中国公众高尔夫球场发展的驱动机制与开发模式研究
|
摘要
自1984年中国内地第一家高尔夫俱乐部诞生以来,中国高尔夫球场设施总体上呈持续递增的发展态势。截止到2009年底,已经开业的高尔夫球场设施共有348家,拟建、在建还有454个,总体发展数量以每年11.5%的数度增长,预计到2015年将超过600个。高尔夫消费人群已经突破100万人(朝向集团,2010),其产业总产值已超过479亿元(王军,2010)。整体上中国高尔夫行业市场已经初具规模。但是在经营模式上,高尔夫球场主要以会员制球场为主导地位,占92.8%,公众高尔夫球场只有7家,仅占总数2%。公众高尔夫球场供给极度不足严重阻碍了中国高尔夫球运动的普及与发展。本论文试图通过对中国公众高尔夫球场发展的驱动机制和开发模式研究,为未来中国公众高尔夫球场的开发与建设提供理论和实践指导。
本论文通过采用文献法、实地调查法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法、四分图分析法、数理统计法、系统分析法、比较研究法以及结合个案研究方法等在定性分析和定量研究的基础上,着重对国内外公众球场发展现状特征、中国公众球场消费群体特征、中国公众球场发展驱动机制以及中国公众球场开发模式等进行了研究。得出如下结论：
(1)对公众球场进行了概念界定,公众高尔夫球场是指为普及高尔夫球运动,不发行终身会员证,面向社会公众公开开放的标准型高尔夫球场。只要遵循不发行终身会员证、向社会公众公开开放、标准型球场这三个基本条件,就是公众高尔夫球场,这是公众高尔夫球场有别于其它球场类型最鲜明,也是最基本的特征。
(2)总结出国外公众球场具有低成本性、低价格性、高频率使用性、低难度性以及交通便利性等特点。在开发模式上,国外主要投资主体为政府和私人机构,政府的支持在公众球场发展中起重要作用。国外公众球场发展的主要动力因素有明星效应、政策支持、低价格营销、经济促进等因素,但是其中最主要原因是低价格营销策略充分保证了这类球场有广阔的市场基础。
(3)对国内公众球场基本现状与消费群体总体特征进行了首次研究,为后续研究与开发奠定了基础。研究成果包含国内公众球场发展的起源、发展的基本现状特征、公众球场消费群体人口统计学特征、消费认知度和实际消费现状特征、参与动机和消费诉求特征以及满意度和期望度特征等。
(4)从供需理论的角度研究了中国公众球场发展的驱动机制,指出中国公众球场发展的驱动体系由需求子系统、供给子系统、支持子系统和媒介子系统等4个子系统构成。需求是推动其发展的原始动力,供给是其诱发动力,支持系统为需求和供给的实现提供了现实和必要条件,而媒介系统则是需求与供给之间的桥梁和纽带,最后建立了中国公众球场市场开发的驱动机制模式。
(5)通过结合前人的研究,放远未来,制定了未来中国公众球场开发的目标和原则,并从设计风格、建造标准、地理分布位置、投资主体、投资成本、经营方式以及管理分级共7个维度4个方面拟建分类标准体系,将未来公众球场分为共计24种一级类型和16种二级类型；同时结合国内公众球场开发方式,依据投资主体差异性推导出未来中国公众球场的三大类开发模式：政府主导型、市场主导型和政府-市场协调型开发模式,三大模式下还衍生出多种不同的开发模式,并对这三种模式进行了综合宏观的比较,最后分别对每种模式结合个案进行研究。多元化的开发模式希望能为未来中国公众球场的开发提供理论与实践指导。
(6)最后从改变传统定位误区、加大宏观规划管理力度、扩大宣传力度、开发一批与快速转制一批公众高尔夫球场等方面提出了推进中国公众球场快速开发的具体对策。同时从公众球场规划、设计、建造与后期运营过程中应该注意的主要问题提出了自己的见解。
The development of Chinese golf course tended to increasingly upwards trend since the birth of the first golf club in 1984. By the end of 2009, the total number of golf clubs which has opened in China increased to 348, there are 454 golf course which is proposed to open or under construction. It is anticipated that the total of golf course would exceed 600 in a speed of 11.5% growth per year in 2015; The number of consuming people over passed 100 million (Chaoxiang Group,2010); the total industrial output value exceeded more than 47.9 billion yuan (Wang Jun,2010). The overall China's golf industry market has begun to take shape. The membership mode golf course has been mainly in the leading position in the business modes, amounting to 92.8%, there are only seven public golf courses, which cover 2% of the total. Acute supply shortage of public golf in China has seriously hindered the development and popularity of golf. This paper attempts to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the future development and the construction of public golf courses on the basis of the research on the driving mechanism and development modes of Chinese public golf course.
Through the using of the methods of literature analysis, field investigation, questionnaires, interviews with experts, four points chart analysis, mathematical statistics, system analysis, comparative research and case study, This paper, which is based on qualitative analysis and quantitative research, focuses on the research of the present development status of domestic and international public courses, the characteristics of consumption group of Chinese public golf courses, and the driving mechanism and the development modes of the Chinese public courses. The conclusions as follows:
(1) The definition of public golf course is introduced in this thesis, public golf course means the standard golf courses which have the popularization of golf, have no issuing lifelong membership card, and are open to the social public. Just obey the three mentioned above standards; we can call it public golf course. This is the typical features, also is the most basic characteristics, which differ from other golf courses.
(2) The writer draws a conclusion on the following characteristics of public golf course:low cost, low price, low difficulties and high convenience. In the development mode, major foreign investment subjects are government and the private sectors, The support from government on the development of public golf course plays an important role. The main motivate factors of the development of public golf course are super star effect, policy support, low price in marketing, economic promoting etc, but one is the main reason is low price in marketing strategy which fully guarantee broad market foundation of this kind of golf course.
(3) This thesis also does the first research on the present situation of domestic public golf course and the overall characteristics of consumer groups, which will lay a foundation for the subsequent research and development. Research results include the origin of domestic public golf course, the basic status and characteristics of the development, the demographic profile of the consumer groups in public golf course, consuming awareness, the characteristics of actual consumption status, the motives of participation, the consuming demand characteristics and the features of satisfaction and expectation degrees etc.
(4) From the perspective of the theory of supply and demand, the fourth chapter tells us the driving mechanism of the development of Chinese public courses, which is composed of demand subsystem, supply subsystem, support subsystem and media subsystem. Finally the driving mechanism mode for market development of public golf course is established. Demand is the original power of promoting the development; Supply is the trigger power; Support system provide the factual and necessary conditions for the realization of the supply and demand; Media system is the bridge and the link between demand and supply.
(5) Basing on the previous research, and looking forward to the future,This thesis carries out formulates the goal and the principle of the development of the Chinese public golf courses, which are classified into 24 primary types and 16 kinds of secondary type whose standard are the following 7 dimensions:design styles, the standards of building, geographical distribution locations, investment subjects, investment cost, management modes and management classifications. Secondly, in combination with the development way of domestic public golf courses, three development modes for the Chinese public golf courses, which are government domination, market-oriented and government-market coordination development mode, are deduced based on the differences of investment subject. Finally, case studies are adopted on the basis of the macro comparison of various development modes. It's the author's best wishes that diversified development mode can provide the guidance of theory and practice for the research on the development of Chinese public golf courses in the future.
