基于近红外光谱分析的土壤水分信息的提取与处理
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摘要
土壤水分是反映土壤-植物-大气系统能量流动与物质交换的重要参数,是气候、水、生物和土壤资源与环境形成、开发、利用和保护的重要影响因素,是生物赖以生存的重要物质源泉和环境条件,是影响农事操作措施如耕作、作物栽种、农膜覆盖、灌溉排水、施肥喷药等措施和精准农业技术系统管理效果的重要影响因素,也是农田水利工程和土木工程实施效果的重要影响因素,还是有关农业、土壤、环境、工程技术科学研究的必备参数。因此,进行土壤含水量的监测,适时、准确地掌握上壤水分含量及其动态是非常重要的。当前,世界水资源越来越短缺,水资源时空分配又极不平衡,水环境变差。中国的水资源和人均水资源量少,同时由于水资源质量上受到污染、空间上分布不均、时间上分配不当,其有效水资源量更显贫乏。在水资源极缺的情况下,水资源的浪费又非常大,特别是作为占社会总耗水量的绝大部分的农业用水,其水资源有效利用率和生产率都较低。因此为确保水资源的合理开发、利用和保护及其可持续发展,不断提高水资源的利用率和生产率,保障农业节水技术体系的实施,急需研究一种适合生产中推广应用的、控制面积大、监测速度快、准确、有效、连续、自动、无损土体,不污染环境的、经济的土壤水分检测技术,这是国内外长期追求的目标,亦是当前国内外研究的热点。而目前已在应用的土壤水分检测技术尚不能达到这一要求。本研究的选题即是围绕这一要求开展近红外光谱检测土壤水分的研究,其研究结果对农业生产、水利建设、生态环境建设以及一些工业生产、科学研究有着重要的意义。
本项研究的主要研究结果是：
(1)确证了土壤的光谱特性是土壤中多因子作用的结果,土壤水分含量是其中某些特征波段土壤光谱特性的控制因子。首次用添加土壤组成物质(土壤有机质和相关类型粘土矿物)的模拟试验和其它模拟试验(国际制土壤质地分类粒级分级颗粒、水稳性团聚体、土壤容重)的方法研究了土壤有机质、土壤颗粒大小、土壤粘士矿物类型与含量、土壤水稳性团聚体、土壤容重对土壤水分光谱的影响。结果表明,随着土壤中供试粘土矿物与有机质含量的增加和水稳性团聚体直径的增大与土壤容重的减小,其土壤光谱反射率减小；土壤颗粒中随着颗粒直径的减小,其反射率增大,但至粘粒(<0.002mm)以后,其反射率又减小。
(2)就土壤含水量变化过程中土壤容重与含盐量浓度变化对土壤光谱反射率的影响,以及土壤pH值变化对土壤反射率的影响进行了试验,研究结果表明在土壤含水量引起容重与含盐量浓度变化的情况下,其土壤反射率亦发生变化,这时随着土壤变干,容重增大,其反射率也增大；土壤含水量较高,即土壤含盐量浓度较低时,随着含盐量浓度加大,其反射率减小,但当土壤变干土壤中盐分析出结晶时,随着含盐量的增加,其光谱反射率加大。本试验研究还表明,在改良红壤酸性使之由酸性或微酸性变为中性的范围内,土壤酸度的变化不会引起土壤光谱反射率的明显变化。这些结果为构建包含土壤组成成分与性质影响的土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的模型和实施土壤改良措施提供科学依据。土壤容重变化还强烈影响土壤水分形态类型、土壤水分存在状况、土壤水分运动和土壤水分利用状况的变化。
(3)研究了变容重土壤含水量与土壤容重变化关系模型的构建,建立了变容重土壤容重随土壤含水量变化的指数模型和三直线模型,并对供试土壤三直线模型的特点进行了分析。首次研究了变容重土壤含水量-容重-光谱反射率相伴变化关系,构建了两类模型,一类为随容重变化的土壤体积含水量与光谱反射率之间的指数模型；另一类为通过土壤光谱反射率受土壤含水量和容重双函数影响的机理分析建立的土壤含水量与光谱反射率和容重之间的曲面模型。变容重土壤随容重变化的体积含水量与土壤光谱反射率关系的指数模型,反映了容重变化对土壤含水量与光谱反射率关系的影响；曲面模型为同时反映反射率受土壤含水量和容重双函数影响的情况下,变容重土壤重量含水量与容重均在变化时反射率反演土壤含水量的模型,它为变容重土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的机理分析和模型构建提供了理论基础。
(4)在土壤水分信息提取方面,比较研究了几种光谱数据的预处理方法,其中包括剔除噪声较大的波段、平滑滤波(移动平均平滑、中值滤波平滑、SG卷积平滑、小波变换消噪法)、求导数等方法,结果表明：利用小波变换消噪法结合求一阶导数法,在土壤光谱数据的预处理方面较其它方法能获得更好的滤波效果,同时能保留有用信号的细节特征。
(5)选择了能良好反映土壤水分光谱特征的特征波段,在1100nm-2400nm的光谱范围内,通过对其中的11个待定特征波段进行筛选,最终选定1400nm、1900nm、2050nm、2200nm4个波段作为土壤水分光谱的特征波段,其中,在随土壤含水量降低而得的光谱反射率增大的区域中于1400nm和1900nm处出现明显吸收峰值,当土壤含水量较低时于2200nm处亦出现明显吸收峰值。
(6)探索了土壤含水量与光谱反射率表示方法对其二者关系建模的影响,筛选出较好的匹配方法。在含水量方面选择重量含水量、定容重体积含水量、变容重体积含水量,在光谱反射率方面选择实测反射率、相对反射率、减土反射率和归一化减土反射率等表示方法比较,结果表明,以变容重体积含水量和相对反射率与减土反射率匹配较好,变容重体积含水量与归一化减土反射率匹配更好。在土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的模型构建所用含水量与反射率的表示方法中,首次提出和采用变容重土壤含水量与减土反射率、归一化减上反射率的概念,试验表明其表述方法较好。
(7)采用BP神经网络和支持向量机两种建模方法研究了土壤含水量与反射率之间关系模型的构建,并对土壤含水量与反射率之间关系模型的适应性进行了研究。在土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的模型构建方面,利用小波变换在时频两域对信号进行特征值提取,从而能够更全面地反映信号特征；为了消除土壤其它性状对土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的影响,对信号特征进行了相对干土特征矢量的变化量归一化处理,构建了三种特征矢量：原信号相对特征值变化量、一阶导数信号相对特征值、一阶导数相对特征值变化量；利用遗传算法对BP神经网络和支持向量机两种模型的参数进行了有效优化,并利用三种特征矢量对两种模型进行了建模和仿真,结果表明,在小样本条件下,利用一阶导数相对特征值变化量作为输入信号特征矢量,遗传算法优化参数的支持向量机法进行近红外光谱反射率反演上壤重量含水量和体积含水量模型的构建,效果较好。
