季节冻土地区圆形基坑冻结壁模型试验研究
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摘要
人工冻结技术在基坑工程中尚未被广泛应用,一个重要的原因是人工冻结的耗能大,阻碍了这项绿色施工技术的推广。而我国季节冻土区面积广大,利用季节冻土层中的天然低温冷能环境进行冻结技术施工必定节约大量的能源。因而开展季节冻土区圆形基坑冻结壁的模型试验研究,揭示在该环境中人工冻结壁沿深度初始温度场、热学、力学特性与节能规律将为推动季节冻土区基坑支护技术的发展具有重要的理论意义与实用价值。
本文在对国内外相关研究进行系统总结与深入分析的基础上,采用大型模型试验、数值计算、建立冻胀模型等方法,以圆形基坑冻结壁为研究对象,以模型试验为主线,考虑了季节冻土层中负温温度环境的影响,完成了以下方面的研究工作:
1、完成了徐州粉质粘土37个试样8项试验工作,认识土性特点,获取了模型试验所用土质的相关物理、力学、热学特性指标。为模型试验和有限元数值计算的参数确定提供了基础。
2、根据相似准则,设计研发、改造了大型模型试验设备,使之能够满足试验项目的要求。完成与试验台配套的制冷冻结、加载、监测系统的配套工作,确保合理取得相关试验成果。
3、开展大型模型试验研究,进行了10种工况,不同季节冻土层温度与有、无季节冻土层的大型圆形基坑冻结壁模型试验。研究季节冻土层下冻结壁内的温度、冻胀力的变化规律。在人工开挖后,使用气囊加压,模拟水平地应力,并研究位移变化规律。监测制冷盐水消耗,获取季节冻土层对冻结壁能量消耗的影响规律。
4、根据试验实测数据,确认季节冻土层存在对加快冻结壁交圈时间,提高冻结速度和明显限制水平位移的重要作用,并得到相关经验公式。
5、使用有限元软件模拟季节冻土区二维平面冻土墙的耗能特性,为模型试验提供佐证。
6、根据模型试验的工程背景,提出建立宏观冻胀模型的必要性。建立模型数值计算方法,通过室内冻胀试验和借鉴国外学者试验资料对模型进行验证。通过以上工作,本文主要取得了以下研究成果:
1、确认季节冻土层对圆形基坑冻结壁的温度场、冻胀力、外载作用下的变形、耗能等方面的影响规律。季节冻土层温度越低,越有利于冻结壁温度场向低温迅速发展,越有利于增加冻结壁抵抗外载的能力,但同时导致冻结壁冻胀力增大。
2、模型试验数据和数值计算结果均表明季节冻土层的存在明显减小冻结壁形成所需冻结时间,可有效减少冻结能量消耗。
3、模型试验中各类监测数据随冻结壁深度变化的规律,说明季节冻土层对圆形基坑冻结壁性能的影响范围有限。
4、以分凝势理论为基础,在冻结缘内建立分凝势与孔隙率变化率的联系,得到孔隙率变化率公式。建立起冻胀有限元计算公式。
5、使用Fortran和python语言对ABAQUS进行二次开发,以ABAQUS为平台实现宏观冻胀模型的数值求解,并建立有限元计算模型。对比显示数值计算结果与试验数据具有较好的一致性。
Artificial Ground Freezing has not yet been widespreadly applied in pit engineer-ing up to now, and one of the most important reasons is that Artificial Ground Freezingneeds plenty of energy, which hinders the promotion and generalization of this“green”engineering construction technology. There is a great deal of seasonally frozen region inChina, and it must save greatly vast energy to carry out Artificial Ground Freezing undernaturallow temperature conditioninseasonallyfrozen layer. Hence, the circlefrozen walllarge-scale model test was performed with seasonally frozen layer, in order to reveal arti-ficialcharacteristicsandlawof initialtemperaturefield, calorifics, mechanicsandenergy-saving of freezing wall along length, which is theoretically and practically valuable andsignificant to promote the development of pit supporting technology in seasonally frozenregion.
Based on systemic sum-up and profound analysis of the relative national and inter-national research, the circle frozen wall was mainly studied by large-scale model test withthe menus temperature condition of seasonally frozen layer, as well as through numericalcalculation, frost-heave model and so on, the fulfilled research work as follows:
1. 8 items of tests were conducted on 37 Xuzhou silty clay samples, and the charac-teristics of physics, calorifics and mechanics were obtained, which provided experimentalparameters for model test and numerical calculation.