(6) Finally, The sixth chapter centers on the specific countermeasures of the rapid development of China's public golf courses, which are the correcting of the error of the traditional orientation, the strengthening of macro planning and management, the expansion of propaganda, and the development of a batch of public golf course rapidly. Meanwhile the author proposes his own opinions on the planning, design, construction, management and main problems of public golf course
本论文通过采用文献法、实地调查法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法、四分图分析法、数理统计法、系统分析法、比较研究法以及结合个案研究方法等在定性分析和定量研究的基础上,着重对国内外公众球场发展现状特征、中国公众球场消费群体特征、中国公众球场发展驱动机制以及中国公众球场开发模式等进行了研究。得出如下结论：
(1)对公众球场进行了概念界定,公众高尔夫球场是指为普及高尔夫球运动,不发行终身会员证,面向社会公众公开开放的标准型高尔夫球场。只要遵循不发行终身会员证、向社会公众公开开放、标准型球场这三个基本条件,就是公众高尔夫球场,这是公众高尔夫球场有别于其它球场类型最鲜明,也是最基本的特征。
(2)总结出国外公众球场具有低成本性、低价格性、高频率使用性、低难度性以及交通便利性等特点。在开发模式上,国外主要投资主体为政府和私人机构,政府的支持在公众球场发展中起重要作用。国外公众球场发展的主要动力因素有明星效应、政策支持、低价格营销、经济促进等因素,但是其中最主要原因是低价格营销策略充分保证了这类球场有广阔的市场基础。
(3)对国内公众球场基本现状与消费群体总体特征进行了首次研究,为后续研究与开发奠定了基础。研究成果包含国内公众球场发展的起源、发展的基本现状特征、公众球场消费群体人口统计学特征、消费认知度和实际消费现状特征、参与动机和消费诉求特征以及满意度和期望度特征等。
(4)从供需理论的角度研究了中国公众球场发展的驱动机制,指出中国公众球场发展的驱动体系由需求子系统、供给子系统、支持子系统和媒介子系统等4个子系统构成。需求是推动其发展的原始动力,供给是其诱发动力,支持系统为需求和供给的实现提供了现实和必要条件,而媒介系统则是需求与供给之间的桥梁和纽带,最后建立了中国公众球场市场开发的驱动机制模式。
(5)通过结合前人的研究,放远未来,制定了未来中国公众球场开发的目标和原则,并从设计风格、建造标准、地理分布位置、投资主体、投资成本、经营方式以及管理分级共7个维度4个方面拟建分类标准体系,将未来公众球场分为共计24种一级类型和16种二级类型；同时结合国内公众球场开发方式,依据投资主体差异性推导出未来中国公众球场的三大类开发模式：政府主导型、市场主导型和政府-市场协调型开发模式,三大模式下还衍生出多种不同的开发模式,并对这三种模式进行了综合宏观的比较,最后分别对每种模式结合个案进行研究。多元化的开发模式希望能为未来中国公众球场的开发提供理论与实践指导。
(6)最后从改变传统定位误区、加大宏观规划管理力度、扩大宣传力度、开发一批与快速转制一批公众高尔夫球场等方面提出了推进中国公众球场快速开发的具体对策。同时从公众球场规划、设计、建造与后期运营过程中应该注意的主要问题提出了自己的见解。
The development of Chinese golf course tended to increasingly upwards trend since the birth of the first golf club in 1984. By the end of 2009, the total number of golf clubs which has opened in China increased to 348, there are 454 golf course which is proposed to open or under construction. It is anticipated that the total of golf course would exceed 600 in a speed of 11.5% growth per year in 2015; The number of consuming people over passed 100 million (Chaoxiang Group,2010); the total industrial output value exceeded more than 47.9 billion yuan (Wang Jun,2010). The overall China's golf industry market has begun to take shape. The membership mode golf course has been mainly in the leading position in the business modes, amounting to 92.8%, there are only seven public golf courses, which cover 2% of the total. Acute supply shortage of public golf in China has seriously hindered the development and popularity of golf. This paper attempts to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the future development and the construction of public golf courses on the basis of the research on the driving mechanism and development modes of Chinese public golf course.
Through the using of the methods of literature analysis, field investigation, questionnaires, interviews with experts, four points chart analysis, mathematical statistics, system analysis, comparative research and case study, This paper, which is based on qualitative analysis and quantitative research, focuses on the research of the present development status of domestic and international public courses, the characteristics of consumption group of Chinese public golf courses, and the driving mechanism and the development modes of the Chinese public courses. The conclusions as follows:
(1) The definition of public golf course is introduced in this thesis, public golf course means the standard golf courses which have the popularization of golf, have no issuing lifelong membership card, and are open to the social public. Just obey the three mentioned above standards; we can call it public golf course. This is the typical features, also is the most basic characteristics, which differ from other golf courses.
(2) The writer draws a conclusion on the following characteristics of public golf course:low cost, low price, low difficulties and high convenience. In the development mode, major foreign investment subjects are government and the private sectors, The support from government on the development of public golf course plays an important role. The main motivate factors of the development of public golf course are super star effect, policy support, low price in marketing, economic promoting etc, but one is the main reason is low price in marketing strategy which fully guarantee broad market foundation of this kind of golf course.
(3) This thesis also does the first research on the present situation of domestic public golf course and the overall characteristics of consumer groups, which will lay a foundation for the subsequent research and development. Research results include the origin of domestic public golf course, the basic status and characteristics of the development, the demographic profile of the consumer groups in public golf course, consuming awareness, the characteristics of actual consumption status, the motives of participation, the consuming demand characteristics and the features of satisfaction and expectation degrees etc.
(4) From the perspective of the theory of supply and demand, the fourth chapter tells us the driving mechanism of the development of Chinese public courses, which is composed of demand subsystem, supply subsystem, support subsystem and media subsystem. Finally the driving mechanism mode for market development of public golf course is established. Demand is the original power of promoting the development; Supply is the trigger power; Support system provide the factual and necessary conditions for the realization of the supply and demand; Media system is the bridge and the link between demand and supply.
(5) Basing on the previous research, and looking forward to the future,This thesis carries out formulates the goal and the principle of the development of the Chinese public golf courses, which are classified into 24 primary types and 16 kinds of secondary type whose standard are the following 7 dimensions:design styles, the standards of building, geographical distribution locations, investment subjects, investment cost, management modes and management classifications. Secondly, in combination with the development way of domestic public golf courses, three development modes for the Chinese public golf courses, which are government domination, market-oriented and government-market coordination development mode, are deduced based on the differences of investment subject. Finally, case studies are adopted on the basis of the macro comparison of various development modes. It's the author's best wishes that diversified development mode can provide the guidance of theory and practice for the research on the development of Chinese public golf courses in the future.
(6) Finally, The sixth chapter centers on the specific countermeasures of the rapid development of China's public golf courses, which are the correcting of the error of the traditional orientation, the strengthening of macro planning and management, the expansion of propaganda, and the development of a batch of public golf course rapidly. Meanwhile the author proposes his own opinions on the planning, design, construction, management and main problems of public golf course
引文
1. 鲍洪杰.中国高尔夫俱乐部可持续发展模式研究[J].现代商贸工业,2008,(7)：168-169.
2. 常智慧.高尔夫球场施用化肥和农药对环境影响研究[D].北京：北京林业大学博士学位论文,2005.
3. 朝向集团.朝向白皮书中国高尔夫行业报告(2009年度)[R].2010：19-79.
4. 陈静.高尔夫运动经营模式与创新研究[J].商业经济,2004,(8)：18-19.
