈逐年上升趋势,其动态变化可以明显的分为两个不同阶段。从土地利用变化的区域差异来看,江苏省的土地利用类型变化存在显著差异性。差异性最大的土地利用类型是园地,其次是牧草地和林地,而差异性最小的是交通用地。
     第二,土地利用变化的驱动分析。通过系统分类方法对土地利用变化的驱动力做了新的分类,并从自然驱动力、社会经济驱动力和土地利用政策驱动力3方面对驱动机制进行理论分析,在此基础上运用主成分分析和逐步回归分析法进行实证分析。结果表明:江苏省土地利用变化的主要驱动因素是社会经济驱动因子,其中人口增长、经济增长和技术进步在很大程度上影响了江苏省土地利用的动态变化。从主成分分析可以看出前2个主成分的累计贡献率已经达到95.63%,可以代表绝大部分信息。从逐步回归方程可以看出,耕地面积的变化与社会消费品零售总额、经济非农化率、公路客运量负相关,与农业机械总动力正相关。对园地面积的变化影响最大的是社会固定资产投入,其次是农业机械总动力。牧草地面积的变化与经济非农化负相关,与机械总动力正相关。居民点及工矿用地面积的变化与GDP、社会消费品零售总额和财政收入正相关。对交通用地面积的变化影响最大的GDP,其次是社会消费品零售总额,最后是公路客运量。
     第三,土地利用变化对生态安全的影响研究。根据系统理论、景观生态学理论和生态经济学理论,从理论上构建土地利用变化对生态安全影响的框架体系,并从微观生态因子和宏观生态系统2个角度出发,定性分析了区域土地利用变化影响生态安全的作用机制。土地利用变化对生态因子的作用方式与具体过程主要包括:土地利用变化通过生物物理和生物地球化学两种反馈机制对气候产生影响;土地利用变化对水资源的影响主要包括水量、水质和空间分布三个方面;土地利用变化对土壤的影响主要包括土壤理化性质变化、土壤养分迁移、土壤微生物的改变、土壤有机碳的变化;土地利用变化对地质地貌的影响主要包括地形地貌的变化、地面沉降和地质灾害;土地利用变化对生物多样性的影响主要包括物种栖息地的改变、物种之间及其与环境之间关系的改变。土地利用变化在宏观上主要是对生态系统的结构和功能产生很大影响。
     第四,区域土地生态安全评价研究。根据土地生态安全的内涵,从自然、经济和社会3个方面选取18指标,构建了区域土地生态安全评价指标体系,并从不同的角度和层面结合江苏省具体情况,将指标划分为五级,采用未确知测度模型和熵值赋权法对江苏省区域土地生态安全状态进行评价。结果表明:1996-2007年间江苏省土地生态安全呈波动发展趋势,其总体属于临界安全状态,且区域土地生态安全评价分值略有上升。江苏省土地生态安全的总体趋势主要是由经济因素子系统和社会因素子系统的变动造成的。江苏省土地生态安全的经济子系统除2003年和2007年达到较安全状态,其余各年基本在临界安全和不安全状态之间波动,并呈逐渐上升趋势,其评价分值从1996年的3.0792上升到2007年的4.1304,波动幅度较大。江苏省土地生态安全的社会子系统除1999年处于临界安全状态,其余各年均处于不安全状态,并有略微下降趋势,其评价分值从1996年的2.6807下降到2007年的最低值2.2900。
     第五,基于生态安全的土地利用调控研究。从调控的内涵、目标、基本原则、调控机制、调控模式和调控手段6个方面对基于生态安全的土地利用调控进行理论分析。基于生态安全的土地利用调控是指在市场经济背景下,政府为了区域自然、经济和社会三者的和谐发展,根据土地自我反馈调控机制、土地市场调控机制与土地政府调控机制的内在要求,遵循持续性、协同性、阶段性、互补性和可操作性5个基本原则,运用计划手段、经济手段、法律手段、行政手段和技术手段,采用宏观、中观和微观三个层次模式,对土地利用过程中出现的生态问题进行有效的引导和调节控制,从而实现区域生态安全的最终目标。
     论文最后针对研究的结论提出具体的政策建议:(1)制定保护耕地政策、提高耕地生产力;(2)实施生态建设工程,改善水土流失现状;(3)运用生态产业技术,减少农药化肥使用量;(4)控制工业“三废”,改善土地生态环境;(5)控制人口增长,缓解人地矛盾;(6)加大土地生态建设的投入,建立生态补偿机制;(7)编制土地生态功能区划,实施土地生态保护规划。
Land is a very precious natural resources, material base of human survival and development. The development of human society can not be separated from the land use and transformation, and this relationship between land and human is the most basic relations of production throughout the development history of human society. Land use by human has existed in the primitive society. In recent decades, land use intensity increased and the extent of land use has been achieved the regional ecological carrying capacity of land with the rapid growth of the world's population and the scientific level, resulting in the deterioration of the regional ecological environment.Over-exploitation of land resources, cultivation on steep slopes, large-scale deforestation,over grazing pasture,industrial pollution, over-concentration of urban congestion and so on, will give rise to the serious ecological crisis and even to causing the degradation of ecosystems. The Influence on ecological security by Land-use change on has become an important aspect in a national and regional ecological security. Land use change as one of the main driving force in the global environment change, this view has been generally recognized by scholars from all walks of life. In 1995, the International Geosphere-Biosphere program (IGBP) and the international human dimensions of global environmental change program (IHDP) co-launched the "land use/cover change research" program and included the core components of their own. Land use/cover change and ecological security has become cutting-edge research topics of land resources sustainable use with an extremely important significance.
     Based on the above consideration,this paper,supported by theories of sustainable development,system science, ecological economic, man-land relationship,adopts research methods such as theoretical & empirical research qualitative &quantitative analysis, multidisciplinary combining theory etc., implements research on land use change and its influence on ecological security. The main content of the statements and conclusions are as follows:
     First, research on the dynamic land use changes.Based on the theoretical contents, this paper analyses the main characteristics, manifestations of land use change and basic law.And it analyses land use changes in the number, structural and regional differences with the spatial and temporal evolution of model. The result shows that, in Jiangsu Province arable land, pasture and water have been decreasing and garden land,forest land, residential and industrial land, traffic land and unutilized land have been increasing from land use change in the number and structural. In addition, the information entropy of land use structure has been increasing dividing into two different stages. And It has been significant regional differences in land use changes. The type of land use in the biggest difference is garden land followed by pasture and forest land,while the smallest difference in traffic land.
     Second, research on the driving factors and mechanism in land use change. According to systematic classification approach, the paper analyses the driving factors of natural, socio-economic, land use policy on the driving mechanisms in land use change.And it has been empirical research by principal component and stepwise regression analysis. The result shows that, the socio-economic driving force is the main driving factor, including population growth, economic growth and technological progress, to a large extent affecting the dynamic changes of land use. The cumulative contribution rate of the two main components reach 95.63% according to the principal component analysis.From the stepwise regression analysis, there are negative correlations between the changes in the area of arable land and the total retail sales of consumer goods, the non-farm economy, the amount of highway passengerand positive correlations between the changes in the area of arable land and the total power of agricultural machinery.The investment of social fixed assets is the greatest impact of the changes in the area of garden land, followed by the total power of agricultural machinery. Changes in pasture and the non-farm economy is negative correlation. The changes in residential and industrial area and GDP, the total retail sales of consumer goods and financial income are related. GDP is the greatest impact of the changes in traffic land,followed by retail sales of consumer goods, and finally the amount of highway passenger.
     Third, the impacts on the ecological security by the land use changes are researched. According to the systems theory, landscape ecology theory and ecological economics theory, the framework and the mechanism that regional land-use change impact on ecological security are quantitatively analysized from the view of 5 microscopic ecological factors and macro-ecosystem point. The mode of action and the specific process that the land use changes impact on the ecological factors include:impacts on the climate through the feedback mechanism of biophysical and biogeochemical; the impacts on the water resources mainly include three aspects:the quantity of water, quality of water and spatial distribution of water; the impacts on soil mainly include:changes in soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrient movement, changes in soil microorganisms and soil organic carbon changes; the impacts on landforms and geology mainly include the changes of landforms and geology, land subsidence and geological disasters; the impacts on biological diversity mainly include the changes of species habitat, and the changes of species and the relationship between species and environment. Land-use changes have a significant impact on the ecosystem structure and function in the macro level.
     Fourth, research on the evaluation of the land ecological security. The paper selects 18 indicators during natural, economic and social aspects and builds an index system of land ecological security assessment. Then it builds grading standard of indexes for land ecological security assessment according to different angles and dimensions. And it evaluates the state of land ecological security in Jiangsu province by unascertained measure model. The result shows that, the state of land ecological security appears fluctuations from 1996 to 2007 and in the whole belongs to the range of critical security and its evaluation scores increase slightly. The overall trend of land ecological security mainly causes by the changes of economic factors and social factors subsystem. The state of economic factors subsystem of ecological security fluctuates between security and.And It appears a gradual upward trend and its scores is up from 3.0792 to 4.1304. The state of social factors subsystem of ecological security is insecurity in addition to 1999. It appears a slightly downward trend and its scores is down from 2.6807 to the 2.2900.
     Fifth, the control on the land use based on the ecological security is studied. From the connotation, objectives, basic principles, control mechanisms, control mode and control the means of control, land-use regulation based on ecological security is carried out theoretical analysis. The control on the land use based on the ecological security is that in the background of market economy, the government effectively guide and control the ecological problems urged in the land use control process according to the inherent requirement of the land self-feedback mechanism, the land market mechanisms and the government mechanism for the land in order to regional natural, economic and social harmonious development. The guidance and control should be follow the 5 basic principles: the continuity, coordination, and stage, complement each other and interoperability, carried out by planning means, economic means, legal means, administrative means and technical means and adopted 3 levels models:macro, meso and micro models.
     In the end, the conclusion of the study to make specific policy recommendations:(1) Develop the policies for the protection of arable land and improve the productivity of cultivated land;(2) Implant the eco-construction projects, improve the status quo of soil erosion;(3) use the eco-industrial technology, reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers;(4) Control the industrial "three wastes", improve the land ecological environment;(5) Control population growth, ease the contradiction between people and land;(6) Increase the input of ecological construction land, the establish an ecological compensation mechanism;(7) Establishment the ecological function zoning of land, implement the ecological protection planning of land.
引文
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