Soil moisture is not only an important parameter to reflect energy flow and material exchange in the soil-plant-atmosphere system, but also an importance factors for formation, development, utilization and protection of climate, water, biological and soil resources and environment, which is an important material source and environmental conditions of biological survival. Soil moisture is an important factor affecting agricultural operations such as tillage, crop planting, plastic sheeting cover, irrigation, fertilization effect of spraying etc, and important for agricultural water-saving technology and precision agriculture technology. Soil moisture is also a necessary parameter related to agriculture, soil, environmental, engineering for scientific research. Therefore, the monitoring of soil moisture, extracting information of soil moisture content and dynamic state timely and accurately is very important. At present, as the world's growing shortage of water resources, water has a very uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water environment deterioration. China's water resources and water resources per capita is less, and because the quality of the water pollution, the uneven spatial distribution, misallocation of time, its effective water resources even more scarce. In the case of scarcity of water resources, water waste is very large, especially agricultural water use as the majority of community's total water consumption which efficiency and productivity are all low. Order to ensure the rational exploitation,utilization, protection and sustainable development of water resources, continuously improve water resources utilization and productivity, protection of agricultural water-saving technology system implementation, urgently promote a suitable practice use, control large area, high monitoring speed, accurate, effective, continuous, automatic, non-destructive soil, do not pollute the environment, economic new soil moisture detection technology, which is a long-term goal at home and abroad, and also a hot research key at home and abroad. But at present, soil moisture has been detected in the application of technology can not reach this requirement. The topics of this research is carried out around this requirement of soil moisture based on near infrared spectroscopy study, its findings have important significance on agricultural production, water conservancy, ecological environment construction and some industrial production, scientific research.
The key findings of this study are::
(1) Confirmed the spectral characteristics of soil are the result of multi-factors affections, soil moisture content is the control factor of the soil spectral characteristics in some characteristic bands. First use of adding soil composition material (soil organic matter and related types of clay minerals) analog testing and other analog methods (international system of classification of soil texture classification of grain size particles, water stable aggregates, soil bulk density) to research the affection of soil organic matter, soil particle size, soil clay mineral type and content, water stable aggregates, soil bulk density on soil moisture spectrum. The results showed that with the tested soil clay minerals and organic matter content increase,the diameter of water stable aggregates increase,the diameter of the soil bulk density decrease, the decrease of soil reflectance; with soil particles decrease, the reflectivity increases, but to the clay (<0.002mm) their reflectivity decrease.
(2) It is designed testing of soil bulk density and salt content concentration on the impact of soil reflectance with change in soil moisture, and the affection for soil reflectance by variable soil pH. The test results are showed that in the case of bulk density and salt concentration caused changes by soil water content, the soil reflectance is also changed, with the soil drier, bulk density increases, the reflectivity also increases; soil moisture high, that is, soil salinity concentration is low, as the salt concentration increased, the reflectivity decreases, but when soil dries out of salt crystallization, with the increase of salt,its spectral reflectance increases. The experimental study also showed that the modified red soil acidity to make it into a little acid from the acid or neutral range, the change will not cause soil acidity soil spectral reflectance changed significantly. These results provide scientific basis for building the model of inversion soil moisture content from soil reflectance which take accounts of the effects of soil composition and the nature and implementation of soil modifications for soil improvement. Changes in soil bulk density is also strongly influenced the changes of soil moisture patterns types, soil moisture exist conditions, soil water movement and soil water utilization.
(3) Research on implementation the relationship model of variable bulk density soil moisture and soil bulk density, confirms three-line model and exponential model to describe the relationship between soil moisture and bulk density changes,and analyze the tested soil characteristics by use of three-line model.Firstly research on the accompanied varying relationship among variable bulk density soil water content-bulk density-spectral reflectance, building two types of model, one is the exponential model for soil volume moisture content and spectral reflectance with the bulk density changes; the other is the surface model for the soil water content,spectral reflectance and bulk density based on the mechanism analysis of dual function affection of soil water content and bulk density for spectral reflectance. The former is reflected the affection of bulk density change on the relationship between soil water content and spectral reflectance; the latter is reflected that in the case of spectral reflectance influenced by dual-function of soil water content and bulk density, soil moisture inversion models by reflectance with change bulk density and soil water,which provides a theoretical basis for mechanism analysis and model construction of soil moisture content inversion by variable bulk density reflectance.
(4) In the case of extraction information of soil water, comparatively study of several spectral data preprocessing methods, which include the elimination of noisy band, filtering (moving average smoothing, median smoothing filter, SG convolution smoothing, wavelet transform de-noising method), the derivative method etc. The results showed that:the use of combination of wavelet de-noising method and first order derivative to preprocess spectral data can achieve better filtering results than other methods, and also to keep the details of the desired signal characteristics.
(5) Chosen the features band spectral to reflect well of soil moisture characteristics in the 1100nm-2400nm spectral range, through selecting of 11 features bands to be determined, the final selection of 1400nm,1900nm,2050nm,2200nm 4 bands as a soil water features spectrum band。Among which, in the area with soil moisture decrease, the reflectivity increasing,occurs the 1400nm and 1900nm apparent absorption peak; when the soil moisture is low, a significant absorption peak in the 2200nm also exist.
(6) Explored the impact of soil water content and spectral reflectance representation on these two relationship modeling, and choose better matching method. About water content,choice of the weight water content, invariable bulk density volumetric water content, variable bulk density volumetric water content; about spectral reflectance, choice of measured spectral reflectance, relative reflectance, reduced soil reflectance and normalized reduced soil reflectance.With the comparison, results show that variable bulk density volumetric water content is matched well with the relative reflectance and reduced soil reflectance, while variable bulk density volumetric water content is matched better with normalized reduced soil reflectance. In construction model for inversion soil reflectance to soil moisture, first proposed and the use of variable bulk density soil moisture, reduced soil reflectance and normalized reduced soil reflectance, and the experiments results indicated this representation is acquired good affection.
(7) Using two modeling methods of BP neural network and support vector machines to research on model construction for the relationship between soil water content and reflectance, and to study the model adaptability for the relationship between soil water content and reflectance. In the case of soil moisture content inversion model construction from soil reflectance, using the wavelet transform to extract signal characteristics in both time- and frequency domain, and thus can more fully reflect the signal characteristics; to remove the other characters of soil effect on the soil reflectance inversion soil water content,the change in signal characteristics are normalized by relatively dry soil feature vector and constructed three feature vectors:the relative characteristics of the original signal value variation, the first order derivative signal corresponding characteristics, the relative first order derivative signal characteristics variation; using Genetic algorithm in BP neural network and support vector machine parameters effective optimization, and use three kinds of feature vectors in the two models modeling and simulation results show that using the relative characteristics change of the first order derivative signal feature vector as input signals, genetic algorithm optimized support vector machine parameters is better for model construction of soil weight water content and volumetric water content prediction based on NIRS in the case of small sampling group.
本项研究的主要研究结果是：
(1)确证了土壤的光谱特性是土壤中多因子作用的结果,土壤水分含量是其中某些特征波段土壤光谱特性的控制因子。首次用添加土壤组成物质(土壤有机质和相关类型粘土矿物)的模拟试验和其它模拟试验(国际制土壤质地分类粒级分级颗粒、水稳性团聚体、土壤容重)的方法研究了土壤有机质、土壤颗粒大小、土壤粘士矿物类型与含量、土壤水稳性团聚体、土壤容重对土壤水分光谱的影响。结果表明,随着土壤中供试粘土矿物与有机质含量的增加和水稳性团聚体直径的增大与土壤容重的减小,其土壤光谱反射率减小；土壤颗粒中随着颗粒直径的减小,其反射率增大,但至粘粒(<0.002mm)以后,其反射率又减小。
(2)就土壤含水量变化过程中土壤容重与含盐量浓度变化对土壤光谱反射率的影响,以及土壤pH值变化对土壤反射率的影响进行了试验,研究结果表明在土壤含水量引起容重与含盐量浓度变化的情况下,其土壤反射率亦发生变化,这时随着土壤变干,容重增大,其反射率也增大；土壤含水量较高,即土壤含盐量浓度较低时,随着含盐量浓度加大,其反射率减小,但当土壤变干土壤中盐分析出结晶时,随着含盐量的增加,其光谱反射率加大。本试验研究还表明,在改良红壤酸性使之由酸性或微酸性变为中性的范围内,土壤酸度的变化不会引起土壤光谱反射率的明显变化。这些结果为构建包含土壤组成成分与性质影响的土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的模型和实施土壤改良措施提供科学依据。土壤容重变化还强烈影响土壤水分形态类型、土壤水分存在状况、土壤水分运动和土壤水分利用状况的变化。
(3)研究了变容重土壤含水量与土壤容重变化关系模型的构建,建立了变容重土壤容重随土壤含水量变化的指数模型和三直线模型,并对供试土壤三直线模型的特点进行了分析。首次研究了变容重土壤含水量-容重-光谱反射率相伴变化关系,构建了两类模型,一类为随容重变化的土壤体积含水量与光谱反射率之间的指数模型；另一类为通过土壤光谱反射率受土壤含水量和容重双函数影响的机理分析建立的土壤含水量与光谱反射率和容重之间的曲面模型。变容重土壤随容重变化的体积含水量与土壤光谱反射率关系的指数模型,反映了容重变化对土壤含水量与光谱反射率关系的影响；曲面模型为同时反映反射率受土壤含水量和容重双函数影响的情况下,变容重土壤重量含水量与容重均在变化时反射率反演土壤含水量的模型,它为变容重土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的机理分析和模型构建提供了理论基础。
(4)在土壤水分信息提取方面,比较研究了几种光谱数据的预处理方法,其中包括剔除噪声较大的波段、平滑滤波(移动平均平滑、中值滤波平滑、SG卷积平滑、小波变换消噪法)、求导数等方法,结果表明：利用小波变换消噪法结合求一阶导数法,在土壤光谱数据的预处理方面较其它方法能获得更好的滤波效果,同时能保留有用信号的细节特征。
(5)选择了能良好反映土壤水分光谱特征的特征波段,在1100nm-2400nm的光谱范围内,通过对其中的11个待定特征波段进行筛选,最终选定1400nm、1900nm、2050nm、2200nm4个波段作为土壤水分光谱的特征波段,其中,在随土壤含水量降低而得的光谱反射率增大的区域中于1400nm和1900nm处出现明显吸收峰值,当土壤含水量较低时于2200nm处亦出现明显吸收峰值。
(6)探索了土壤含水量与光谱反射率表示方法对其二者关系建模的影响,筛选出较好的匹配方法。在含水量方面选择重量含水量、定容重体积含水量、变容重体积含水量,在光谱反射率方面选择实测反射率、相对反射率、减土反射率和归一化减土反射率等表示方法比较,结果表明,以变容重体积含水量和相对反射率与减土反射率匹配较好,变容重体积含水量与归一化减土反射率匹配更好。在土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的模型构建所用含水量与反射率的表示方法中,首次提出和采用变容重土壤含水量与减土反射率、归一化减上反射率的概念,试验表明其表述方法较好。
(7)采用BP神经网络和支持向量机两种建模方法研究了土壤含水量与反射率之间关系模型的构建,并对土壤含水量与反射率之间关系模型的适应性进行了研究。在土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的模型构建方面,利用小波变换在时频两域对信号进行特征值提取,从而能够更全面地反映信号特征；为了消除土壤其它性状对土壤反射率反演土壤含水量的影响,对信号特征进行了相对干土特征矢量的变化量归一化处理,构建了三种特征矢量：原信号相对特征值变化量、一阶导数信号相对特征值、一阶导数相对特征值变化量；利用遗传算法对BP神经网络和支持向量机两种模型的参数进行了有效优化,并利用三种特征矢量对两种模型进行了建模和仿真,结果表明,在小样本条件下,利用一阶导数相对特征值变化量作为输入信号特征矢量,遗传算法优化参数的支持向量机法进行近红外光谱反射率反演上壤重量含水量和体积含水量模型的构建,效果较好。
Soil moisture is not only an important parameter to reflect energy flow and material exchange in the soil-plant-atmosphere system, but also an importance factors for formation, development, utilization and protection of climate, water, biological and soil resources and environment, which is an important material source and environmental conditions of biological survival. Soil moisture is an important factor affecting agricultural operations such as tillage, crop planting, plastic sheeting cover, irrigation, fertilization effect of spraying etc, and important for agricultural water-saving technology and precision agriculture technology. Soil moisture is also a necessary parameter related to agriculture, soil, environmental, engineering for scientific research. Therefore, the monitoring of soil moisture, extracting information of soil moisture content and dynamic state timely and accurately is very important. At present, as the world's growing shortage of water resources, water has a very uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water environment deterioration. China's water resources and water resources per capita is less, and because the quality of the water pollution, the uneven spatial distribution, misallocation of time, its effective water resources even more scarce. In the case of scarcity of water resources, water waste is very large, especially agricultural water use as the majority of community's total water consumption which efficiency and productivity are all low. Order to ensure the rational exploitation,utilization, protection and sustainable development of water resources, continuously improve water resources utilization and productivity, protection of agricultural water-saving technology system implementation, urgently promote a suitable practice use, control large area, high monitoring speed, accurate, effective, continuous, automatic, non-destructive soil, do not pollute the environment, economic new soil moisture detection technology, which is a long-term goal at home and abroad, and also a hot research key at home and abroad. But at present, soil moisture has been detected in the application of technology can not reach this requirement. The topics of this research is carried out around this requirement of soil moisture based on near infrared spectroscopy study, its findings have important significance on agricultural production, water conservancy, ecological environment construction and some industrial production, scientific research.
The key findings of this study are::
(1) Confirmed the spectral characteristics of soil are the result of multi-factors affections, soil moisture content is the control factor of the soil spectral characteristics in some characteristic bands. First use of adding soil composition material (soil organic matter and related types of clay minerals) analog testing and other analog methods (international system of classification of soil texture classification of grain size particles, water stable aggregates, soil bulk density) to research the affection of soil organic matter, soil particle size, soil clay mineral type and content, water stable aggregates, soil bulk density on soil moisture spectrum. The results showed that with the tested soil clay minerals and organic matter content increase,the diameter of water stable aggregates increase,the diameter of the soil bulk density decrease, the decrease of soil reflectance; with soil particles decrease, the reflectivity increases, but to the clay (<0.002mm) their reflectivity decrease.
(2) It is designed testing of soil bulk density and salt content concentration on the impact of soil reflectance with change in soil moisture, and the affection for soil reflectance by variable soil pH. The test results are showed that in the case of bulk density and salt concentration caused changes by soil water content, the soil reflectance is also changed, with the soil drier, bulk density increases, the reflectivity also increases; soil moisture high, that is, soil salinity concentration is low, as the salt concentration increased, the reflectivity decreases, but when soil dries out of salt crystallization, with the increase of salt,its spectral reflectance increases. The experimental study also showed that the modified red soil acidity to make it into a little acid from the acid or neutral range, the change will not cause soil acidity soil spectral reflectance changed significantly. These results provide scientific basis for building the model of inversion soil moisture content from soil reflectance which take accounts of the effects of soil composition and the nature and implementation of soil modifications for soil improvement. Changes in soil bulk density is also strongly influenced the changes of soil moisture patterns types, soil moisture exist conditions, soil water movement and soil water utilization.
(3) Research on implementation the relationship model of variable bulk density soil moisture and soil bulk density, confirms three-line model and exponential model to describe the relationship between soil moisture and bulk density changes,and analyze the tested soil characteristics by use of three-line model.Firstly research on the accompanied varying relationship among variable bulk density soil water content-bulk density-spectral reflectance, building two types of model, one is the exponential model for soil volume moisture content and spectral reflectance with the bulk density changes; the other is the surface model for the soil water content,spectral reflectance and bulk density based on the mechanism analysis of dual function affection of soil water content and bulk density for spectral reflectance. The former is reflected the affection of bulk density change on the relationship between soil water content and spectral reflectance; the latter is reflected that in the case of spectral reflectance influenced by dual-function of soil water content and bulk density, soil moisture inversion models by reflectance with change bulk density and soil water,which provides a theoretical basis for mechanism analysis and model construction of soil moisture content inversion by variable bulk density reflectance.
(4) In the case of extraction information of soil water, comparatively study of several spectral data preprocessing methods, which include the elimination of noisy band, filtering (moving average smoothing, median smoothing filter, SG convolution smoothing, wavelet transform de-noising method), the derivative method etc. The results showed that:the use of combination of wavelet de-noising method and first order derivative to preprocess spectral data can achieve better filtering results than other methods, and also to keep the details of the desired signal characteristics.
(5) Chosen the features band spectral to reflect well of soil moisture characteristics in the 1100nm-2400nm spectral range, through selecting of 11 features bands to be determined, the final selection of 1400nm,1900nm,2050nm,2200nm 4 bands as a soil water features spectrum band。Among which, in the area with soil moisture decrease, the reflectivity increasing,occurs the 1400nm and 1900nm apparent absorption peak; when the soil moisture is low, a significant absorption peak in the 2200nm also exist.
(6) Explored the impact of soil water content and spectral reflectance representation on these two relationship modeling, and choose better matching method. About water content,choice of the weight water content, invariable bulk density volumetric water content, variable bulk density volumetric water content; about spectral reflectance, choice of measured spectral reflectance, relative reflectance, reduced soil reflectance and normalized reduced soil reflectance.With the comparison, results show that variable bulk density volumetric water content is matched well with the relative reflectance and reduced soil reflectance, while variable bulk density volumetric water content is matched better with normalized reduced soil reflectance. In construction model for inversion soil reflectance to soil moisture, first proposed and the use of variable bulk density soil moisture, reduced soil reflectance and normalized reduced soil reflectance, and the experiments results indicated this representation is acquired good affection.
(7) Using two modeling methods of BP neural network and support vector machines to research on model construction for the relationship between soil water content and reflectance, and to study the model adaptability for the relationship between soil water content and reflectance. In the case of soil moisture content inversion model construction from soil reflectance, using the wavelet transform to extract signal characteristics in both time- and frequency domain, and thus can more fully reflect the signal characteristics; to remove the other characters of soil effect on the soil reflectance inversion soil water content,the change in signal characteristics are normalized by relatively dry soil feature vector and constructed three feature vectors:the relative characteristics of the original signal value variation, the first order derivative signal corresponding characteristics, the relative first order derivative signal characteristics variation; using Genetic algorithm in BP neural network and support vector machine parameters effective optimization, and use three kinds of feature vectors in the two models modeling and simulation results show that using the relative characteristics change of the first order derivative signal feature vector as input signals, genetic algorithm optimized support vector machine parameters is better for model construction of soil weight water content and volumetric water content prediction based on NIRS in the case of small sampling group.
引文
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