5. 陈伟新,周丽亚.深圳高尔夫运动公众化发展趋势[J].国外城市规划,2002,(5)：43-45.
6. 褚亚芳.我国高尔夫差点系统现状与推广研究[D].北京：北京体育大学硕士学位论文,2006.
7. 崔大林.以科学发展观为统领抓住机遇,促进中国高尔夫球事业健康快速发展[z].山东烟台：中国高尔夫球协会第三次全国代表大会上讲话,2009-7-28.
8. 崔英淑.高尔夫球场环境保护与土地利用研究[D].北京：中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2005：12.
9. 崔志强等.风雨二十年[M].贵阳：贵州出版社,2004.
10.杜鹏飞,李蕊芳译.高尔夫球场设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2006：132.
11.冯文海.海南高尔夫产业集聚研究[D].上海：上海师范大学硕士学位论文,2010.
12.辜德宏.跨越式发展：中国竞技高尔夫的时代使命[J].南京体育学院学报,2010,24(3)：106-111.
13.关海玲,陈建成.都市农业发展理论与实证研究[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2010,95-98.
14.海南省文体厅.海南省公众高尔夫球场认定试行办法[Z].2010-11-09.
15.韩烈保.高尔夫球场草坪[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2004：31-32.
16.韩烈保.高尔夫球场草坪总监手册[M[.北京：中国农业出版社,2004：208-212.
17.何莽,陈奕滨.金融危机对我国高尔夫球场经营的影响及对策研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2010(01)：35-37.
18.何荣生.台湾高尔夫球场经营管理策略研究[D].台湾：国立清华大学硕士学位论文,2007：87-91.
19.和唐.奥运拉动高尔夫经济[J].奥运经济,2004(8)
20.何振梁.支持高球重返奥运： 高尔夫并非高档贵族运动[OL].http://golf.sina.com.cn/2009-10-09/19524623793.shtml,2009-10-09.
21.洪银银.高尔夫球场的成功关键因素探讨[D].台湾：元智大学管理研究所,2004：29-45.
22.黄海燕.发展项目的公众参与研究[D].南京；河海大学博士学位论文,2004：73-91.
23.金银日.高尔夫球运动政策限制与舆论环境刍议[J].成都体育学院学报,2010,36(8)：6-10.
24.赖子敬.台中市高尔夫参与者参与动机和参与行为之研究[D].台湾：朝阳科技大学硕士学位论文,2004：28-33.
25.李超.第六届中外媒体高尔夫对抗赛——媒体论坛上的讲话[OL].http://sports.sina.com.cn/golf/2010-12-03/11415349174.shtml,2010-12-03
26.李广镇.在全省建设公众高尔夫球场现场会上的讲话[Z].2010-03-30.
27.李海燕.民族自治区公共服务设施投资体制和机制研究[D].北京：中央民族大学博士学位论文,2007.
28.李明.我国高尔夫产业研究现状综述[J].经济研究导刊,2010,(85)：43-45.
29.李霞,陈雪琼.中国高尔夫度假村的运营模式探讨[J].饭店现代化,2008,(3)：58-61.
30.李子超.北京高尔夫旅游认知度及其对策研究[D].北京：北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2009.
31.练伟苑.浅谈高校增开高尔夫球课程的可行性[J].民营科技,2009(06)：103-104.
32.梁海燕,浅析高尔夫运动大众化进程中的难点及对策[J].经济与法,2009(08)：304-305.
33.梁树友.高尔夫球场规划与设计[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,2008：66-72.
34.廖宁.中国高尔夫球场数量预测和发展研究[D].北京：北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2008：13-14.
35.林永革,杨亮.我国高尔夫产业的发展现状和前景[J].广州体育学院学报,2005(6).
36.刘家明.旅游度假区演化规律的初步探讨[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(2)：211-215.
37.卢璐,苏德荣.高尔夫球场草坪生态效益及其价值估算[J].生态学杂志,2010.29(10)：2022-2027.
38.卢文云.我国竞技体育服务产品的有效供给研究[D].北京：北京体育大学博士学位论文,2006：36.
39.卢元镇.谨慎的迁回一中国发展高尔夫运动之路[J].体育文化导刊.2004,(4)：11-13.
40.罗舰.对我国高尔夫运动现状以及发展规模的研究[D].湖北：华中师范大学硕士学位论文,2006.
41.骆秉全,张力.体育经营理论与实物[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008：221-225.
42.马天瑞,蓝祖庆,蓝林燕.海南高尔夫现状及其发展趋势预测[J].中国市场,2010,(39)：103-105.
43.马宗仁.现代高尔夫科学经营管理学[M].天津：天津科学技术出版社,2008.8：90-94.
44.毛腾飞.中国城市基础设施建设投融资模式创新研究[D].湖南：中南大学博士学位论文,2006：95-97.
45.门达明.海南高尔夫旅游大众化初探[J].公共管理,2008,(6)：63-65.
46.苗治文.当代中国体育公共政策分析[D].北京：北京体育大学博士学位论文,2006.
47.潘少婷.建平民化高尔夫球场培植人气[N].东莞日报,2010-11-23(10)
48.潘顺安.中国乡村旅游驱动机制与开发模式研究[D].东北师范大学博士学位论文,2007.
49.彭剑波.公共生态空间私用化问题研究[D].北京：清华大学博士学位论文,2009：37-38.
50.邱红伟,唐桢.瓶颈中的中国高尔夫发展之路[J].合作经济与科技,2008,(14)：30-31.
51.丘萍,程道品等.高尔夫球运动与旅游文化[J].改革与战略,2005(9)
52.屈张,庄惟敏.高尔夫运动与社区开发——我国高尔夫体育社区设计研究与探讨[J].南方建筑,2009,(6)：13-14.
53.曲进,谢文广.我国度假型高尔夫球场市场化运作特征分析及其发展策略选择[J].南京体育学院学报,2010,24(3)：59-62.
54.邵培仁.媒介生态学：媒介作为绿色生态的研究[M].北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2008.
55.邵雪云,陈小蓉,毛振明.我国高尔夫运动参与者社会特征及场地选择影响因素研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2010,25(1)：60-63.
56.邵雪云.我国高尔夫运动参与者社会特征及其参与行为研究[D].北京：北京体育大学,2007：29-34.
57.施健子.高尔夫的海口样式[N].经济观察报,2010-11-15(55)
58.孙庆硕.韩国高尔夫球场开发方法研究[D].北京：北京工业大学硕士研究生论文.2008：18.
59.孙文学,张志伟.海南省高尔夫旅游发展路径研究[J].经济研究参考,2010(53)：68-69.
60.谭琴.高尔夫与律师行黄仲兰谈小白球有大智慧[J].东方企业家,2004,(01)：152-154.
61.谭受清.高尔夫俱乐部管理[M].湖南：国防科技大学出版社,2004：29-36.
62.谭受清.高尔夫球运动导程[M].湖南：国防科技大学出版社,2003：3.
63.唐花明.我国高校开展高尔夫球运动可行性研究[J].菏泽学院学报,2010,32(2)：80-83.
64.唐萌.迈向互动式公众参与理念——环境法中公众参与制度化研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2009.
65.王军.我国高尔夫大众化发展的必然性分析[J].经贸论坛,2010(19)：73-75.
66.吴克祥.中国高尔夫产业可持续发展探析[J].特区经济,2004,(9)：136-137.
67.吴若成,李昆.关于中国高尔夫球会经营模式[J].高尔夫专业,2005：13.
