海洋溢油污染生态损害评估研究
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摘要
长期以来海洋为人类提供了大量的物质产品和服务,是人类赖以生存和发展的重要环境。然而全球频繁发生的溢油污染事故,在对海洋造成了严重破坏的同时,也给人类造成了巨大的经济损失。海洋溢油污染损害评估已成为当前国际社会普遍关注的课题。我国由于缺少有效的溢油污染生态损害评估技术,导致溢油污染的损害往往得不到充分合理的赔偿,因此,建立一套科学合理又切实可行的溢油污染生态损害评估指标和评估程序,对于提高我国油污损害评估技术和对油污损害进行合理索赔,有着重要的理论和现实意义。本文针对目前溢油污染生态损害评估中存在的一些问题和缺陷,对溢油污染生态损害的评估内容和方法进行了研究,研究成果及结论主要包括以下几个方面：
1.溢油污染生态损害评估内容的界定
本文针对目前溢油污染生态损害评估过程中评估内容不明确且缺乏法律认可的问题,基于海洋生态系统服务和油污损害的相关理论,从理论的角度将溢油污染造成的生态损害明确为生态系统服务损害,将评估内容界定为海洋生态系统服务从受损到恢复至正常状态这段期间的价值损失(生态系统服务价值损失)、恢复受损的生态系统服务至原有状态的费用(生态系统修复费用)、以及进行生态损害评估的费用(损害评估费用)。结合国内外溢油损害赔偿的法律法规和司法实践情况,从法律的角度明确了溢油污染生态损害在司法实践中已得到部分索赔,其索赔类型不应仅仅定位于环境损害,还应涵盖财产损害、经济损失和预防措施。本文实现了生态系统服务损害与目前存在的环境损害、自然资源损害、环境容量损失等评估模式的区分,界定的生态损害评估内容既符合相关科学理论又能与相关赔偿法律法规相衔接。
2.溢油污染生态损害评估方法的确定
针对目前溢油污染生态损害评估方法较为粗略且缺乏有效性的问题,本文基于溢油污染损害和生态系统恢复等理论,参考美国自然资源损害评估方法(NRDA)和生境等价分析技术(HEA),通过损害的确定、恢复的确定、损失服务的定量、恢复及评估费用的计算和赔偿金的确定5个步骤实现对生态损害的评估；将生态系统各项服务价值损失表示为原有价值、受损面积、受损程度、恢复速率和受损时间的积分函数；基于生态价值评估理论,并针对生态系统各类服务不同的价值特点,分别选用适宜的评估方法对其损失进行了评估；能够合理有效地对生态损害进行计量,从而实现了对溢油污染生态损害评估方法的细化和改进。
最后将界定的评估内容与确定的评估方法相结合,建立了一套合理可行的生态损害评估指标体系,对于我国溢油污染损害评估技术的发展具有一定的理论和现实意义。
3.溢油污染生态损害评估程序的建立
针对目前我国溢油污染生态损害评估效率较低、不够重视生态恢复的现状,本文以建立的生态损害评估指标为核心,基于我国目前已有的研究成果,参考美国自然资源损害评估(NRDA)和生境等价分析(HEA)的理念,把生态损害评估和生态系统恢复作为一个整体,优化了从溢油事故发生到索赔数额提出整个过程中的各项工作流程,采用数值模拟技术作为主要评估手段,构建了溢油污染生态损害的评估程序。构建的评估程序以数据资料收集和事故现场调查为基础,包括溢油时空分布再现、损害对象及程度确定、生态系统恢复计划制定和生态损害价值评估4个模块,注重了生态恢复在损害评估中的基础作用,各模块衔接紧凑,工作流程简明清晰,操作简便快捷,能够有效提高油污损害赔偿的评估效率。
4.溢油污染生态损害评估的实证研究
根据本文建立的溢油污染生态损害评估指标和评估程序,对胶州湾潜在的溢油风险将导致的生态损害进行了实证研究。实证研究结果表明,同一地点发生的相同规模溢油事故,但由于环境条件的不同,溢油污染损害的生态系统服务类型也各不相同；同一溢油事故中,海洋生态系统各服务类型的受损范围、受损程度、受损时间以及恢复速率也并不相同；溢油污染损害的生态系统服务类型以及受损情况和恢复效果,应根据事故情况和海域特征,通过调查分析最终确定。实证研究表明本文建立的溢油污染生态损害评估指标和评估程序是可行的,能够有效地对溢油污染造成的生态损害进行评估；同时研究成果还能够为胶州湾溢油生态损害评估提供定量化技术支持,为胶州湾的生态保护和溢油应急计划的完善提供技术指导,还具有一定的现实意义。
The ocean, an important environment for human's existence and development, has been providing massive materials and services. However, the frequently occurred oil spill has seriously damaged the ocean ecosystem, and brought tremendous economic losses to human beings. Thus it has become a commonly concerned topic all around the world to assess ocean ecosystem damage caused by oil spill. In China, not having efficient ecosystem damage assessment technique brings about frequent compensation difficulties and disputes in oil spill accidents. Therefore, to set up a series of scientific, reasonable and practical assessment indicator system and procedure of ecosystem damage caused by oil spill will help theoretically and practically to improve China's ecosystem damage assessment technique of oil spill. Intending to solve problems and overcome shortcomings in current oil spill damage assessment, the present dissertation studies the content and methods of ecosystem damage assessment caused by oil spill. The results and conclusion covers the following aspects:
1. Defining the content of ecosystem damage assessment
Intending to solve the problem of unclear assessment content and insufficient legal sanction in ecosystem damage assessment, based on ocean ecosystem service theory and theory on ecosystem damage caused by oil spill, the author defines the ecosystem damage as ecosystem service damage and divides the assessment content into three parts:the value loss of marine ecosystem service from being damaged to restoring its normal condition (the value loss of ecosystem service); the expenditure from restoring the damaged ecosystem service to the original condition (recovery expense); the expenditure to conduct ecosystem damage assessment (damage assessment expense). Combining related laws and judicial practice of oil spill compensation, the dissertation clarifies that the ecosystem damage caused by oil spill has been partially compensated in judicial practice; the compensation type shall not only be environmental damage but also the property damage, economic losses and preventive measures. The dissertation differentiates ecosystem service damage from currently existing assessment mode of environmental damage, natural resources damage, environmental capacity damage etc. Therefore the defined ecosystem damage assessment accords with related scientific theories and compensation laws.
