黄土丘陵沟壑区生态恢复背景下土地利用变化对河川径流泥沙影响研究
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摘要
黄土高原是我国水土流失最严重的地区,特别是黄土丘陵沟壑区,严重的水土流使得原本十分脆弱生态环境更加恶化,制约着当地生态和社会经济的可持续发展。本论文以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域——无定河流域、延河流域、清涧河流域作为研究对象,基于各流流域水文站长期观测所得的水文资料(1960-2009年),结合不同时期的土地利用数据(1985年、1995年、2000年和2008年),运用数理统计分析和GIS与RS空间分析等技术,借助景观生态学、数量生态学方法,以定性描述与定量分析相结合的方法,对黄土丘陵沟壑区无定河、延河、清涧河流域径流和泥沙特性进行时空分析总结；同时以黄土高原生态恢复为背景,分析了流域尺度上土地利用动态转移和土地利用景观格局时空演变；在此基础上进一步探讨生态恢复背景下土地利用格局演变对径流泥沙过程变化的影响,揭示流域径流泥沙过程变异的土地覆被格局,为我国黄土丘陵沟壑区优化配置水土资源和有效改善区域生态环境提供理论基础与决策依据。主要研究结论如下：
(1)黄土丘陵沟壑区流域径流泥沙时变过程存在明显的不均匀性,且空间差异大。分析表明：除无定河流域泥沙和径流年内分布分别表现为单、双峰曲线外,延水河、清涧河流域径流和泥沙年内分布均表现为单峰曲线。
(2)流域径流泥沙年际时空变异规律明显,且不同生态恢复时段不同流域差异较大。分析表明：黄土丘陵沟壑区流域年平均径流量和年输沙总量的年际变化整体呈现下降趋势,减水减沙幅度随时空尺度不同而异,上世纪80年代后和2000年后是流域径流泥沙演变的特征时段,其中延水河流域径流量减少较为明显,无定河流域减沙量和减沙幅度较大。流域径流泥沙关系密切,其拟合关系曲线随流域及其径流特征不同而异。
(3)在生态恢复背景下,不同土地利用类型流转频繁,耕地向林、草地转移是流域土地利用动态的主要形式。在不同流域,耕地转出明显,林、草地新增明显,且其流转速率在2000年后进入加速期。在植被恢复驱动下,流域土地利用重心空间漂移明显,漂移轨迹主要表现为耕地的重心均向东部偏移,林地的重心均向西北方向偏移,草地的重心均向北部偏移。
(4)在生态恢复驱动下,土地利用及其时空动态导致流域景观格局发生明显变化。在斑块类型水平上,相对于水域、城镇及工矿建设用地等,耕地、林地和草地斑块特征变化较为明显。生态恢复不仅加大了耕地和林地景观的破碎化程度,同时也增大了林地斑块性状的复杂化。特别是随着退耕还林还草工程的实施,耕地平均斑块面积及比例不断降低,草地则相反；在景观水平上,各流域景观破碎度总体趋于上升,而景观连接度却在不断降低,同时延河流域、清涧河流域景观多样性整体上呈下降的趋势,无定河流域整体上呈上升趋势。流域土地利用结构调整和植被恢复使得一些景观类型的优势度不断增强,均匀度不断下降,且向着单一景观类型发展。
(5)流域尺度上,土地利用格局的相对状况与水沙时变过程关系密切。分析表明,耕地是黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用的核心景观要素,也是流域土壤侵蚀泥沙的主要来源区。以地面积作为土地利用的核心预测因子,径流深和输沙模数的4年平均值对土地利用时变的响应程度最大。
(6)不同景观类型,影响流域径流深度的因子不同。其中,耕林草斑块的空问邻接状态和核心斑块面积大小是影响流域径流深度变化的共同因素。耕地斑块特征指数对流域径流泥沙过程的影响最大,草地次之,林地最小；但相比而言,耕林草斑块特征对流域输沙过程的预测能力要高于对径流过程的预测能力。而在景观水平上,在不同植被恢复时段中,影响流域径流泥沙过程的特征指标不同,景观边缘密度、景观连接度与径流深、输沙模数始终存在显著的正相关关系。
(7)以耕林草为主导的景观格局与流域径流泥沙过程的时空分异与关系十分密切。分析表明,耕地景观格局特征变化对流域径流泥沙过程变异扮演重要角色,但随着退耕还林还草工程的实施与推进,其指示作用逐渐被林地和草地景观格局特征所代替。
(8)在退耕还林还草工程驱动下,黄土丘陵沟壑区流域减水减沙效益明显。研究表明,9年来,流域平均输沙模数降低54%,流域平均径流深下降15%。
Loess Plateau is the most influenced area of China's water and soil loss region, especially in the hilly area of Loess Plateau. The serious water and soil loss not only worsens the very fragile ecological environment but also restricts the local ecological and socio-economic sustainable development.
In this thesis, the representative basins of the hilly area of Loess Plateau were the investigated as objects, including Wuding River Basin, Yan River Basin and Qingjian River Basin.
At first, according to the long-term (1960-2009) observation hydrological data obtained from the hydrological stations, different periods of Land Use Data (1985,1995,2000 and 2008), the runoff and sediment properties of the above three basins were analyzed spatio-temporally, which use the qualitative, quantitative and mathematical statistics analysis, GIS and RS spatial analysis techniques with the help of Landscape Ecology and quantitative ecology methods.
Second, taking the ecological restoration of loess plateau as the background, the dynamic transfer of the land utilization and the spatio-temporal evolution of landscape pattern were analyzed on the basin scale. On this basis, the impact of evolution of land use pattern on the change of runoff and sediment process was further explored, and the land cover pattern process of the variation of runoff and sediment basin was also revealed.
The study provides the theoretical foundation and the decision-making basis for the optimal allocation of water resources and the effectively improvement of the regional ecological environment of China's Loess Plateau. The main conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) The obvious heterogeneity existed in the time-varying process of the runoff and sediment in the hilly area of Loess Plateau and its spatial difference was significant. The Analysis shows that the annual runoff and sediment distributions in Yan River Basin and Qing Jian River Basin were single peak curves, while these of Wu ding River Basin were a single peak curve and a double peak curve, respectively.
(2) The inter-annual spatio-temporal variations of the runoff and sediment were significant and the divergences between different basins at different ecological restoration times were different. The analysis shows that annual changes of the average flow and annual sediment load in the hilly area of Loess Plateau were in the downward trend. The reduction rates of water and sediment varies with time and space. The characteristic periods of the sediment runoff evolution were the years after 1980s and after 2000. The flow reduction of Yan River Basin was more obvious. Additionally, the flow reduction and the amplitude of the reduction of Wu ding River Basin were much larger. The relation between runoff and sediment was close and the fitting curves varied with different basins and their runoff characteristics.
(3) Taking the ecological restoration as the background, the different types of land use transformed frequently, in which farmland to forestland and the grassland transformation were the main forms. In different basins, not only the transformation of farmland but also the newly increase of forestland and grassland were apparent, and the transformation entered the accelerated period after 2000. Driven by the vegetation, the spatial drift of the land use focus was obvious and the trajectory demonstrated that the focus of farmland shifted to the east, forestland to the northwest and grassland to the north.
(4) Driven by the ecological restoration, land use and its spatial and temporal dynamics resulted in the significant changes of the landscape pattern. At the pattern class level, the characteristic changes of farmland, forestland and grassland were more obvious, compared with the water area, urban, mining and construction land. The ecological restoration increased not only the landscape fragmentation level of farmland and forestland, but also the complexity of forestland characteristics. With the implementation of the Grain for Green Project, the proportion of the average farmland area continued dropping. On the contrary, the grassland increased. The degree of fragmentation of different basins rose overall at landscape level, while landscape connectivity was reduced continuously. In addition, the landscape diversity (SHDI) of Qing jian River Basin showed a downward trend overall, while Yan River Basin were on the rise. Land use and vegetation restoration of structural adjustment had led some type of landscape dominance growing and landscape evenness degree constantly decreasing, and both developed towards to a single landscape type.
(5) The relationship between the relative situation of land use pattern and the time-varying water and sediment processes were closed on the basin scale. The analysis shows that farmland was not only the core landscape element of land use in the hilly area of Loess Plateau, but also the main source area of soil erosion and sediment. With the area as the core predictive factor of land use, the impact of the 4-year average density of runoff and sediment yield on the time-varying response degree of land use was maximum.
(6) Different landscape types had different density of runoff affecting factors, among which the spatial adjacency of farmland, forestland, grasslands patches and the size of core patch area were the common factors which influenced the density of runoff. The impact of the characteristics index of farmland patch on runoff and sediment processes was the biggest, followed by grassland, and forestland was the minimum. However, the predictive ability of the impact of patch characteristics of farmland, forestland and grassland on the sediment transport was higher than that of the runoff process. In the landscape level, the characteristic index impacting of runoff and sediment process differed in different revegetation period. In addition, there was always a significant positive correlation between landscape edge density, landscape connectivity, the runoff density of runoff and sediment yield.
(7) The spatio-temporal relations between landscape pattern and sediment runoff process, dominated by the farmland, forestland and grasslands, were very intense. The analysis indicates that landscape pattern change of farmland played an important role in the process of the runoff and sediment variation, but with the implementation and the advancement of the Grain for Green Project, its indicative function was gradually replaced by the landscape patterns of forestland and grassland.
(8) The benefits from water and sediment reduction were obvious in the hilly area of Loess Plateau driven by the Grain for Green Project. The studies shows that the average sediment yield reduced by 54% and the average density of runoff decreased by 15% in the recent nine years.
(1)黄土丘陵沟壑区流域径流泥沙时变过程存在明显的不均匀性,且空间差异大。分析表明：除无定河流域泥沙和径流年内分布分别表现为单、双峰曲线外,延水河、清涧河流域径流和泥沙年内分布均表现为单峰曲线。
(2)流域径流泥沙年际时空变异规律明显,且不同生态恢复时段不同流域差异较大。分析表明：黄土丘陵沟壑区流域年平均径流量和年输沙总量的年际变化整体呈现下降趋势,减水减沙幅度随时空尺度不同而异,上世纪80年代后和2000年后是流域径流泥沙演变的特征时段,其中延水河流域径流量减少较为明显,无定河流域减沙量和减沙幅度较大。流域径流泥沙关系密切,其拟合关系曲线随流域及其径流特征不同而异。
(3)在生态恢复背景下,不同土地利用类型流转频繁,耕地向林、草地转移是流域土地利用动态的主要形式。在不同流域,耕地转出明显,林、草地新增明显,且其流转速率在2000年后进入加速期。在植被恢复驱动下,流域土地利用重心空间漂移明显,漂移轨迹主要表现为耕地的重心均向东部偏移,林地的重心均向西北方向偏移,草地的重心均向北部偏移。
(4)在生态恢复驱动下,土地利用及其时空动态导致流域景观格局发生明显变化。在斑块类型水平上,相对于水域、城镇及工矿建设用地等,耕地、林地和草地斑块特征变化较为明显。生态恢复不仅加大了耕地和林地景观的破碎化程度,同时也增大了林地斑块性状的复杂化。特别是随着退耕还林还草工程的实施,耕地平均斑块面积及比例不断降低,草地则相反；在景观水平上,各流域景观破碎度总体趋于上升,而景观连接度却在不断降低,同时延河流域、清涧河流域景观多样性整体上呈下降的趋势,无定河流域整体上呈上升趋势。流域土地利用结构调整和植被恢复使得一些景观类型的优势度不断增强,均匀度不断下降,且向着单一景观类型发展。
(5)流域尺度上,土地利用格局的相对状况与水沙时变过程关系密切。分析表明,耕地是黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用的核心景观要素,也是流域土壤侵蚀泥沙的主要来源区。以地面积作为土地利用的核心预测因子,径流深和输沙模数的4年平均值对土地利用时变的响应程度最大。
(6)不同景观类型,影响流域径流深度的因子不同。其中,耕林草斑块的空问邻接状态和核心斑块面积大小是影响流域径流深度变化的共同因素。耕地斑块特征指数对流域径流泥沙过程的影响最大,草地次之,林地最小；但相比而言,耕林草斑块特征对流域输沙过程的预测能力要高于对径流过程的预测能力。而在景观水平上,在不同植被恢复时段中,影响流域径流泥沙过程的特征指标不同,景观边缘密度、景观连接度与径流深、输沙模数始终存在显著的正相关关系。
(7)以耕林草为主导的景观格局与流域径流泥沙过程的时空分异与关系十分密切。分析表明,耕地景观格局特征变化对流域径流泥沙过程变异扮演重要角色,但随着退耕还林还草工程的实施与推进,其指示作用逐渐被林地和草地景观格局特征所代替。
(8)在退耕还林还草工程驱动下,黄土丘陵沟壑区流域减水减沙效益明显。研究表明,9年来,流域平均输沙模数降低54%,流域平均径流深下降15%。
Loess Plateau is the most influenced area of China's water and soil loss region, especially in the hilly area of Loess Plateau. The serious water and soil loss not only worsens the very fragile ecological environment but also restricts the local ecological and socio-economic sustainable development.
In this thesis, the representative basins of the hilly area of Loess Plateau were the investigated as objects, including Wuding River Basin, Yan River Basin and Qingjian River Basin.
At first, according to the long-term (1960-2009) observation hydrological data obtained from the hydrological stations, different periods of Land Use Data (1985,1995,2000 and 2008), the runoff and sediment properties of the above three basins were analyzed spatio-temporally, which use the qualitative, quantitative and mathematical statistics analysis, GIS and RS spatial analysis techniques with the help of Landscape Ecology and quantitative ecology methods.
Second, taking the ecological restoration of loess plateau as the background, the dynamic transfer of the land utilization and the spatio-temporal evolution of landscape pattern were analyzed on the basin scale. On this basis, the impact of evolution of land use pattern on the change of runoff and sediment process was further explored, and the land cover pattern process of the variation of runoff and sediment basin was also revealed.
The study provides the theoretical foundation and the decision-making basis for the optimal allocation of water resources and the effectively improvement of the regional ecological environment of China's Loess Plateau. The main conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) The obvious heterogeneity existed in the time-varying process of the runoff and sediment in the hilly area of Loess Plateau and its spatial difference was significant. The Analysis shows that the annual runoff and sediment distributions in Yan River Basin and Qing Jian River Basin were single peak curves, while these of Wu ding River Basin were a single peak curve and a double peak curve, respectively.
(2) The inter-annual spatio-temporal variations of the runoff and sediment were significant and the divergences between different basins at different ecological restoration times were different. The analysis shows that annual changes of the average flow and annual sediment load in the hilly area of Loess Plateau were in the downward trend. The reduction rates of water and sediment varies with time and space. The characteristic periods of the sediment runoff evolution were the years after 1980s and after 2000. The flow reduction of Yan River Basin was more obvious. Additionally, the flow reduction and the amplitude of the reduction of Wu ding River Basin were much larger. The relation between runoff and sediment was close and the fitting curves varied with different basins and their runoff characteristics.
(3) Taking the ecological restoration as the background, the different types of land use transformed frequently, in which farmland to forestland and the grassland transformation were the main forms. In different basins, not only the transformation of farmland but also the newly increase of forestland and grassland were apparent, and the transformation entered the accelerated period after 2000. Driven by the vegetation, the spatial drift of the land use focus was obvious and the trajectory demonstrated that the focus of farmland shifted to the east, forestland to the northwest and grassland to the north.
(4) Driven by the ecological restoration, land use and its spatial and temporal dynamics resulted in the significant changes of the landscape pattern. At the pattern class level, the characteristic changes of farmland, forestland and grassland were more obvious, compared with the water area, urban, mining and construction land. The ecological restoration increased not only the landscape fragmentation level of farmland and forestland, but also the complexity of forestland characteristics. With the implementation of the Grain for Green Project, the proportion of the average farmland area continued dropping. On the contrary, the grassland increased. The degree of fragmentation of different basins rose overall at landscape level, while landscape connectivity was reduced continuously. In addition, the landscape diversity (SHDI) of Qing jian River Basin showed a downward trend overall, while Yan River Basin were on the rise. Land use and vegetation restoration of structural adjustment had led some type of landscape dominance growing and landscape evenness degree constantly decreasing, and both developed towards to a single landscape type.
(5) The relationship between the relative situation of land use pattern and the time-varying water and sediment processes were closed on the basin scale. The analysis shows that farmland was not only the core landscape element of land use in the hilly area of Loess Plateau, but also the main source area of soil erosion and sediment. With the area as the core predictive factor of land use, the impact of the 4-year average density of runoff and sediment yield on the time-varying response degree of land use was maximum.
(6) Different landscape types had different density of runoff affecting factors, among which the spatial adjacency of farmland, forestland, grasslands patches and the size of core patch area were the common factors which influenced the density of runoff. The impact of the characteristics index of farmland patch on runoff and sediment processes was the biggest, followed by grassland, and forestland was the minimum. However, the predictive ability of the impact of patch characteristics of farmland, forestland and grassland on the sediment transport was higher than that of the runoff process. In the landscape level, the characteristic index impacting of runoff and sediment process differed in different revegetation period. In addition, there was always a significant positive correlation between landscape edge density, landscape connectivity, the runoff density of runoff and sediment yield.
(7) The spatio-temporal relations between landscape pattern and sediment runoff process, dominated by the farmland, forestland and grasslands, were very intense. The analysis indicates that landscape pattern change of farmland played an important role in the process of the runoff and sediment variation, but with the implementation and the advancement of the Grain for Green Project, its indicative function was gradually replaced by the landscape patterns of forestland and grassland.
(8) The benefits from water and sediment reduction were obvious in the hilly area of Loess Plateau driven by the Grain for Green Project. The studies shows that the average sediment yield reduced by 54% and the average density of runoff decreased by 15% in the recent nine years.
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