68.吴涛.加入全运会后,高尔夫能否走出六大障碍[J].大众商务,2010,5(113)：297.
69.吴亚初.现代高尔夫运动发展特征及社会属性之窥见[J].北京体育大学学报,2003,26(3)：321-325.
70.肖朋娜.高尔夫运动入奥运会的影响及对策分析[J].中国市场,2010,(574)：107-108.
71.谢斯,米托.消费者行为学管理视角[M].罗立彬,译.北京：机械工业出版社,2004：128.
72.许德立.在全省建设公众高尔夫球场现场会上的讲话[Z].2010-03-30.
73.薛威SPSS统计方法及应用[M].电子工业出版社,2004,9：366.
74.燕俊全,李利娜,张琰.云南高尔夫俱乐部现状及发展对策分析[J].新西部,2006,(12)：16-17.
75.燕俊全,李利娜,张琰.云南高尔夫球俱乐部现状及发展对策分析[J].新西部,2006,(24)
76.杨华峰.我国高尔夫球运动发展面临的主要问题及发展对策[J].企业家天地,2010,(9)：113-115.
77.杨雪峰.循环经济的微观运行机制研究述评与展望[EB/OL]中国循环经济网,2005-12-06.
78.杨忠伟,郭修琪.广东省高尔夫俱乐部行业SWOT理论分析及对策研究[J].吉林体育学院学报,2010,26(2)：35-36.
79.尹少华.高尔夫球场果岭根系层优化配制研究[D].北京：北京林业大学博士学位论文,2009.
80.于春燕.高尔夫球橄榄球重返奥运会思考[J].体育文化导刊,2010,(3)：134-137.
81.余大炉.浅析高尔夫球场建造施工工艺及成本控制以河北某高尔夫球场建造为例[D].甘肃兰州大学硕士学位论文,2010：46-52.
82.郁小平,夏洪胜,何莽.我国高尔夫旅游开发探讨[J].江苏商论,2004,(4).
83.郁小平.中国高尔夫球俱乐部发展战略研究[D].广东：暨南大学博士学位论文,2004：106-109.
84.袁华莹.中国高尔夫球场用地现状与发展研究[D].北京：北京林业大学硕士论文,2006.
85.袁伟民.以科学发展观为统领抓住机遇,促进中国高尔夫球事业健康快速发展[z].山东烟台：中国高尔夫球协会第三次全国代表大会上讲话,2009-7-28.
86.云南信息报.公众球场向海南学习[OL].http://www.funfungolf.com/news/trends/2010-11-24/102455.html,2010-11-24.
87.詹新寰.中国高尔夫产业发展研究——基于SCP框架的分析[D].北京：北京体育大学博士学位论文,2009：36-39.
88.张保华.现代体育经济学[M].广东：中山大学出版社,2004：107.
89.张家骗.高尔夫球场可持续发展研究[D].广东：暨南大学博士学位论文,2008.
90.张建,侯燕.我国高尔夫产业发展的系统机制与宏观监管对策研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2005,(5)：66-71.
91.张建会,钟秉枢.高尔夫运动的符号消费[J].体育学刊,2009,16(9)：36-38.
92.张鹏,丘萍.高尔夫休闲内外运营模式架构探析[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2007,18(6)：904-907.
93.张小刚.体育场馆的经营管理模式与设计[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2007.43-62.
94.张小宁.以科学发展观为统领抓住机遇,促进中国高尔夫球事业健康快速发展[Z].山东烟台：中国高尔夫球协会第三次全国代表大会上讲话,2009-7-28.
95.张雅琴.苏格兰高尔夫球场设施管理研究[J].成都体育学院学报,2006,(1)：45.
96.郑锦滔.在广东省公众高尔夫球场建设工作会议上的讲话[Z].2010-03-30.
97.郑焱焱.中国高尔夫球设施的经济学研究[D].北京：北京体育大学博士学位论文,2006：74-83.
98.周昆.孙学智：高尔夫建得太“快”[N].中国花卉报,2010-11-20(4)
99.周秀晓.品质机能展开应用于休闲顾客关系管理之研究——以高尔夫球场为例[D].台湾国立大学硕士学位论文,2005：6-16.
100.朱杰.体育资源管理[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2010：13,71-75.
101. Alexander J. Wopat. Responsibilities of General Managers of Wisconsin Golf Courses[D]. (Master)the University of Wisconsin-Stout,2006.
102. Alta. Trails and Golf Courses:Best Practices on Design and Management[R].2005.
103. Amber Katherine Reilly. The Idea of the Golf Course:Golf Course Design and Its Rich History[D]. (Master)the University of California,2007:12-14.
104. American Society of Golf Course Architects(ASGCA). An Environmental Approach to Golf Course Development[R].2008-01-23.
105.Arithur Hills, Steve Forrest. Developing Municipal Golf Courses:An Introduction[OL]. http://www.arthurhills.com/,2009-11-02.
106. B. Bolitzer and N. R. Netusil, The Impact of Open Spaces on Property Values in Portland[J]. Oregon, Journal of Environmental Management.2000, (59):185-193.
107. B.Bolitzer, N.R.Netusil. The Impact of Open Spaces on Property Values in Portland, Oregon[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2000,(59):185-193.
108. Burns, McDonnell. Public Water Supply:Wedgewood Public Golf Course[R]. KDHE,2003-11-25.
109. Daniel Scott, Brenda Jones. A Regional Comparison of the Implications of Climate Change for the Golf Industry in Canada[J]. The Canadian Geographer/Le Geographe canadien.2007,51, (2):222-223.
110. Daryn M Soldan. An Analysis of Bunker Design and Construction's Impact on Golf Course Management[D]. Thesis (M.L.A.)--Kansas State University,2009.
111. Dickie Yu, Gary L.Martin. Low-Cost Procedures to Conserve a Public Sport Environment[J]. Behav Modif,1987,11 (2):241-250.
112. Dimitri Tassiopoulos, Norbert Haydam. Golf Tourists in South Africa:A Demand-side Study of A Niche Market in Sports Tourism[J]. Tourism Management,2008, (29):870-882.
113. Don E Sullivan. A Feasibility Study to Determine the Adequacy of the Manhattan Landfill for a Public Golf Facility[D]. Thesis (master's)--Kansas State University,1976.
114. Donald J. McLean, Mark E. Havitz, K. Dale Adkins. Demarketing Leisure Services:The Case of Municipal Golf Courses Journal of Park and Recreation Administration[J].2002,20 (2):90-110.
115. E.Gregory McPheson, James R. Simpson, Paula J.Peper, et al. Benefit-Cost Analysis of Modesto's Municipal Urban Forest[J]. Journal of Arboriculture,1999,25(5):235-248.
116. Frank Hannigan. Golf Courses of the Future[R]. USGA Green Section Record,1983:2-4.
117. George B kirsch. Golf in America, history of sport[M]. the University of Illinois,2009.
118. Golf Range Association of America(GRAA), National Golf Foundation(NGF). Profile of Golf Practice Facility Operations[R].2003.
119. Huang Zhiyong, Han Liebao, Chang Zhihui. Study on Classification System of Golf Course in China[J].2010 International Conference on Sport Medicine Sport Science and Computer Science(SMSSCS),2010:123-127.
120. Huang Zhiyong, Han Liebao, Gui Yan. Comparison and Analysis of the Competitiveness of Two Groups of World Outstanding Male Professional Golfer[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2011 (187):210-215.