2. Determining the method of ecosystem damage assessment
Aiming at overcoming the uncertainty and lack of validity in current ecosystem damage assessment method, based on theory of oil spill damage and ecosystem recovery, consulting the National Resource Damage Assessment method (NRDA) of the United States and Habitat Equivalence Analysis (HEA), the dissertation tries to assess ecosystem damage through five steps:determining damage, determining recovery, quantification of damage, calculation of recovery and assessment expenditure, and determining compensation. The respective service value loss in ecosystem is indicated as integral function of original value, damaged area, damaged extent, recovery velocity and damage time. Based on ecosystem value assessment theory and according to their respective value character in ecosystem service, the dissertation selects appropriate assessment method to assess its damage, which can make a reasonable and efficient computation to ecosystem damage and realize the refinement and improvement of ecosystem damage assessment.
A set of indicator system of marine ecosystem damage assessment is built by combining newly defined assessment content and method, which is significant theoretically and practically to the development of oil spill damage assessment technique.
3. Constructing assessment procedure of ecosystem damage assessment
Intending to solve problems in marine ecosystem damage assessment, such as comparatively low efficiency and not emphasizing ecosystem recovery, the dissertation centers around the established ecological damage assessment indicators, optimizes every procedure from the occurrence of oil spill to the submission of compensation amounts on the basis of consulting the research results in China and NRDA and HEA in United States, making the ecological damage assessment and recovery an integrity. The numerical simulation as a primary assessment technique has been adopted to construct ecological damage assessment procedure. The assessment procedure is based on data collection and on site investigation of the accident, covers four modules of temporal and spatial recurrence of oil spill, determination of damaged objects and degree, establishment of ecosystem recovery plan and assessment of ecosystem value. These four modules is coherent and compact, pay attention to the role of ecosystem recovery in damage assessment. The procedure is concise and clear, which is easy to operate and can enhance the speed and efficiency of oil spill damage compensation assessment.
4. The empirical study of oil spill ecosystem damage assessment
Based on the established assessment indicator system and procedure, the dissertation conducts an empirical study of ecosystem damage in Jiaozhou Bay caused by potential oil spill accident. The results indicate that the ecosystem service damage type vary for the oil spill accidents of the similar scale in the same spot, because the environment conditions differ; In the same oil spill accident, the damage extent, degree, time and recovery speed of the respective service type also vary; The determination of ecosystem damage type, damage situation and recovery effect shall be made by investigation and analysis according to accident conditions and sea area feature. The empirical study shows that the ecosystem damage assessment indicators and procedure constructed in this dissertation is feasible, which can assess the ecosystem damage made by oil spill pollution effectively. Meanwhile, the research result can also provide quantificational technique support to the ecosystem damage assessment caused by oil spill, offer technical guidance to the improvement of marine ecosystem protection and emergency plan of Jiaozhou Bay.