2. According to similarity criterion, a large-scale model test equipment was de-signed, developed and rebuilt to satisfy the requirement of experiment projects. Thematched freezing, loading and monitoring systems were also developed to insure the ra-tionality of test results.
3. Large-scalemodelcircleartificialfrozenwalltestswerecarriedouton10kindsofexperimental conditions with or without seasonally frozen layer to investigate the changelawoftemperatureandfrost-heaveforceoffrozenwallwithseasonallyfrozenlayer. Afterexcavation, the air balloon was compressed to simulate horizontal ground stress and studythe variation of displacement. The influence law of seasonally frozen layer on the energyexpenditure of artificial frozen wall was got by monitoring the flow-rate consumption offreezing salt water.
4. Intermsofthecollectedtestdata, theformationtimeofcircleartificialfrozenwallwas obtained with seasonally frozen layer, as well as the important and obvious restrictionon horizontal displacement, increment of freezing velocity and the relative experienceformula.
5. The energy-wasting characteristics of 2-dimension plane numerical model offrozen wall was founded and calculated by FEM software, which provided the feasibleproof for large-scale model test.
6. Based on the background of engineering construction by artificial ground freez-ing, the necessity of foundation of macro frost-heave model was proposed, of which thenumerical calculation method was developed, and the model was validated by frost-heavetest and experimental data from international researchers.Through all above research work, the main study production was achieved as fol-lows:
1. Therulesweregainedfromtheaffectionofseasonallyfrozenlayerontemperaturefield, frost-heave force, deformation from load, energy-wasting of artificial frozen wall ,and so on. It can be concluded that the lower the temperature of seasonally frozen layerwas, the faster the temperature field went down to the menus value, and the stronger theresisting force of frozen wall against load, but, at the same time, the bigger frost-heaveforce was.
2. The results from model tests and numerical calculation demonstrate that the ex-istence of seasonally frozen layer will obviously reduce the formation time of artificialfreezing wall and the energy waste.
3. From the change rules along depth of all kinds of monitoring data of frozen wallmodel tests, it can be seen that the influence range of seasonally frozen layer on the frozenwall.
4. The relationship between change rate of porosity and segregate potential in freez-ing frontier on the foundation of segregate potential theory was founded, also the FEMcalculation formula of frost-heave.
5. Numericalsolutionofmacrofrost-heavemodelwasperformedthroughABAQUSby using Fortran and python language, and the numerical calculation model was founded.By comparison, the results of numerical calculation was almost correspondent with thoseof numerical calculation.
本文在对国内外相关研究进行系统总结与深入分析的基础上,采用大型模型试验、数值计算、建立冻胀模型等方法,以圆形基坑冻结壁为研究对象,以模型试验为主线,考虑了季节冻土层中负温温度环境的影响,完成了以下方面的研究工作:
1、完成了徐州粉质粘土37个试样8项试验工作,认识土性特点,获取了模型试验所用土质的相关物理、力学、热学特性指标。为模型试验和有限元数值计算的参数确定提供了基础。
2、根据相似准则,设计研发、改造了大型模型试验设备,使之能够满足试验项目的要求。完成与试验台配套的制冷冻结、加载、监测系统的配套工作,确保合理取得相关试验成果。
3、开展大型模型试验研究,进行了10种工况,不同季节冻土层温度与有、无季节冻土层的大型圆形基坑冻结壁模型试验。研究季节冻土层下冻结壁内的温度、冻胀力的变化规律。在人工开挖后,使用气囊加压,模拟水平地应力,并研究位移变化规律。监测制冷盐水消耗,获取季节冻土层对冻结壁能量消耗的影响规律。
4、根据试验实测数据,确认季节冻土层存在对加快冻结壁交圈时间,提高冻结速度和明显限制水平位移的重要作用,并得到相关经验公式。
5、使用有限元软件模拟季节冻土区二维平面冻土墙的耗能特性,为模型试验提供佐证。
6、根据模型试验的工程背景,提出建立宏观冻胀模型的必要性。建立模型数值计算方法,通过室内冻胀试验和借鉴国外学者试验资料对模型进行验证。通过以上工作,本文主要取得了以下研究成果:
1、确认季节冻土层对圆形基坑冻结壁的温度场、冻胀力、外载作用下的变形、耗能等方面的影响规律。季节冻土层温度越低,越有利于冻结壁温度场向低温迅速发展,越有利于增加冻结壁抵抗外载的能力,但同时导致冻结壁冻胀力增大。
2、模型试验数据和数值计算结果均表明季节冻土层的存在明显减小冻结壁形成所需冻结时间,可有效减少冻结能量消耗。
3、模型试验中各类监测数据随冻结壁深度变化的规律,说明季节冻土层对圆形基坑冻结壁性能的影响范围有限。
4、以分凝势理论为基础,在冻结缘内建立分凝势与孔隙率变化率的联系,得到孔隙率变化率公式。建立起冻胀有限元计算公式。
5、使用Fortran和python语言对ABAQUS进行二次开发,以ABAQUS为平台实现宏观冻胀模型的数值求解,并建立有限元计算模型。对比显示数值计算结果与试验数据具有较好的一致性。
Artificial Ground Freezing has not yet been widespreadly applied in pit engineer-ing up to now, and one of the most important reasons is that Artificial Ground Freezingneeds plenty of energy, which hinders the promotion and generalization of this“green”engineering construction technology. There is a great deal of seasonally frozen region inChina, and it must save greatly vast energy to carry out Artificial Ground Freezing undernaturallow temperature conditioninseasonallyfrozen layer. Hence, the circlefrozen walllarge-scale model test was performed with seasonally frozen layer, in order to reveal arti-ficialcharacteristicsandlawof initialtemperaturefield, calorifics, mechanicsandenergy-saving of freezing wall along length, which is theoretically and practically valuable andsignificant to promote the development of pit supporting technology in seasonally frozenregion.
Based on systemic sum-up and profound analysis of the relative national and inter-national research, the circle frozen wall was mainly studied by large-scale model test withthe menus temperature condition of seasonally frozen layer, as well as through numericalcalculation, frost-heave model and so on, the fulfilled research work as follows:
1. 8 items of tests were conducted on 37 Xuzhou silty clay samples, and the charac-teristics of physics, calorifics and mechanics were obtained, which provided experimentalparameters for model test and numerical calculation.
2. According to similarity criterion, a large-scale model test equipment was de-signed, developed and rebuilt to satisfy the requirement of experiment projects. Thematched freezing, loading and monitoring systems were also developed to insure the ra-tionality of test results.
3. Large-scalemodelcircleartificialfrozenwalltestswerecarriedouton10kindsofexperimental conditions with or without seasonally frozen layer to investigate the changelawoftemperatureandfrost-heaveforceoffrozenwallwithseasonallyfrozenlayer. Afterexcavation, the air balloon was compressed to simulate horizontal ground stress and studythe variation of displacement. The influence law of seasonally frozen layer on the energyexpenditure of artificial frozen wall was got by monitoring the flow-rate consumption offreezing salt water.
4. Intermsofthecollectedtestdata, theformationtimeofcircleartificialfrozenwallwas obtained with seasonally frozen layer, as well as the important and obvious restrictionon horizontal displacement, increment of freezing velocity and the relative experienceformula.
5. The energy-wasting characteristics of 2-dimension plane numerical model offrozen wall was founded and calculated by FEM software, which provided the feasibleproof for large-scale model test.
6. Based on the background of engineering construction by artificial ground freez-ing, the necessity of foundation of macro frost-heave model was proposed, of which thenumerical calculation method was developed, and the model was validated by frost-heavetest and experimental data from international researchers.Through all above research work, the main study production was achieved as fol-lows:
1. Therulesweregainedfromtheaffectionofseasonallyfrozenlayerontemperaturefield, frost-heave force, deformation from load, energy-wasting of artificial frozen wall ,and so on. It can be concluded that the lower the temperature of seasonally frozen layerwas, the faster the temperature field went down to the menus value, and the stronger theresisting force of frozen wall against load, but, at the same time, the bigger frost-heaveforce was.
2. The results from model tests and numerical calculation demonstrate that the ex-istence of seasonally frozen layer will obviously reduce the formation time of artificialfreezing wall and the energy waste.
3. From the change rules along depth of all kinds of monitoring data of frozen wallmodel tests, it can be seen that the influence range of seasonally frozen layer on the frozenwall.
4. The relationship between change rate of porosity and segregate potential in freez-ing frontier on the foundation of segregate potential theory was founded, also the FEMcalculation formula of frost-heave.
5. Numericalsolutionofmacrofrost-heavemodelwasperformedthroughABAQUSby using Fortran and python language, and the numerical calculation model was founded.By comparison, the results of numerical calculation was almost correspondent with thoseof numerical calculation.
引文
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