121. Hunson,S,Hudson,P.&Miller,A.The Measurement of Service Quality in the Tour Operating Sector.A Methodological Comparison[J].Journal of Travel Research,2004,(2)3050312.
122. J.Richard McElyea, Gene P. Krekorian. Emerging Trends in Public-Private Joint Development of Public Golf Courses[OL]. http://www.hotel-online.com/Trends/ERA/ERAJointDevelopmentGolf.html#Alternative, 2010-03-11.
123. Jan Warnken, D Thompson and Dwight Zakus. Golf Course Development in A Major Tourist Destination:Implications for Planning and Management[J]. Environmental Management,2001, 27(5):681-696.
124. Jonathan Troy Miller. The Future of Golf Course Architecture in America[D]. Thesis (M.L.A.)-B.A., the University of North Carolina Asheville,2005:20-29.
125. Joseph Anthony Krock. A model of the supply and demand of public golf services in Chicago[D]. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago,1999.
126. Joseph F.beditz,PH.D.and James R.kass.The Future of Private Golf in American.NGF,2010
127. Joseph Slaton. The bungalows at Budd Lake:an active adult golf course community public-private development:a model for the future[D]. Thesis (M.S.)--Columbia University,2001.
128. Kathryn Faulkner. San Francisco's Public Golf Courses,1996-2008:An Urban Regime Analysis[D]. Thesis (M.A.)_San Francisco State University,2009:70-83.
129. Kelly L.Constable. A Geo-demographic Market Area Analytic Approach to Locating a New Public Golf Facility in Chester County Pennsylvania[D]. (MASTER)West Chester University of Pennsylvania,1998:34-37.
130. Kelly, J. R., Warnick, R. B. Recreation Trends and Markets. Champaign[M]. IL:Sagamore Publishing,1999:40-41.
131. Kent Hansen Wadsworth. "Strike It Niche!:Municipal Golf Courses," [J]. Journal of Property Management,1996,61 (3)
132. Lisa Snell. Getting Greens in the Black:Golf-Course Privatization Trends and Practices[R]. Michigan Privatization Report,1999-11-17.
133. Lisa Snell. Getting Greens in the Black:Golf-course Privatization Trends and Practices[R]. Policy Study,1999:2-4.
134. Martin, J.A. and J.C.James. Importance-performance Analysis[J], Journal of Marketing, 1977,41(1):77-79.
135. Matt Milosch. Can Municipal Golf be Sliced from the Budget[R]. Michigan Privatization Report,1996:12-13
136. Michael Ian Mosher. Stakeholder Management of Golf course Development in the Lower Mainland[D]. the University of British Columbia,1998:158-163.
137. Michael Mccarin. Making a Model Municipal Facility:a Case Study of East Potomac Park Golf Course[D]. Thesis (M.L.A.)-B.S.Duke University,2008:124-144.
138. Minnesota Public Golf Association By-laws, April 20,2007
139. Mohan P.Rao. Performance Evaluation of a Golf Course Using the PPP Model[J]. The University of Texas Pan American,2005:210-220.
140. National Allied Golf Associations. Economic Impact of Golf for Canada[R]. Strategic Networks Group,2009:2-8.
141. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Golf Facilities in the U.S[R].2006.
142. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Golf Facilities in the U.S[R].2010.
143. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Golf Industry Report:The Future of Public Golf in America[R]. 2009.
144. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Guidelines for Planning and Developing a Public Golf Course[R]. 1995.
145. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Operating & Financial Performance Profile of 18-hole Golf Facilities in the U.S[R].2007.
146. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Operational Review and Recommendations for City of Alameda[R].2007:46-51.
147. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Operational Review and Recommendations for the Shennexossett Golf Course[R].2004:24-28.
148. National Golf Foundation(NGF). The Future of Private Golf Clubs in America[R].2008.
149. National Golf Foundation(NGF). The Future of Public Golf in America[R].2010.
150. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Troy Schmitz. The Economic Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Oklahoma Economy[R],2007:12-14.
151.Nuno Oliveira, Antonia Correia, Filipa Silva. Golf Destination Image A course of Tourist' Perspectives[R]. CASEE Discussion Paper,2008-11-19.
152. Peter C. Melvin, Robert E. McCormick. On the Demand and Supply of Golf[R]. NGF,2001:1-2.
153. Philip Lowe, Jonathan Murdoch, Terry Marsden, ed al. Regulating the New Rural Spaces:the Uneven Development of Land[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,1993,9(3):205-222.
154. Professional Golfers' Association of America(PGAA). Operations Survey[R].2006.
155. Richard L.Norton. The Economic and Operating Impacts of Golf Courses[R]. USGA Green Section Record,1994:12-13.
156. Robert Price. Golf Business Management in Scotland[M].2003
157. Robertson,J.K. St Andrews Home of Golf[M]. Macdonald,Edinburgh,1984.
158. Roger Null. A Golf Course Superintendent's Standpoin[J]. USGA Green Section Record, 1989:25-27.
159. Sally Macintyre, Laura Macdonald, Anne Ellaway. Do Poorer People Have Poorer Access to Local Resources and Facilities? The Distribution of Local resources by Area Deprivation in Glasgow, Scotland[J]. Social Science & Medicine,2008, (67):900-914.
160. Sunhwan Hwang. A Model of Perceived Service Quality, Price, Overall Customer Satisfaction, and Revisit Intentions and Differences Between Casual and Serious Golfers[D]. the University of Georgia,2008.
161. Thomas Bruff. Operational Differences Public vs. Private Golf [OL]. www.kpmg.ca/golf, 2004-05-08.
162. Thomas F Gustafson. The Process of Privatization of the Public Golf Services in Three Major United States Cities[D]. USA:Indiana University,1996.
163. Thomas F. Gustafson, Daniel D. McLean. The Operating Structure of Privatized Golf Services[J]. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,1999,17(4):39-55.
164. Timothy J.Casey. Privatization of Local Government Services:Should the Forest Preserve District of Cook County Privatize Its Golf Courses?[D]. (Master)USA:Publid Seevices Program College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Depaul University Chicago,2001.
165.Tiong, R.L.K. Comparative Study of BOT Projects[J]. Journal of Management and Engineering, 1990,6(1):107-120.
166. Urban Land Institute. Resort Development Handbook[R]. Urba Land Institute.1997(1):152-160, 239-246.
167. Wang Fang-hua. Management by Objectives in Modern Enterprises [M]. Shanghai:Fudan University,1996.
168. Warnick, R. B., Howard, D. R.. Market Share Analysis of Aelected Leisure Services From 1979 to 1982[J]. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,1985,3(4):64-76.
169. William James Kemp III. Defending Golf Courses Against Technology the Impact of Modern Golf Equpiment on the Design of Golf courses[D]. the University of Texas at Arlingtong,2005.
170. Wray Vamplew. Successful Workers or Exploited Labour? Golf Professionals and Professional Golfers in Britain 1888-1914[J]. Economic History Review,2008,61(1):54-79.
171. Xu ying Xie. Marketing Analysis and Business Evaluation-Marketing for a new firm Resort Vastra Lagern[D]. Jonkoping University(Master),2007:37-78.
172. Young Kwang JE. Public Policy on Parallel Imports in Korea:the Welfare Effect for Consumers in the Korean Golf Market, and Policy Suggestions[D]. the University of Oregon(Master),2007:16-20.
2. 常智慧.高尔夫球场施用化肥和农药对环境影响研究[D].北京：北京林业大学博士学位论文,2005.
3. 朝向集团.朝向白皮书中国高尔夫行业报告(2009年度)[R].2010：19-79.