1.溢油污染生态损害评估内容的界定
本文针对目前溢油污染生态损害评估过程中评估内容不明确且缺乏法律认可的问题,基于海洋生态系统服务和油污损害的相关理论,从理论的角度将溢油污染造成的生态损害明确为生态系统服务损害,将评估内容界定为海洋生态系统服务从受损到恢复至正常状态这段期间的价值损失(生态系统服务价值损失)、恢复受损的生态系统服务至原有状态的费用(生态系统修复费用)、以及进行生态损害评估的费用(损害评估费用)。结合国内外溢油损害赔偿的法律法规和司法实践情况,从法律的角度明确了溢油污染生态损害在司法实践中已得到部分索赔,其索赔类型不应仅仅定位于环境损害,还应涵盖财产损害、经济损失和预防措施。本文实现了生态系统服务损害与目前存在的环境损害、自然资源损害、环境容量损失等评估模式的区分,界定的生态损害评估内容既符合相关科学理论又能与相关赔偿法律法规相衔接。
2.溢油污染生态损害评估方法的确定
针对目前溢油污染生态损害评估方法较为粗略且缺乏有效性的问题,本文基于溢油污染损害和生态系统恢复等理论,参考美国自然资源损害评估方法(NRDA)和生境等价分析技术(HEA),通过损害的确定、恢复的确定、损失服务的定量、恢复及评估费用的计算和赔偿金的确定5个步骤实现对生态损害的评估；将生态系统各项服务价值损失表示为原有价值、受损面积、受损程度、恢复速率和受损时间的积分函数；基于生态价值评估理论,并针对生态系统各类服务不同的价值特点,分别选用适宜的评估方法对其损失进行了评估；能够合理有效地对生态损害进行计量,从而实现了对溢油污染生态损害评估方法的细化和改进。
最后将界定的评估内容与确定的评估方法相结合,建立了一套合理可行的生态损害评估指标体系,对于我国溢油污染损害评估技术的发展具有一定的理论和现实意义。
3.溢油污染生态损害评估程序的建立
针对目前我国溢油污染生态损害评估效率较低、不够重视生态恢复的现状,本文以建立的生态损害评估指标为核心,基于我国目前已有的研究成果,参考美国自然资源损害评估(NRDA)和生境等价分析(HEA)的理念,把生态损害评估和生态系统恢复作为一个整体,优化了从溢油事故发生到索赔数额提出整个过程中的各项工作流程,采用数值模拟技术作为主要评估手段,构建了溢油污染生态损害的评估程序。构建的评估程序以数据资料收集和事故现场调查为基础,包括溢油时空分布再现、损害对象及程度确定、生态系统恢复计划制定和生态损害价值评估4个模块,注重了生态恢复在损害评估中的基础作用,各模块衔接紧凑,工作流程简明清晰,操作简便快捷,能够有效提高油污损害赔偿的评估效率。
4.溢油污染生态损害评估的实证研究
根据本文建立的溢油污染生态损害评估指标和评估程序,对胶州湾潜在的溢油风险将导致的生态损害进行了实证研究。实证研究结果表明,同一地点发生的相同规模溢油事故,但由于环境条件的不同,溢油污染损害的生态系统服务类型也各不相同；同一溢油事故中,海洋生态系统各服务类型的受损范围、受损程度、受损时间以及恢复速率也并不相同；溢油污染损害的生态系统服务类型以及受损情况和恢复效果,应根据事故情况和海域特征,通过调查分析最终确定。实证研究表明本文建立的溢油污染生态损害评估指标和评估程序是可行的,能够有效地对溢油污染造成的生态损害进行评估；同时研究成果还能够为胶州湾溢油生态损害评估提供定量化技术支持,为胶州湾的生态保护和溢油应急计划的完善提供技术指导,还具有一定的现实意义。
The ocean, an important environment for human's existence and development, has been providing massive materials and services. However, the frequently occurred oil spill has seriously damaged the ocean ecosystem, and brought tremendous economic losses to human beings. Thus it has become a commonly concerned topic all around the world to assess ocean ecosystem damage caused by oil spill. In China, not having efficient ecosystem damage assessment technique brings about frequent compensation difficulties and disputes in oil spill accidents. Therefore, to set up a series of scientific, reasonable and practical assessment indicator system and procedure of ecosystem damage caused by oil spill will help theoretically and practically to improve China's ecosystem damage assessment technique of oil spill. Intending to solve problems and overcome shortcomings in current oil spill damage assessment, the present dissertation studies the content and methods of ecosystem damage assessment caused by oil spill. The results and conclusion covers the following aspects:
1. Defining the content of ecosystem damage assessment
Intending to solve the problem of unclear assessment content and insufficient legal sanction in ecosystem damage assessment, based on ocean ecosystem service theory and theory on ecosystem damage caused by oil spill, the author defines the ecosystem damage as ecosystem service damage and divides the assessment content into three parts:the value loss of marine ecosystem service from being damaged to restoring its normal condition (the value loss of ecosystem service); the expenditure from restoring the damaged ecosystem service to the original condition (recovery expense); the expenditure to conduct ecosystem damage assessment (damage assessment expense). Combining related laws and judicial practice of oil spill compensation, the dissertation clarifies that the ecosystem damage caused by oil spill has been partially compensated in judicial practice; the compensation type shall not only be environmental damage but also the property damage, economic losses and preventive measures. The dissertation differentiates ecosystem service damage from currently existing assessment mode of environmental damage, natural resources damage, environmental capacity damage etc. Therefore the defined ecosystem damage assessment accords with related scientific theories and compensation laws.
2. Determining the method of ecosystem damage assessment
Aiming at overcoming the uncertainty and lack of validity in current ecosystem damage assessment method, based on theory of oil spill damage and ecosystem recovery, consulting the National Resource Damage Assessment method (NRDA) of the United States and Habitat Equivalence Analysis (HEA), the dissertation tries to assess ecosystem damage through five steps:determining damage, determining recovery, quantification of damage, calculation of recovery and assessment expenditure, and determining compensation. The respective service value loss in ecosystem is indicated as integral function of original value, damaged area, damaged extent, recovery velocity and damage time. Based on ecosystem value assessment theory and according to their respective value character in ecosystem service, the dissertation selects appropriate assessment method to assess its damage, which can make a reasonable and efficient computation to ecosystem damage and realize the refinement and improvement of ecosystem damage assessment.
A set of indicator system of marine ecosystem damage assessment is built by combining newly defined assessment content and method, which is significant theoretically and practically to the development of oil spill damage assessment technique.
3. Constructing assessment procedure of ecosystem damage assessment
Intending to solve problems in marine ecosystem damage assessment, such as comparatively low efficiency and not emphasizing ecosystem recovery, the dissertation centers around the established ecological damage assessment indicators, optimizes every procedure from the occurrence of oil spill to the submission of compensation amounts on the basis of consulting the research results in China and NRDA and HEA in United States, making the ecological damage assessment and recovery an integrity. The numerical simulation as a primary assessment technique has been adopted to construct ecological damage assessment procedure. The assessment procedure is based on data collection and on site investigation of the accident, covers four modules of temporal and spatial recurrence of oil spill, determination of damaged objects and degree, establishment of ecosystem recovery plan and assessment of ecosystem value. These four modules is coherent and compact, pay attention to the role of ecosystem recovery in damage assessment. The procedure is concise and clear, which is easy to operate and can enhance the speed and efficiency of oil spill damage compensation assessment.
4. The empirical study of oil spill ecosystem damage assessment
Based on the established assessment indicator system and procedure, the dissertation conducts an empirical study of ecosystem damage in Jiaozhou Bay caused by potential oil spill accident. The results indicate that the ecosystem service damage type vary for the oil spill accidents of the similar scale in the same spot, because the environment conditions differ; In the same oil spill accident, the damage extent, degree, time and recovery speed of the respective service type also vary; The determination of ecosystem damage type, damage situation and recovery effect shall be made by investigation and analysis according to accident conditions and sea area feature. The empirical study shows that the ecosystem damage assessment indicators and procedure constructed in this dissertation is feasible, which can assess the ecosystem damage made by oil spill pollution effectively. Meanwhile, the research result can also provide quantificational technique support to the ecosystem damage assessment caused by oil spill, offer technical guidance to the improvement of marine ecosystem protection and emergency plan of Jiaozhou Bay.
引文
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