长江口潮滩营养动态与稳定同位素指示研究
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摘要
滨岸潮滩是地球表面圈层物质循环最为活跃的区域之一,其初级生产力与工业化农业相媲美,对营养物质和污染物的吸收、吸附、截留及其它过程延缓污染物向河口水体的释放,起到净化水质的生态功能。反之,河口富营养化及与潮滩物质的交换,加速了潮滩的富营养化,使潮滩由营养物质的“汇”转变为“源”,进而潮滩生境与生态功能发生转变。因此,滨海潮滩生态系统营养物质的生物地球化学循环及稳定同位素等生态指标研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。
本论文在长江口及毗邻海域水质调查以及沿岸潮滩系统(包括崇明东滩、横沙东滩、奉贤边滩等)的季节采样基础之上,对潮滩植物吸收库、沉积物营养累积库以及间隙水与河口营养交换等多个湿地过程营养动态及其对河口富营养化的响应进行研究,并利用潮滩系统中植物、沉积物碳、氮含量以及稳定同位素的变化以及其在河口环境差异较大的潮滩崇明东滩与奉贤边滩两个生态系统的对比研究来探讨潮滩系统中营养物质循环及潮滩营养动态指标。结果如下：
1.长江口潮滩植被是河口生态系统中重要的碳、氮储存库之一。互花米草、芦苇、海三棱藨草的碳、氮年净生产力分别达到17.44×104、4428.73t(这一统计结果偏低),其中这三种植物年净氮生产力分别是35.45、30.19和9.18g N·m-2·yr-1且三种植物均是地上生产力大于地下生产力,这一结果的重要意义在于通过收割等方式移除地上组织有利于大气与潮滩生态系统中碳、氮的移除,对河口富营养化环境产生积极净化功能。地下生物量/地上生物量比是潮滩环境变化的重要生态指标,海三棱藨草地下/地上生物量比大于其它潮滩植物、奉贤边滩的比值比其它两个潮滩高,表明地下生物量增加不仅是植物适应潮滩不稳定环境的生存策略与重要的能量、物质物质循环库,还是潮滩沉积物非生物环境的调控因子,其生态功能是今后研究的重点之一。
2.潮滩沉积物是河口生态系统重要的碳源与氮汇。有机碳、氮的沉积速率分别是45-86g C·m-2·yr-1、4.74-6.17 g N·m-2·yr-1,除了海三棱藨草净地下碳生产力主要在土壤中沉积,芦苇、互花米草输出74%-82%地下净碳生产力；氮的沉积速率大于地下净生产力,海三棱藨带和互花米草带氮沉积有45%-55%来自外源氮的输入。三个潮滩沉积物TOC与TN间呈明显的线性关系,但奉贤边滩斜率与其它两个潮滩差异明显,即C/N差异明显,表明河口富营养化环境与沿岸排污对奉贤边滩影响显著。植物生长特别是互花米草入侵增加碳、氮沉积,对氮的截留作用超过了对碳的沉积。
3.潮滩沉积物-水界面营养盐扩散通量计算结果表明沉积物对(NO3-+NO2-)N吸收量(-24.17μmol·m-2·h-1])大于NH4+-N的释放量(13.81μol·m-2·h-1),起到净化功能；SiO32--Si、NH4+-N、PO43--P由沉积物向水体输出有利于调节河口水体中营养盐结构,特别是有利于缓解夏季河口硅限制。NH4+-N是间隙水中主要氮盐,其浓度比(NO3-+NO2-)-N (0.38-36.13μmol·L-1高1-2个数量级,受潮滩植物影响明显,如崇明东滩大型维管束植被带(互花米草与芦苇)中的NH4+-N浓度比光滩与海三棱藨草带低一个数量级以上,且春、夏季植物生物量与间隙水营养盐呈明显的线性关系。潮滩营养盐与河口海水水质有着密切相关性,特别是奉贤边滩受杭州湾的严重富营养化影响,其潮滩营养盐浓度与通量高于崇明东滩与横沙东滩。植物生长对潮滩沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响：1)直接吸收,降低营养盐浓度；2)植物的存在引起沉积物中氧化还原环境变化,从而影响沉积物间隙水中营养盐形式。
4.碳、氮稳定同位素分析表明潮滩植物分为三个组：C3植物(613C、δ15N分别是-24.3--30.0‰、1.6-8.3‰)、C4植物(δ13C、615N分别是-12.3--14.6‰、2.5-7.2‰)以及包括浮游植物与底栖藻类在内的潮滩藻类(613C、δ15N分别是-15.7--22.8‰、4.0-7.2‰)。但其潮滩差异主要表现为δ15N,植被δ15N变化与河口水体及间隙水氮营养盐的浓度有着显著的线性负相关关系。潮滩沉积库是包括盐沼C3植物、C4植物以及悬浮颗粒等多个来源有机质的混合库,其中两种植物的最大贡献对表层沉积物有机物的贡献分别是42.97%、19.21%,高于浅层沉积物(分别是42.04%、14.85%),表明互花米草入侵的生态影响增加。因强烈的物理环境、沉积物有机库输出-保存的平衡等因子影响了沉积物同位素对河口富营养化的响应。
5.在长江口与杭州湾河口富营养化调查的基础上,比较崇明东滩与奉贤边滩营养动态及稳定同位素等生态指标变化,结果表明：潮滩间隙水营养富集主要表现为沉积物中C/N比与δ15N的变化,而植物指标则包括了地下／地上生物量、氮含量、δ15N及入侵物种的变化等。河口环境对潮滩的影响信号沿着间隙水、沉积物、植被逐级放大。另外,1)营养盐的来源；2)水体营养化程度；3)潮滩植物对营养盐的需求是影响潮滩同位素变化的重要因子,尤其是富营养化会影响植物与沉积物碳、氮含量与同位素作为生态指示性因子在潮滩有机物溯源及潮滩营养富集过程研究中应用。
总体看来,长江口潮滩是河口生态系统重要的碳源和氮汇,不仅起到维持河口生态系统高生产力的重要作用,通过植物的生长、营养物质的沉积以及沉积物-水界面物质交换等过程延长营养物质在潮滩循环周期,起到净化功能,也是潮滩与河口环境响应的重要机制。碳、氮稳定同位素的应用不仅为潮滩有机质溯源研究提供有效的、敏感的技术手段,也是潮滩营养富集化过程研究的重要生态指标。今后将建立长时间尺度潮滩营养动态数据库与营养富集敏感指标体系,促进河口生态系统修复与健康。
Tidal flat is one of the most active ecosystems in surface sphere of the earth, and plays an important role in maintaining high primary production in coastal ecosystem. The uptake, adsorption, retention and other processes of tidal marsh delay the release of nutrient and contamination from marsh into estuary purifying water quality of estuarine ecosystem. Whereas, eutrophication in coastal water and the exchange between coast and marsh speed nutrient enrichment in tidal flat, and lead to the function shift from "sink" to "source" of marsh. Consequently, the variations occur in habitat and ecological function of marsh ecosystems. It is urgent to carry out the researches on the nutrient biogeochemical cycles and isotopes indicators in tidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary, one of the most important drivers of marine environment.
On the basis of water quality survey of the Yangtze Estuary and the adjacent sea and seasonal sampling of tidal flats (including Chongming Dongtan, Hengsha Island and Fengxian flat), our objects were to determine 1) plant uptake, nutrient sediment pool and the nutrient flux between pore water and coastal water; 2) the response of those processes to eutrophication in coast; 3) nutrient cycle and ecological indexes of tidal flat ecosystem using carbon and nitrogen contents and stable isotopes of marsh plant and sediment. These results would aid in the sensitivity of environmental management on nutrient enrichment and the development of protection measures in tidal flat ecosystems. The results are as follows:
1. Marsh vegetation was one of the carbon and nitrogen repositories in the Yangtze estuary. Carbon and nitrogen net annual production of Spartina alterniflora, Phragmites australis and Scripus mariqueter were 17.44×104、4428.73t in the Yangtze estuary respectively (this result was underestimated). Nitrogen annual production was 35.45、30.19 and 9.18 g N·m-2·yr-1 for these three marsh plant respectively. The aboveground production was larger than the belowground, meaning that carbon and nitrogen would be removed from atmosphere and marsh system by the harvest of the aboveground organism to purify water quality of the Yangtze estuary. The bellowground/aboveground biomass ratio in S. mariqueter was higher than that in other plant, and it was higher in Fengxian flat than other two flats. The results showed that the belowground biomass was not only a survival strategy for marsh plant to unstable environment, but also a factor to abiotic environment and nutrient of marsh sediment.
2. Sediment pool was carbon source and nitrogen sink for coast ecosystem. Sedimentation rates of organic carbon and nitrogen were 45-86g C·m-2·yr-1、4.74-6.17 g N·m-2·yr-1 respetively. Except that net belowground carbon production of S. mariqueter was mainly deposited in sediment,74%-82% net belowground production of S. alterniflora and P. australis was exported from marshes. Meanwhile, nitrogen sedimentation rate was larger than the belowground production, and 45%-55% nitrogen of sediment under the S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora was imported from external source. TOC and TN showed significant linear relationship in three flats, but the slope of Fengxian flat, namely C/N, obviously differed from other two marshes, indicating the impact of coastal eutrophication and sewage discharge on Fengxian flat. The growth of marsh plant, especially the invasion of S. alterniflora, accelerated nutrient sedimentation, and nitrogen retention in sediment exceeded carbon sedimentation.
3. The nutrient diffusive flux in sediment-water interface showed that the export flux of flux NH4+-N (-24.17μmol·m-2·h-1) was higher than the import of (NO3-+NO2-)-N (13.8μmol·m-2·h-1), resulting in the purification function on water quality. The export of SiO32--Si, NH4+-N and PO43--P from tidal marshes regulated nutrient level and composition, and specially lifted the silicon beyond potentidal element limitation in the coastal system in summer. Ammonium as the main form of DIN was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than (nitrate+nitrite)-N (0.38-36.13μ.mol·L-1) in pore water. In Chongming Dongtan, ammonium concentrations of pore water in macrophyte (S. alterniflora and P. australis) zones were over one order of magnitude less than bare flat and S. mariqueter zone. Moreover, the linear regression analysis showed significant relationships between biomass in spring and summer growing seasons and nutrient concentrations (except SiO32--Si) in CM. The mechanisms could interpret the impact of marsh plants on pore water nutrient:1) the uptake directly decreases nutrient concentrations of marshes; 2) the variations of the redox environment in sediment by vegetation growth affect nutrient form in pore water.
4. Marsh plants were binned into three groups in the Yangtze estuary:C3 plant (δ13C,δ15N were-24.3～-30.0%。,1.6-8.3%。respectively), C4 plant (δ13C,δ15N were-12.3～-14.6%。,2.5～7.2%o respectively) and marsh algae including phytoplankton and benthic algae (813C,δ15N were-15.7～-22.8%。,4.0～7.2%。respectively) by stable isotopes. Theδ15N values of marsh plant showed evident difference between Fengxian flat and other two flats, and had negative correlation with nutrient of coastal water and pore water. However, the organic of sediment was a mix of C3, C4 and suspended particulate matter. The contribution of C3 and C4 plants to organic matter of surface sediments were 42.97%,19.21% respectively, higher than that in shallow sediment (42.04%,14.85% respectively). This result indicates the increase impact of S. alterniflora on marsh sediment. The responses ofδ13C,815N values of sediment were overlapped by intense physical condition and export-save balance of organic pool to reflect nutrient enrichment in the estuaries. 5. Based on water quality survey of the Yangtze estuary and Hangzhou Bay, the comparisons of nutrient dynamic and stable isotopes showed that C/N ratio andδ15N of sediment effectively reflected nutrient dynamic in marshes, while the vegetation indexes included belowground/aboveground biomass, N content,δ15N and the distribution of invasive species. Therefore, the ecological signal of nutrient dynamic progressively enlargeed along pore water, sediment and marsh plant. In addition, the results indicated that isotope variations were effected by nutrient source, nutritional status of coast and plant physiology in tidal flat ecosystem. Specially, eutrophication might influence the application of carbon and nitrogen content and isotopes as ecological indexes to the biogeochemical cycle of wetland ecosystems.
In summary, it is proved by our survey that tidal flats act as carbon source and nitrogen sink of the Yangtze estuary, and play important roles in maintaining high production and purifying water quality by plant growth, nutrient sedimentation and the exchange at sediment-water interface. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes are the effective and sensitive ecological indexes to identify organic sources and nutrient dynamic of estuarine ecosystem. Long-term data of nutrient dynamic and sensitive index of nutrient enrichment would be established in biogeochemistry of tidal flat environments.
本论文在长江口及毗邻海域水质调查以及沿岸潮滩系统(包括崇明东滩、横沙东滩、奉贤边滩等)的季节采样基础之上,对潮滩植物吸收库、沉积物营养累积库以及间隙水与河口营养交换等多个湿地过程营养动态及其对河口富营养化的响应进行研究,并利用潮滩系统中植物、沉积物碳、氮含量以及稳定同位素的变化以及其在河口环境差异较大的潮滩崇明东滩与奉贤边滩两个生态系统的对比研究来探讨潮滩系统中营养物质循环及潮滩营养动态指标。结果如下：
1.长江口潮滩植被是河口生态系统中重要的碳、氮储存库之一。互花米草、芦苇、海三棱藨草的碳、氮年净生产力分别达到17.44×104、4428.73t(这一统计结果偏低),其中这三种植物年净氮生产力分别是35.45、30.19和9.18g N·m-2·yr-1且三种植物均是地上生产力大于地下生产力,这一结果的重要意义在于通过收割等方式移除地上组织有利于大气与潮滩生态系统中碳、氮的移除,对河口富营养化环境产生积极净化功能。地下生物量/地上生物量比是潮滩环境变化的重要生态指标,海三棱藨草地下/地上生物量比大于其它潮滩植物、奉贤边滩的比值比其它两个潮滩高,表明地下生物量增加不仅是植物适应潮滩不稳定环境的生存策略与重要的能量、物质物质循环库,还是潮滩沉积物非生物环境的调控因子,其生态功能是今后研究的重点之一。
2.潮滩沉积物是河口生态系统重要的碳源与氮汇。有机碳、氮的沉积速率分别是45-86g C·m-2·yr-1、4.74-6.17 g N·m-2·yr-1,除了海三棱藨草净地下碳生产力主要在土壤中沉积,芦苇、互花米草输出74%-82%地下净碳生产力；氮的沉积速率大于地下净生产力,海三棱藨带和互花米草带氮沉积有45%-55%来自外源氮的输入。三个潮滩沉积物TOC与TN间呈明显的线性关系,但奉贤边滩斜率与其它两个潮滩差异明显,即C/N差异明显,表明河口富营养化环境与沿岸排污对奉贤边滩影响显著。植物生长特别是互花米草入侵增加碳、氮沉积,对氮的截留作用超过了对碳的沉积。
3.潮滩沉积物-水界面营养盐扩散通量计算结果表明沉积物对(NO3-+NO2-)N吸收量(-24.17μmol·m-2·h-1])大于NH4+-N的释放量(13.81μol·m-2·h-1),起到净化功能；SiO32--Si、NH4+-N、PO43--P由沉积物向水体输出有利于调节河口水体中营养盐结构,特别是有利于缓解夏季河口硅限制。NH4+-N是间隙水中主要氮盐,其浓度比(NO3-+NO2-)-N (0.38-36.13μmol·L-1高1-2个数量级,受潮滩植物影响明显,如崇明东滩大型维管束植被带(互花米草与芦苇)中的NH4+-N浓度比光滩与海三棱藨草带低一个数量级以上,且春、夏季植物生物量与间隙水营养盐呈明显的线性关系。潮滩营养盐与河口海水水质有着密切相关性,特别是奉贤边滩受杭州湾的严重富营养化影响,其潮滩营养盐浓度与通量高于崇明东滩与横沙东滩。植物生长对潮滩沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响：1)直接吸收,降低营养盐浓度；2)植物的存在引起沉积物中氧化还原环境变化,从而影响沉积物间隙水中营养盐形式。
4.碳、氮稳定同位素分析表明潮滩植物分为三个组：C3植物(613C、δ15N分别是-24.3--30.0‰、1.6-8.3‰)、C4植物(δ13C、615N分别是-12.3--14.6‰、2.5-7.2‰)以及包括浮游植物与底栖藻类在内的潮滩藻类(613C、δ15N分别是-15.7--22.8‰、4.0-7.2‰)。但其潮滩差异主要表现为δ15N,植被δ15N变化与河口水体及间隙水氮营养盐的浓度有着显著的线性负相关关系。潮滩沉积库是包括盐沼C3植物、C4植物以及悬浮颗粒等多个来源有机质的混合库,其中两种植物的最大贡献对表层沉积物有机物的贡献分别是42.97%、19.21%,高于浅层沉积物(分别是42.04%、14.85%),表明互花米草入侵的生态影响增加。因强烈的物理环境、沉积物有机库输出-保存的平衡等因子影响了沉积物同位素对河口富营养化的响应。
5.在长江口与杭州湾河口富营养化调查的基础上,比较崇明东滩与奉贤边滩营养动态及稳定同位素等生态指标变化,结果表明：潮滩间隙水营养富集主要表现为沉积物中C/N比与δ15N的变化,而植物指标则包括了地下／地上生物量、氮含量、δ15N及入侵物种的变化等。河口环境对潮滩的影响信号沿着间隙水、沉积物、植被逐级放大。另外,1)营养盐的来源；2)水体营养化程度；3)潮滩植物对营养盐的需求是影响潮滩同位素变化的重要因子,尤其是富营养化会影响植物与沉积物碳、氮含量与同位素作为生态指示性因子在潮滩有机物溯源及潮滩营养富集过程研究中应用。
总体看来,长江口潮滩是河口生态系统重要的碳源和氮汇,不仅起到维持河口生态系统高生产力的重要作用,通过植物的生长、营养物质的沉积以及沉积物-水界面物质交换等过程延长营养物质在潮滩循环周期,起到净化功能,也是潮滩与河口环境响应的重要机制。碳、氮稳定同位素的应用不仅为潮滩有机质溯源研究提供有效的、敏感的技术手段,也是潮滩营养富集化过程研究的重要生态指标。今后将建立长时间尺度潮滩营养动态数据库与营养富集敏感指标体系,促进河口生态系统修复与健康。
Tidal flat is one of the most active ecosystems in surface sphere of the earth, and plays an important role in maintaining high primary production in coastal ecosystem. The uptake, adsorption, retention and other processes of tidal marsh delay the release of nutrient and contamination from marsh into estuary purifying water quality of estuarine ecosystem. Whereas, eutrophication in coastal water and the exchange between coast and marsh speed nutrient enrichment in tidal flat, and lead to the function shift from "sink" to "source" of marsh. Consequently, the variations occur in habitat and ecological function of marsh ecosystems. It is urgent to carry out the researches on the nutrient biogeochemical cycles and isotopes indicators in tidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary, one of the most important drivers of marine environment.
On the basis of water quality survey of the Yangtze Estuary and the adjacent sea and seasonal sampling of tidal flats (including Chongming Dongtan, Hengsha Island and Fengxian flat), our objects were to determine 1) plant uptake, nutrient sediment pool and the nutrient flux between pore water and coastal water; 2) the response of those processes to eutrophication in coast; 3) nutrient cycle and ecological indexes of tidal flat ecosystem using carbon and nitrogen contents and stable isotopes of marsh plant and sediment. These results would aid in the sensitivity of environmental management on nutrient enrichment and the development of protection measures in tidal flat ecosystems. The results are as follows:
1. Marsh vegetation was one of the carbon and nitrogen repositories in the Yangtze estuary. Carbon and nitrogen net annual production of Spartina alterniflora, Phragmites australis and Scripus mariqueter were 17.44×104、4428.73t in the Yangtze estuary respectively (this result was underestimated). Nitrogen annual production was 35.45、30.19 and 9.18 g N·m-2·yr-1 for these three marsh plant respectively. The aboveground production was larger than the belowground, meaning that carbon and nitrogen would be removed from atmosphere and marsh system by the harvest of the aboveground organism to purify water quality of the Yangtze estuary. The bellowground/aboveground biomass ratio in S. mariqueter was higher than that in other plant, and it was higher in Fengxian flat than other two flats. The results showed that the belowground biomass was not only a survival strategy for marsh plant to unstable environment, but also a factor to abiotic environment and nutrient of marsh sediment.
2. Sediment pool was carbon source and nitrogen sink for coast ecosystem. Sedimentation rates of organic carbon and nitrogen were 45-86g C·m-2·yr-1、4.74-6.17 g N·m-2·yr-1 respetively. Except that net belowground carbon production of S. mariqueter was mainly deposited in sediment,74%-82% net belowground production of S. alterniflora and P. australis was exported from marshes. Meanwhile, nitrogen sedimentation rate was larger than the belowground production, and 45%-55% nitrogen of sediment under the S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora was imported from external source. TOC and TN showed significant linear relationship in three flats, but the slope of Fengxian flat, namely C/N, obviously differed from other two marshes, indicating the impact of coastal eutrophication and sewage discharge on Fengxian flat. The growth of marsh plant, especially the invasion of S. alterniflora, accelerated nutrient sedimentation, and nitrogen retention in sediment exceeded carbon sedimentation.
3. The nutrient diffusive flux in sediment-water interface showed that the export flux of flux NH4+-N (-24.17μmol·m-2·h-1) was higher than the import of (NO3-+NO2-)-N (13.8μmol·m-2·h-1), resulting in the purification function on water quality. The export of SiO32--Si, NH4+-N and PO43--P from tidal marshes regulated nutrient level and composition, and specially lifted the silicon beyond potentidal element limitation in the coastal system in summer. Ammonium as the main form of DIN was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than (nitrate+nitrite)-N (0.38-36.13μ.mol·L-1) in pore water. In Chongming Dongtan, ammonium concentrations of pore water in macrophyte (S. alterniflora and P. australis) zones were over one order of magnitude less than bare flat and S. mariqueter zone. Moreover, the linear regression analysis showed significant relationships between biomass in spring and summer growing seasons and nutrient concentrations (except SiO32--Si) in CM. The mechanisms could interpret the impact of marsh plants on pore water nutrient:1) the uptake directly decreases nutrient concentrations of marshes; 2) the variations of the redox environment in sediment by vegetation growth affect nutrient form in pore water.
4. Marsh plants were binned into three groups in the Yangtze estuary:C3 plant (δ13C,δ15N were-24.3～-30.0%。,1.6-8.3%。respectively), C4 plant (δ13C,δ15N were-12.3～-14.6%。,2.5～7.2%o respectively) and marsh algae including phytoplankton and benthic algae (813C,δ15N were-15.7～-22.8%。,4.0～7.2%。respectively) by stable isotopes. Theδ15N values of marsh plant showed evident difference between Fengxian flat and other two flats, and had negative correlation with nutrient of coastal water and pore water. However, the organic of sediment was a mix of C3, C4 and suspended particulate matter. The contribution of C3 and C4 plants to organic matter of surface sediments were 42.97%,19.21% respectively, higher than that in shallow sediment (42.04%,14.85% respectively). This result indicates the increase impact of S. alterniflora on marsh sediment. The responses ofδ13C,815N values of sediment were overlapped by intense physical condition and export-save balance of organic pool to reflect nutrient enrichment in the estuaries. 5. Based on water quality survey of the Yangtze estuary and Hangzhou Bay, the comparisons of nutrient dynamic and stable isotopes showed that C/N ratio andδ15N of sediment effectively reflected nutrient dynamic in marshes, while the vegetation indexes included belowground/aboveground biomass, N content,δ15N and the distribution of invasive species. Therefore, the ecological signal of nutrient dynamic progressively enlargeed along pore water, sediment and marsh plant. In addition, the results indicated that isotope variations were effected by nutrient source, nutritional status of coast and plant physiology in tidal flat ecosystem. Specially, eutrophication might influence the application of carbon and nitrogen content and isotopes as ecological indexes to the biogeochemical cycle of wetland ecosystems.
In summary, it is proved by our survey that tidal flats act as carbon source and nitrogen sink of the Yangtze estuary, and play important roles in maintaining high production and purifying water quality by plant growth, nutrient sedimentation and the exchange at sediment-water interface. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes are the effective and sensitive ecological indexes to identify organic sources and nutrient dynamic of estuarine ecosystem. Long-term data of nutrient dynamic and sensitive index of nutrient enrichment would be established in biogeochemistry of tidal flat environments.
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