4. 陈静.高尔夫运动经营模式与创新研究[J].商业经济,2004,(8)：18-19.
5. 陈伟新,周丽亚.深圳高尔夫运动公众化发展趋势[J].国外城市规划,2002,(5)：43-45.
6. 褚亚芳.我国高尔夫差点系统现状与推广研究[D].北京：北京体育大学硕士学位论文,2006.
7. 崔大林.以科学发展观为统领抓住机遇,促进中国高尔夫球事业健康快速发展[z].山东烟台：中国高尔夫球协会第三次全国代表大会上讲话,2009-7-28.
8. 崔英淑.高尔夫球场环境保护与土地利用研究[D].北京：中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2005：12.
9. 崔志强等.风雨二十年[M].贵阳：贵州出版社,2004.
10.杜鹏飞,李蕊芳译.高尔夫球场设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2006：132.
11.冯文海.海南高尔夫产业集聚研究[D].上海：上海师范大学硕士学位论文,2010.
12.辜德宏.跨越式发展：中国竞技高尔夫的时代使命[J].南京体育学院学报,2010,24(3)：106-111.
13.关海玲,陈建成.都市农业发展理论与实证研究[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2010,95-98.
14.海南省文体厅.海南省公众高尔夫球场认定试行办法[Z].2010-11-09.
15.韩烈保.高尔夫球场草坪[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2004：31-32.
16.韩烈保.高尔夫球场草坪总监手册[M[.北京：中国农业出版社,2004：208-212.
17.何莽,陈奕滨.金融危机对我国高尔夫球场经营的影响及对策研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2010(01)：35-37.
18.何荣生.台湾高尔夫球场经营管理策略研究[D].台湾：国立清华大学硕士学位论文,2007：87-91.
19.和唐.奥运拉动高尔夫经济[J].奥运经济,2004(8)
20.何振梁.支持高球重返奥运： 高尔夫并非高档贵族运动[OL].http://golf.sina.com.cn/2009-10-09/19524623793.shtml,2009-10-09.
21.洪银银.高尔夫球场的成功关键因素探讨[D].台湾：元智大学管理研究所,2004：29-45.
22.黄海燕.发展项目的公众参与研究[D].南京；河海大学博士学位论文,2004：73-91.
23.金银日.高尔夫球运动政策限制与舆论环境刍议[J].成都体育学院学报,2010,36(8)：6-10.
24.赖子敬.台中市高尔夫参与者参与动机和参与行为之研究[D].台湾：朝阳科技大学硕士学位论文,2004：28-33.
25.李超.第六届中外媒体高尔夫对抗赛——媒体论坛上的讲话[OL].http://sports.sina.com.cn/golf/2010-12-03/11415349174.shtml,2010-12-03
26.李广镇.在全省建设公众高尔夫球场现场会上的讲话[Z].2010-03-30.
27.李海燕.民族自治区公共服务设施投资体制和机制研究[D].北京：中央民族大学博士学位论文,2007.
28.李明.我国高尔夫产业研究现状综述[J].经济研究导刊,2010,(85)：43-45.
29.李霞,陈雪琼.中国高尔夫度假村的运营模式探讨[J].饭店现代化,2008,(3)：58-61.
30.李子超.北京高尔夫旅游认知度及其对策研究[D].北京：北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2009.
31.练伟苑.浅谈高校增开高尔夫球课程的可行性[J].民营科技,2009(06)：103-104.
32.梁海燕,浅析高尔夫运动大众化进程中的难点及对策[J].经济与法,2009(08)：304-305.
33.梁树友.高尔夫球场规划与设计[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,2008：66-72.
34.廖宁.中国高尔夫球场数量预测和发展研究[D].北京：北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2008：13-14.
35.林永革,杨亮.我国高尔夫产业的发展现状和前景[J].广州体育学院学报,2005(6).
36.刘家明.旅游度假区演化规律的初步探讨[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(2)：211-215.
37.卢璐,苏德荣.高尔夫球场草坪生态效益及其价值估算[J].生态学杂志,2010.29(10)：2022-2027.
38.卢文云.我国竞技体育服务产品的有效供给研究[D].北京：北京体育大学博士学位论文,2006：36.
39.卢元镇.谨慎的迁回一中国发展高尔夫运动之路[J].体育文化导刊.2004,(4)：11-13.
40.罗舰.对我国高尔夫运动现状以及发展规模的研究[D].湖北：华中师范大学硕士学位论文,2006.
41.骆秉全,张力.体育经营理论与实物[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008：221-225.
42.马天瑞,蓝祖庆,蓝林燕.海南高尔夫现状及其发展趋势预测[J].中国市场,2010,(39)：103-105.
43.马宗仁.现代高尔夫科学经营管理学[M].天津：天津科学技术出版社,2008.8：90-94.
44.毛腾飞.中国城市基础设施建设投融资模式创新研究[D].湖南：中南大学博士学位论文,2006：95-97.
45.门达明.海南高尔夫旅游大众化初探[J].公共管理,2008,(6)：63-65.
46.苗治文.当代中国体育公共政策分析[D].北京：北京体育大学博士学位论文,2006.
47.潘少婷.建平民化高尔夫球场培植人气[N].东莞日报,2010-11-23(10)
48.潘顺安.中国乡村旅游驱动机制与开发模式研究[D].东北师范大学博士学位论文,2007.
49.彭剑波.公共生态空间私用化问题研究[D].北京：清华大学博士学位论文,2009：37-38.
50.邱红伟,唐桢.瓶颈中的中国高尔夫发展之路[J].合作经济与科技,2008,(14)：30-31.
51.丘萍,程道品等.高尔夫球运动与旅游文化[J].改革与战略,2005(9)
52.屈张,庄惟敏.高尔夫运动与社区开发——我国高尔夫体育社区设计研究与探讨[J].南方建筑,2009,(6)：13-14.
53.曲进,谢文广.我国度假型高尔夫球场市场化运作特征分析及其发展策略选择[J].南京体育学院学报,2010,24(3)：59-62.
54.邵培仁.媒介生态学：媒介作为绿色生态的研究[M].北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2008.
55.邵雪云,陈小蓉,毛振明.我国高尔夫运动参与者社会特征及场地选择影响因素研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2010,25(1)：60-63.
56.邵雪云.我国高尔夫运动参与者社会特征及其参与行为研究[D].北京：北京体育大学,2007：29-34.
57.施健子.高尔夫的海口样式[N].经济观察报,2010-11-15(55)
58.孙庆硕.韩国高尔夫球场开发方法研究[D].北京：北京工业大学硕士研究生论文.2008：18.
59.孙文学,张志伟.海南省高尔夫旅游发展路径研究[J].经济研究参考,2010(53)：68-69.
60.谭琴.高尔夫与律师行黄仲兰谈小白球有大智慧[J].东方企业家,2004,(01)：152-154.
61.谭受清.高尔夫俱乐部管理[M].湖南：国防科技大学出版社,2004：29-36.
62.谭受清.高尔夫球运动导程[M].湖南：国防科技大学出版社,2003：3.
63.唐花明.我国高校开展高尔夫球运动可行性研究[J].菏泽学院学报,2010,32(2)：80-83.
64.唐萌.迈向互动式公众参与理念——环境法中公众参与制度化研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2009.
65.王军.我国高尔夫大众化发展的必然性分析[J].经贸论坛,2010(19)：73-75.
66.吴克祥.中国高尔夫产业可持续发展探析[J].特区经济,2004,(9)：136-137.
67.吴若成,李昆.关于中国高尔夫球会经营模式[J].高尔夫专业,2005：13.
68.吴涛.加入全运会后,高尔夫能否走出六大障碍[J].大众商务,2010,5(113)：297.
69.吴亚初.现代高尔夫运动发展特征及社会属性之窥见[J].北京体育大学学报,2003,26(3)：321-325.
70.肖朋娜.高尔夫运动入奥运会的影响及对策分析[J].中国市场,2010,(574)：107-108.
71.谢斯,米托.消费者行为学管理视角[M].罗立彬,译.北京：机械工业出版社,2004：128.
72.许德立.在全省建设公众高尔夫球场现场会上的讲话[Z].2010-03-30.
73.薛威SPSS统计方法及应用[M].电子工业出版社,2004,9：366.
74.燕俊全,李利娜,张琰.云南高尔夫俱乐部现状及发展对策分析[J].新西部,2006,(12)：16-17.
75.燕俊全,李利娜,张琰.云南高尔夫球俱乐部现状及发展对策分析[J].新西部,2006,(24)
76.杨华峰.我国高尔夫球运动发展面临的主要问题及发展对策[J].企业家天地,2010,(9)：113-115.
77.杨雪峰.循环经济的微观运行机制研究述评与展望[EB/OL]中国循环经济网,2005-12-06.
78.杨忠伟,郭修琪.广东省高尔夫俱乐部行业SWOT理论分析及对策研究[J].吉林体育学院学报,2010,26(2)：35-36.
79.尹少华.高尔夫球场果岭根系层优化配制研究[D].北京：北京林业大学博士学位论文,2009.
80.于春燕.高尔夫球橄榄球重返奥运会思考[J].体育文化导刊,2010,(3)：134-137.
81.余大炉.浅析高尔夫球场建造施工工艺及成本控制以河北某高尔夫球场建造为例[D].甘肃兰州大学硕士学位论文,2010：46-52.
82.郁小平,夏洪胜,何莽.我国高尔夫旅游开发探讨[J].江苏商论,2004,(4).
83.郁小平.中国高尔夫球俱乐部发展战略研究[D].广东：暨南大学博士学位论文,2004：106-109.
84.袁华莹.中国高尔夫球场用地现状与发展研究[D].北京：北京林业大学硕士论文,2006.
85.袁伟民.以科学发展观为统领抓住机遇,促进中国高尔夫球事业健康快速发展[z].山东烟台：中国高尔夫球协会第三次全国代表大会上讲话,2009-7-28.
86.云南信息报.公众球场向海南学习[OL].http://www.funfungolf.com/news/trends/2010-11-24/102455.html,2010-11-24.
87.詹新寰.中国高尔夫产业发展研究——基于SCP框架的分析[D].北京：北京体育大学博士学位论文,2009：36-39.
88.张保华.现代体育经济学[M].广东：中山大学出版社,2004：107.
89.张家骗.高尔夫球场可持续发展研究[D].广东：暨南大学博士学位论文,2008.
90.张建,侯燕.我国高尔夫产业发展的系统机制与宏观监管对策研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2005,(5)：66-71.
91.张建会,钟秉枢.高尔夫运动的符号消费[J].体育学刊,2009,16(9)：36-38.
92.张鹏,丘萍.高尔夫休闲内外运营模式架构探析[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2007,18(6)：904-907.
93.张小刚.体育场馆的经营管理模式与设计[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2007.43-62.
94.张小宁.以科学发展观为统领抓住机遇,促进中国高尔夫球事业健康快速发展[Z].山东烟台：中国高尔夫球协会第三次全国代表大会上讲话,2009-7-28.
95.张雅琴.苏格兰高尔夫球场设施管理研究[J].成都体育学院学报,2006,(1)：45.
96.郑锦滔.在广东省公众高尔夫球场建设工作会议上的讲话[Z].2010-03-30.
97.郑焱焱.中国高尔夫球设施的经济学研究[D].北京：北京体育大学博士学位论文,2006：74-83.
98.周昆.孙学智：高尔夫建得太“快”[N].中国花卉报,2010-11-20(4)
99.周秀晓.品质机能展开应用于休闲顾客关系管理之研究——以高尔夫球场为例[D].台湾国立大学硕士学位论文,2005：6-16.
100.朱杰.体育资源管理[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2010：13,71-75.
101. Alexander J. Wopat. Responsibilities of General Managers of Wisconsin Golf Courses[D]. (Master)the University of Wisconsin-Stout,2006.
102. Alta. Trails and Golf Courses:Best Practices on Design and Management[R].2005.
103. Amber Katherine Reilly. The Idea of the Golf Course:Golf Course Design and Its Rich History[D]. (Master)the University of California,2007:12-14.
104. American Society of Golf Course Architects(ASGCA). An Environmental Approach to Golf Course Development[R].2008-01-23.
105.Arithur Hills, Steve Forrest. Developing Municipal Golf Courses:An Introduction[OL]. http://www.arthurhills.com/,2009-11-02.
106. B. Bolitzer and N. R. Netusil, The Impact of Open Spaces on Property Values in Portland[J]. Oregon, Journal of Environmental Management.2000, (59):185-193.
107. B.Bolitzer, N.R.Netusil. The Impact of Open Spaces on Property Values in Portland, Oregon[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2000,(59):185-193.
108. Burns, McDonnell. Public Water Supply:Wedgewood Public Golf Course[R]. KDHE,2003-11-25.
109. Daniel Scott, Brenda Jones. A Regional Comparison of the Implications of Climate Change for the Golf Industry in Canada[J]. The Canadian Geographer/Le Geographe canadien.2007,51, (2):222-223.
110. Daryn M Soldan. An Analysis of Bunker Design and Construction's Impact on Golf Course Management[D]. Thesis (M.L.A.)--Kansas State University,2009.
111. Dickie Yu, Gary L.Martin. Low-Cost Procedures to Conserve a Public Sport Environment[J]. Behav Modif,1987,11 (2):241-250.
112. Dimitri Tassiopoulos, Norbert Haydam. Golf Tourists in South Africa:A Demand-side Study of A Niche Market in Sports Tourism[J]. Tourism Management,2008, (29):870-882.
113. Don E Sullivan. A Feasibility Study to Determine the Adequacy of the Manhattan Landfill for a Public Golf Facility[D]. Thesis (master's)--Kansas State University,1976.
114. Donald J. McLean, Mark E. Havitz, K. Dale Adkins. Demarketing Leisure Services:The Case of Municipal Golf Courses Journal of Park and Recreation Administration[J].2002,20 (2):90-110.
115. E.Gregory McPheson, James R. Simpson, Paula J.Peper, et al. Benefit-Cost Analysis of Modesto's Municipal Urban Forest[J]. Journal of Arboriculture,1999,25(5):235-248.
116. Frank Hannigan. Golf Courses of the Future[R]. USGA Green Section Record,1983:2-4.
117. George B kirsch. Golf in America, history of sport[M]. the University of Illinois,2009.
118. Golf Range Association of America(GRAA), National Golf Foundation(NGF). Profile of Golf Practice Facility Operations[R].2003.
119. Huang Zhiyong, Han Liebao, Chang Zhihui. Study on Classification System of Golf Course in China[J].2010 International Conference on Sport Medicine Sport Science and Computer Science(SMSSCS),2010:123-127.
120. Huang Zhiyong, Han Liebao, Gui Yan. Comparison and Analysis of the Competitiveness of Two Groups of World Outstanding Male Professional Golfer[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2011 (187):210-215.
121. Hunson,S,Hudson,P.&Miller,A.The Measurement of Service Quality in the Tour Operating Sector.A Methodological Comparison[J].Journal of Travel Research,2004,(2)3050312.
122. J.Richard McElyea, Gene P. Krekorian. Emerging Trends in Public-Private Joint Development of Public Golf Courses[OL]. http://www.hotel-online.com/Trends/ERA/ERAJointDevelopmentGolf.html#Alternative, 2010-03-11.
123. Jan Warnken, D Thompson and Dwight Zakus. Golf Course Development in A Major Tourist Destination:Implications for Planning and Management[J]. Environmental Management,2001, 27(5):681-696.
124. Jonathan Troy Miller. The Future of Golf Course Architecture in America[D]. Thesis (M.L.A.)-B.A., the University of North Carolina Asheville,2005:20-29.
125. Joseph Anthony Krock. A model of the supply and demand of public golf services in Chicago[D]. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago,1999.
126. Joseph F.beditz,PH.D.and James R.kass.The Future of Private Golf in American.NGF,2010
127. Joseph Slaton. The bungalows at Budd Lake:an active adult golf course community public-private development:a model for the future[D]. Thesis (M.S.)--Columbia University,2001.
128. Kathryn Faulkner. San Francisco's Public Golf Courses,1996-2008:An Urban Regime Analysis[D]. Thesis (M.A.)_San Francisco State University,2009:70-83.
129. Kelly L.Constable. A Geo-demographic Market Area Analytic Approach to Locating a New Public Golf Facility in Chester County Pennsylvania[D]. (MASTER)West Chester University of Pennsylvania,1998:34-37.
130. Kelly, J. R., Warnick, R. B. Recreation Trends and Markets. Champaign[M]. IL:Sagamore Publishing,1999:40-41.
131. Kent Hansen Wadsworth. "Strike It Niche!:Municipal Golf Courses," [J]. Journal of Property Management,1996,61 (3)
132. Lisa Snell. Getting Greens in the Black:Golf-Course Privatization Trends and Practices[R]. Michigan Privatization Report,1999-11-17.
133. Lisa Snell. Getting Greens in the Black:Golf-course Privatization Trends and Practices[R]. Policy Study,1999:2-4.
134. Martin, J.A. and J.C.James. Importance-performance Analysis[J], Journal of Marketing, 1977,41(1):77-79.
135. Matt Milosch. Can Municipal Golf be Sliced from the Budget[R]. Michigan Privatization Report,1996:12-13
136. Michael Ian Mosher. Stakeholder Management of Golf course Development in the Lower Mainland[D]. the University of British Columbia,1998:158-163.
137. Michael Mccarin. Making a Model Municipal Facility:a Case Study of East Potomac Park Golf Course[D]. Thesis (M.L.A.)-B.S.Duke University,2008:124-144.
138. Minnesota Public Golf Association By-laws, April 20,2007
139. Mohan P.Rao. Performance Evaluation of a Golf Course Using the PPP Model[J]. The University of Texas Pan American,2005:210-220.
140. National Allied Golf Associations. Economic Impact of Golf for Canada[R]. Strategic Networks Group,2009:2-8.
141. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Golf Facilities in the U.S[R].2006.
142. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Golf Facilities in the U.S[R].2010.
143. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Golf Industry Report:The Future of Public Golf in America[R]. 2009.
144. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Guidelines for Planning and Developing a Public Golf Course[R]. 1995.
145. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Operating & Financial Performance Profile of 18-hole Golf Facilities in the U.S[R].2007.
146. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Operational Review and Recommendations for City of Alameda[R].2007:46-51.
147. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Operational Review and Recommendations for the Shennexossett Golf Course[R].2004:24-28.
148. National Golf Foundation(NGF). The Future of Private Golf Clubs in America[R].2008.
149. National Golf Foundation(NGF). The Future of Public Golf in America[R].2010.
150. National Golf Foundation(NGF). Troy Schmitz. The Economic Contribution of the Golf Industry to the Oklahoma Economy[R],2007:12-14.
151.Nuno Oliveira, Antonia Correia, Filipa Silva. Golf Destination Image A course of Tourist' Perspectives[R]. CASEE Discussion Paper,2008-11-19.
152. Peter C. Melvin, Robert E. McCormick. On the Demand and Supply of Golf[R]. NGF,2001:1-2.
153. Philip Lowe, Jonathan Murdoch, Terry Marsden, ed al. Regulating the New Rural Spaces:the Uneven Development of Land[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,1993,9(3):205-222.
154. Professional Golfers' Association of America(PGAA). Operations Survey[R].2006.
155. Richard L.Norton. The Economic and Operating Impacts of Golf Courses[R]. USGA Green Section Record,1994:12-13.
156. Robert Price. Golf Business Management in Scotland[M].2003
157. Robertson,J.K. St Andrews Home of Golf[M]. Macdonald,Edinburgh,1984.
158. Roger Null. A Golf Course Superintendent's Standpoin[J]. USGA Green Section Record, 1989:25-27.
159. Sally Macintyre, Laura Macdonald, Anne Ellaway. Do Poorer People Have Poorer Access to Local Resources and Facilities? The Distribution of Local resources by Area Deprivation in Glasgow, Scotland[J]. Social Science & Medicine,2008, (67):900-914.
160. Sunhwan Hwang. A Model of Perceived Service Quality, Price, Overall Customer Satisfaction, and Revisit Intentions and Differences Between Casual and Serious Golfers[D]. the University of Georgia,2008.
161. Thomas Bruff. Operational Differences Public vs. Private Golf [OL]. www.kpmg.ca/golf, 2004-05-08.
162. Thomas F Gustafson. The Process of Privatization of the Public Golf Services in Three Major United States Cities[D]. USA:Indiana University,1996.
163. Thomas F. Gustafson, Daniel D. McLean. The Operating Structure of Privatized Golf Services[J]. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,1999,17(4):39-55.
164. Timothy J.Casey. Privatization of Local Government Services:Should the Forest Preserve District of Cook County Privatize Its Golf Courses?[D]. (Master)USA:Publid Seevices Program College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Depaul University Chicago,2001.
165.Tiong, R.L.K. Comparative Study of BOT Projects[J]. Journal of Management and Engineering, 1990,6(1):107-120.
166. Urban Land Institute. Resort Development Handbook[R]. Urba Land Institute.1997(1):152-160, 239-246.
167. Wang Fang-hua. Management by Objectives in Modern Enterprises [M]. Shanghai:Fudan University,1996.
168. Warnick, R. B., Howard, D. R.. Market Share Analysis of Aelected Leisure Services From 1979 to 1982[J]. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,1985,3(4):64-76.
169. William James Kemp III. Defending Golf Courses Against Technology the Impact of Modern Golf Equpiment on the Design of Golf courses[D]. the University of Texas at Arlingtong,2005.
170. Wray Vamplew. Successful Workers or Exploited Labour? Golf Professionals and Professional Golfers in Britain 1888-1914[J]. Economic History Review,2008,61(1):54-79.
171. Xu ying Xie. Marketing Analysis and Business Evaluation-Marketing for a new firm Resort Vastra Lagern[D]. Jonkoping University(Master),2007:37-78.
172. Young Kwang JE. Public Policy on Parallel Imports in Korea:the Welfare Effect for Consumers in the Korean Golf Market, and Policy Suggestions[D]. the University of Oregon(Master),2007:16-20.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |