施氮量、氮源及栽培模式对小麦、玉米生理特性及产量的影响
摘要
氮素供应是影响作物生长情况的重要限制因素之一,然而,目前氮素在作物上的利用率很低。过量施氮造成的氮素淋失和环境污染是目前全球人类共同关注的问题。为了合理运筹氮肥,减少氮素的损失和种植者的经济损失,提高作物产量。本研究分别以小麦和玉米为研究对象,在作物产量形成的关键时期即冬小麦籽粒灌浆期及玉米苗期和吐丝期,研究栽培模式、施氮量和氮源对作物生长发育的影响,探讨不同施氮量、氮源以及施氮时期对作物生长发育的影响,为小麦、玉米优质高产栽培及氮素的合理利用提供理论依据,实现精确农业的发展,提高农业生产效益和减少农业生态环境污染。本研究得出以下主要结论:
1.在小麦籽粒灌浆期,叶片叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)等膜脂过氧化产物积累,导致膜结构和生理机能受到破坏,叶绿素含量下降。不同叶位叶绿素含量、POD活性和CAT活性均表现为旗叶>倒二叶>倒三叶,MDA含量表现为旗叶<倒二叶<倒三叶。不同栽培模式和施氮量均显著影响冬小麦顶三叶叶绿素含量、POD活性、CAT活性以及MDA含量。覆草栽培模式结合120 kg ha-1施氮量时,冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量最高,叶片衰老速度缓慢,代谢强度降低缓慢,膜脂化程度低,有利于小麦后期生长和籽粒灌浆。
2.在小麦籽粒灌浆期,籽粒淀粉含量与可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量的变化趋势相反,可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量呈逐渐下降的趋势,淀粉含量则呈一直上升的趋势。不同栽培模式和施氮量均显著影响冬小麦籽粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量和淀粉含量。覆草栽培和地膜覆盖模式下,可溶性总糖、蔗糖的合成代谢和物质转化能力高于常规栽培,淀粉含量高于常规栽培,且籽粒的饱满指数和产量均高于常规栽培。增施氮肥可以提高灌浆前期籽粒可溶性总糖含量和蔗糖含量,降低籽粒灌浆后期籽粒中可溶性总糖含量和蔗糖含量,具有较强的同化物转化利用能力,促进了籽粒淀粉积累。但是过量的氮素并未提高籽粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖的合成代谢和物质转化能力。施氮量为120 kg ha-1结合覆草栽培或地膜覆盖模式时,灌浆前期冬小麦籽粒可溶性总糖含量和蔗糖含量较高,且灌浆后期同化物转化利用能力强,籽粒淀粉含量较高,有利于冬小麦后期生长和籽粒灌浆。
3.玉米试验结果表明,追肥前,最上一片全展开叶的SPAD值、净光合速率(PN)、叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部生物量、冠层叶绿素密度(SPAD×LAI)、冠层光合能力(PN×LAI)均随施氮量的增加而增加,Dualex值随着施氮量的增加而降低。同等施氮量下,基肥配合追肥显著提高叶片SPAD值;而追肥对叶片Dualex值和PN无显著影响。基肥量45 kg ha-1能较好地满足玉米前期生长,但总施氮量113 kg ha-1不能满足玉米全生育期的需求,需要进一步的评估适宜的施氮量。同等施氮量下,基肥配合追肥显著提高玉米籽粒产量。SPAD值和Dualex值均与玉米植株氮含量显著相关,SPAD和Dualex可以作为实时快速指导玉米追肥的有效工具。
4.玉米吐丝后,穗位叶SPAD值、地上部生物量以及产量随着追施氮肥量的增加而增加,Dualex值随着追氮量的增加而降低。追氮101、135、169和203 kg ha-1各处理的SPAD-氮饱和指数(SPAD-NSI)在各测定日期均大于0.95。追氮101 kg ha-1处理的Dualex-氮饱和指数(Dualex-NSI)在吐丝后18 d至46 d大于0.95;追氮135、169和203 kg ha-1各处理的Dualex-NSI在各测定日期均大于0.95。SPAD值、Dualex值、SPAD-NSI和Dulaex-NSI均与追氮量显著相关。在拔节期追氮101或135 kg ha-1即可满足玉米生长后期对氮素的需求,达到最大的经济产量。当超过最大产量施肥量时,氮肥用量的增加对SPAD值、Dualex值、地上部生物量以及产量均无显著的影响。追肥不仅可以达到与在播种时一次性施肥同样的产量效果,而且还可以减少氮肥的施用量,减少种植者的经济投入。
5.在玉米上建立氮饱和参考小区时,水分状态和施肥方式对氮饱和参考小区的建立均无影响。基于本研究,种植者既可以在播种时撒施氮肥也可以在出苗后沟施氮肥,这就使氮饱和参考小区的构建具有一定的灵活性。不同氮源同样对氮饱和参考小区的建立没有影响,然而,综合考虑环境因素和经济因素,尿素和液态硝胺尿素被推荐为建立氮饱和参考小区适宜的氮源。相对于相对荧光能力(RCFC),相对光合能力(RPC)被认为是监测氮素对玉米生长影响更好的指标。
6.在使用SPAD、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、叶片上表面的Dualex值(DUAD)和SPAD值与叶片上表面Dualex值的比值(Chl/DUAD)等4个快速、无损指标进行玉米氮素营养形态评估时,通过SPAD和Chl/DUAD计算的NSI相对其它指标在不同试验年份均较稳定。由于NDVI可以评估作物群体氮素形态,因此基于NDVI计算NSI也是快速、无损评估氮素形态适宜的指标。在本试验条件下,使用DUAD计算的NSI在不同年份间不稳定,因此相对于其他指标,不适宜用来进行计算NSI值。水分状态和施肥方式对SPAD-NSI、DUAD-NSI、NDVI-NSI和Chl/DUAD-NSI影响均不显著。
7.土壤电导率、海拔高度、坡度、地形弯曲度和坡向等土壤和地形结构中,土壤电导率和海拔高度主要影响不施氮和氮饱和处理玉米的NDVI值,然而当使用氮饱和指数(NDVI_NSI)来评估玉米氮素形态时,土壤和地形结构等因素中,无显著影响玉米NDVI_NSI的因素。通过建立氮饱和参考小区和使用NSI可以实现大田作物精确氮素管理,减少土壤和地形结构对作物氮素形态诊断的影响,减少种植者的经济投入,降低氮素的淋失和对环境的污染,提高产量。
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients influencing both yield and grain quality, and N supply is one of the few production factors that can be controlled and which is known to effectively influence crop performance. However, current N management systems for corn have resulted in low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Nitrogen leaching and environmental pollution have attracted the attention of the worldwide researchers. With good management of N fertilizer, N losses and economic loss can be kept to a minimum and improve protection of water quality and crop grain yield. The objectives of this study were to evaluate N application rates, N sources and management effects on physiological characteristics and grain yield of wheat at the filling stage and corn at vegetable stage and after silking stage. The results can provide theoretical proof for high quality and high yield of crop and good management of N fertilization; implement the development of precision agriculture. It got the following main conclusions:
1. The chlorophyll content, peroxidase (POD) activities and catalase (CAT) activities of leaf decreased during the filling stage of wheat, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased during the filling stage of wheat. The chlorophyll content, POD activities and CAT activities of different leaf position appeared to decline in the order of the flag leaves, the second leaves from top and the third leaves from top in wheat. The MDA content of different leaf position appeared to increase in the order of the flag leaves, the second leaves from top and the third leaves from top of wheat during the filling stage of wheat. Different farming modes and N application rate significantly influenced the chlorophyll content, POD activities, CAT activities and MDA content of leaves in wheat. Straw multh cultivation modes with 120 kg N ha-1, the chlorophyll content of leaf was the highest, the speed of flag leaf aging was slow, the extent of declining metabolizability was slow too. And it was of great benefit to growth and filling at the late filling stage of wheat.
2. The trend of starch content was opposite to the trend of total soluble sugar content and sucrose content in wheat grains during the filling stage of wheat. The soluble sugar content and sucrose content of grains decreased, and the starch content increased during the filling stage of wheat. Different farming modes and N application rate significantly influenced the soluble sugar content, sucrose content and starch content. Compared with flat farming, the total soluble sugar contents and sucrose contents in straw mulching and plastic film-mulching were higher than that in flat farming, the starch contents in straw mulching and plastic film-mulching were higher than that in flat farming during the filling stage, and satiety index of wheat grain and the yield were all higher than that in flat farming. Nitrogen enhanced the total soluble sugar contents and sucrose contents during the early filling stage, decrease the total soluble sugar contents and sucrose contents during the lately filling stage. Nitrogen promoted the ability supplying utilizing assimilate and the starch accumulation of grain in wheat. However, excess N didn’t enhance the anabolism of total soluble sugar and sucrose of grain and the ability supplying utilizing assimilate in wheat. Straw multh cultivation modes and plastic film-mulching with 120 kg N ha-1, the total soluble sugar and sucrose were higher in the early filling stage, the ability supplying utilizing assimilate were strong and increased the starch accumulation of grain in wheat during grain filling stage. That was of great benefit to growth and filling at the late filling stage of wheat with straw multh or plastic film-mulching and 120 kg N ha-1.
3. SPAD reading, net photosynthetic rate (PN), leaf area index (LAI), aboveground dry biomass, canopy chlorophyll density (SPAD×LAI) and canopy photosynthetic capacity (PN×LAI) of the uppermost fully developed leaves of the corn increased with basal N rates increasing before side-dressing. However, Dualex reading showed an opposite trend in response to basal N rates. Split N application significantly increased SPAD reading, however, no significant influence on Dualex reading and PN of leaf. Split N application significantly increased corn grain yield compared to only one application at sowing, and 45 kg N ha-1 was better than 20 kg N ha-1. Under our experimental condition, a total N application with 113 kg N ha-1 did not produce the same corn grain yield as saturated N rate plot (SAT225). Both SPAD and Dualex readings showed significant correlation with corn plant N concentration, and then can be used as an instant and non-destructive diagnostic tools for corn N status evaluation.
4. SPAD reading of ear leaf, aboveground dry biomass and corn grain yield increased with increasing side-dressing N rates, Dualex reading decreased with increasing side-dressing N rates after silking. The SPAD-N sufficiency index (SPAD-NSI) of side-dressing N with 101, 135, 169 and 203 kg N ha-1 were always higher than 0.95 at all samplings dates. The Dualex-N sufficiency index (Dualex-NSI) of side-dressing N with 101 kg N ha-1 were higher than 0.95 from 18 d to 46 d; the Dualex-N NSI of side-dressing N with 135, 169 and 203 kg N ha-1 were also higher than 0.95 at all samplings dates. SPAD reading, Dualex reading, SPAD-NSI and Dualex-NSI were strongly related to side-dressing N rates. The maximum yield has been reached when side-dressing N with 101 or 135 kg N ha-1 at jointing stage. When maximum yield has been reached, any additional N has no significant effect on SPAD reading, Dualex reading, aboveground dry biomass and corn grain yield. There was no significant difference between splitting the N into two applications and put all N at sowing on grain yield, however, splitting the N into two applications significantly decreased the N application rate and growers’inputs.
5. When established the N saturated reference plot in corn, water status and N application methods have no influence on N saturated reference plot establishment. Based on this study, growers can either broadcast at sowing or band along the rows at a later time when corn is emerged, which will give flexibility to N saturated reference plots establishment. All N sources (calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), urea (URE), polymer-coated urea (PCU), and environmentally smart N (ESN)) had the equivalence performance on N saturated reference plot establishment in our experimental conditions. However, when consider the environmental and economic factors, URE and UAN were recommended as adequate and affordable N sources for reference plot establishment. PN or relative photosynthetic capacity (RPC) was found to be a better indicator of photosynthetic performance under contrasting N supply than Fv/Fm (or Fv’/Fm’) or relative chlorophyll fluorescence capacity (RCFC).
6. The instant, non-destructive and sensitive parameters for N diagnostic criteria were compared: chlorophyll meter (SPAD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Dualex and combined SPAD and Dualex measurements in the form of the ratio Chl/DUAD in this study. SPAD readings and Chl/DUAD were the earliest and most stable indicators when expressed in the form N sufficiency index (NSI). NDVI was measured with Greenseeker could evaluate the N status in crop population, so, NDVI was also a suitable indicators for evaluation N status when expressed in the form NSI. Dualex reading varied and was instability among years when expressed in the form NSI, therefore, Dualex reading was not a suitable indicator for calculationg NSI in corn. Water status and N application methods have no significant influence on SPAD reading, Dualex, NDVI and Chl/DUAD when expressed in the form NSI.
7. In the soil or terrain properties including soil electrical conductivity (ECa), elevation, slope, curvature of the terrain, and aspect of the terrain, ECa and elevation were the dominant factors influencing the NDVI both in null N and saturated N rate (250 kg N ha-1). When using NDVI_N sufficiency index (NDVI_NSI) evaluated the N status in corn, none of soil or topographic properties was the important factor influencing NDVI_NSI of corn. Hence, using NDVI_NSI for site-specific N management can eliminate the soil or topographic properties on corn growth, decreased the economic input of growers, decreased the N loss and environmental pollution, and improved the grain yield of corn.
1.在小麦籽粒灌浆期,叶片叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)等膜脂过氧化产物积累,导致膜结构和生理机能受到破坏,叶绿素含量下降。不同叶位叶绿素含量、POD活性和CAT活性均表现为旗叶>倒二叶>倒三叶,MDA含量表现为旗叶<倒二叶<倒三叶。不同栽培模式和施氮量均显著影响冬小麦顶三叶叶绿素含量、POD活性、CAT活性以及MDA含量。覆草栽培模式结合120 kg ha-1施氮量时,冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量最高,叶片衰老速度缓慢,代谢强度降低缓慢,膜脂化程度低,有利于小麦后期生长和籽粒灌浆。
2.在小麦籽粒灌浆期,籽粒淀粉含量与可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量的变化趋势相反,可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量呈逐渐下降的趋势,淀粉含量则呈一直上升的趋势。不同栽培模式和施氮量均显著影响冬小麦籽粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量和淀粉含量。覆草栽培和地膜覆盖模式下,可溶性总糖、蔗糖的合成代谢和物质转化能力高于常规栽培,淀粉含量高于常规栽培,且籽粒的饱满指数和产量均高于常规栽培。增施氮肥可以提高灌浆前期籽粒可溶性总糖含量和蔗糖含量,降低籽粒灌浆后期籽粒中可溶性总糖含量和蔗糖含量,具有较强的同化物转化利用能力,促进了籽粒淀粉积累。但是过量的氮素并未提高籽粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖的合成代谢和物质转化能力。施氮量为120 kg ha-1结合覆草栽培或地膜覆盖模式时,灌浆前期冬小麦籽粒可溶性总糖含量和蔗糖含量较高,且灌浆后期同化物转化利用能力强,籽粒淀粉含量较高,有利于冬小麦后期生长和籽粒灌浆。
3.玉米试验结果表明,追肥前,最上一片全展开叶的SPAD值、净光合速率(PN)、叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部生物量、冠层叶绿素密度(SPAD×LAI)、冠层光合能力(PN×LAI)均随施氮量的增加而增加,Dualex值随着施氮量的增加而降低。同等施氮量下,基肥配合追肥显著提高叶片SPAD值;而追肥对叶片Dualex值和PN无显著影响。基肥量45 kg ha-1能较好地满足玉米前期生长,但总施氮量113 kg ha-1不能满足玉米全生育期的需求,需要进一步的评估适宜的施氮量。同等施氮量下,基肥配合追肥显著提高玉米籽粒产量。SPAD值和Dualex值均与玉米植株氮含量显著相关,SPAD和Dualex可以作为实时快速指导玉米追肥的有效工具。
4.玉米吐丝后,穗位叶SPAD值、地上部生物量以及产量随着追施氮肥量的增加而增加,Dualex值随着追氮量的增加而降低。追氮101、135、169和203 kg ha-1各处理的SPAD-氮饱和指数(SPAD-NSI)在各测定日期均大于0.95。追氮101 kg ha-1处理的Dualex-氮饱和指数(Dualex-NSI)在吐丝后18 d至46 d大于0.95;追氮135、169和203 kg ha-1各处理的Dualex-NSI在各测定日期均大于0.95。SPAD值、Dualex值、SPAD-NSI和Dulaex-NSI均与追氮量显著相关。在拔节期追氮101或135 kg ha-1即可满足玉米生长后期对氮素的需求,达到最大的经济产量。当超过最大产量施肥量时,氮肥用量的增加对SPAD值、Dualex值、地上部生物量以及产量均无显著的影响。追肥不仅可以达到与在播种时一次性施肥同样的产量效果,而且还可以减少氮肥的施用量,减少种植者的经济投入。
5.在玉米上建立氮饱和参考小区时,水分状态和施肥方式对氮饱和参考小区的建立均无影响。基于本研究,种植者既可以在播种时撒施氮肥也可以在出苗后沟施氮肥,这就使氮饱和参考小区的构建具有一定的灵活性。不同氮源同样对氮饱和参考小区的建立没有影响,然而,综合考虑环境因素和经济因素,尿素和液态硝胺尿素被推荐为建立氮饱和参考小区适宜的氮源。相对于相对荧光能力(RCFC),相对光合能力(RPC)被认为是监测氮素对玉米生长影响更好的指标。
6.在使用SPAD、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、叶片上表面的Dualex值(DUAD)和SPAD值与叶片上表面Dualex值的比值(Chl/DUAD)等4个快速、无损指标进行玉米氮素营养形态评估时,通过SPAD和Chl/DUAD计算的NSI相对其它指标在不同试验年份均较稳定。由于NDVI可以评估作物群体氮素形态,因此基于NDVI计算NSI也是快速、无损评估氮素形态适宜的指标。在本试验条件下,使用DUAD计算的NSI在不同年份间不稳定,因此相对于其他指标,不适宜用来进行计算NSI值。水分状态和施肥方式对SPAD-NSI、DUAD-NSI、NDVI-NSI和Chl/DUAD-NSI影响均不显著。
7.土壤电导率、海拔高度、坡度、地形弯曲度和坡向等土壤和地形结构中,土壤电导率和海拔高度主要影响不施氮和氮饱和处理玉米的NDVI值,然而当使用氮饱和指数(NDVI_NSI)来评估玉米氮素形态时,土壤和地形结构等因素中,无显著影响玉米NDVI_NSI的因素。通过建立氮饱和参考小区和使用NSI可以实现大田作物精确氮素管理,减少土壤和地形结构对作物氮素形态诊断的影响,减少种植者的经济投入,降低氮素的淋失和对环境的污染,提高产量。
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients influencing both yield and grain quality, and N supply is one of the few production factors that can be controlled and which is known to effectively influence crop performance. However, current N management systems for corn have resulted in low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Nitrogen leaching and environmental pollution have attracted the attention of the worldwide researchers. With good management of N fertilizer, N losses and economic loss can be kept to a minimum and improve protection of water quality and crop grain yield. The objectives of this study were to evaluate N application rates, N sources and management effects on physiological characteristics and grain yield of wheat at the filling stage and corn at vegetable stage and after silking stage. The results can provide theoretical proof for high quality and high yield of crop and good management of N fertilization; implement the development of precision agriculture. It got the following main conclusions:
1. The chlorophyll content, peroxidase (POD) activities and catalase (CAT) activities of leaf decreased during the filling stage of wheat, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased during the filling stage of wheat. The chlorophyll content, POD activities and CAT activities of different leaf position appeared to decline in the order of the flag leaves, the second leaves from top and the third leaves from top in wheat. The MDA content of different leaf position appeared to increase in the order of the flag leaves, the second leaves from top and the third leaves from top of wheat during the filling stage of wheat. Different farming modes and N application rate significantly influenced the chlorophyll content, POD activities, CAT activities and MDA content of leaves in wheat. Straw multh cultivation modes with 120 kg N ha-1, the chlorophyll content of leaf was the highest, the speed of flag leaf aging was slow, the extent of declining metabolizability was slow too. And it was of great benefit to growth and filling at the late filling stage of wheat.
2. The trend of starch content was opposite to the trend of total soluble sugar content and sucrose content in wheat grains during the filling stage of wheat. The soluble sugar content and sucrose content of grains decreased, and the starch content increased during the filling stage of wheat. Different farming modes and N application rate significantly influenced the soluble sugar content, sucrose content and starch content. Compared with flat farming, the total soluble sugar contents and sucrose contents in straw mulching and plastic film-mulching were higher than that in flat farming, the starch contents in straw mulching and plastic film-mulching were higher than that in flat farming during the filling stage, and satiety index of wheat grain and the yield were all higher than that in flat farming. Nitrogen enhanced the total soluble sugar contents and sucrose contents during the early filling stage, decrease the total soluble sugar contents and sucrose contents during the lately filling stage. Nitrogen promoted the ability supplying utilizing assimilate and the starch accumulation of grain in wheat. However, excess N didn’t enhance the anabolism of total soluble sugar and sucrose of grain and the ability supplying utilizing assimilate in wheat. Straw multh cultivation modes and plastic film-mulching with 120 kg N ha-1, the total soluble sugar and sucrose were higher in the early filling stage, the ability supplying utilizing assimilate were strong and increased the starch accumulation of grain in wheat during grain filling stage. That was of great benefit to growth and filling at the late filling stage of wheat with straw multh or plastic film-mulching and 120 kg N ha-1.
3. SPAD reading, net photosynthetic rate (PN), leaf area index (LAI), aboveground dry biomass, canopy chlorophyll density (SPAD×LAI) and canopy photosynthetic capacity (PN×LAI) of the uppermost fully developed leaves of the corn increased with basal N rates increasing before side-dressing. However, Dualex reading showed an opposite trend in response to basal N rates. Split N application significantly increased SPAD reading, however, no significant influence on Dualex reading and PN of leaf. Split N application significantly increased corn grain yield compared to only one application at sowing, and 45 kg N ha-1 was better than 20 kg N ha-1. Under our experimental condition, a total N application with 113 kg N ha-1 did not produce the same corn grain yield as saturated N rate plot (SAT225). Both SPAD and Dualex readings showed significant correlation with corn plant N concentration, and then can be used as an instant and non-destructive diagnostic tools for corn N status evaluation.
4. SPAD reading of ear leaf, aboveground dry biomass and corn grain yield increased with increasing side-dressing N rates, Dualex reading decreased with increasing side-dressing N rates after silking. The SPAD-N sufficiency index (SPAD-NSI) of side-dressing N with 101, 135, 169 and 203 kg N ha-1 were always higher than 0.95 at all samplings dates. The Dualex-N sufficiency index (Dualex-NSI) of side-dressing N with 101 kg N ha-1 were higher than 0.95 from 18 d to 46 d; the Dualex-N NSI of side-dressing N with 135, 169 and 203 kg N ha-1 were also higher than 0.95 at all samplings dates. SPAD reading, Dualex reading, SPAD-NSI and Dualex-NSI were strongly related to side-dressing N rates. The maximum yield has been reached when side-dressing N with 101 or 135 kg N ha-1 at jointing stage. When maximum yield has been reached, any additional N has no significant effect on SPAD reading, Dualex reading, aboveground dry biomass and corn grain yield. There was no significant difference between splitting the N into two applications and put all N at sowing on grain yield, however, splitting the N into two applications significantly decreased the N application rate and growers’inputs.
5. When established the N saturated reference plot in corn, water status and N application methods have no influence on N saturated reference plot establishment. Based on this study, growers can either broadcast at sowing or band along the rows at a later time when corn is emerged, which will give flexibility to N saturated reference plots establishment. All N sources (calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), urea (URE), polymer-coated urea (PCU), and environmentally smart N (ESN)) had the equivalence performance on N saturated reference plot establishment in our experimental conditions. However, when consider the environmental and economic factors, URE and UAN were recommended as adequate and affordable N sources for reference plot establishment. PN or relative photosynthetic capacity (RPC) was found to be a better indicator of photosynthetic performance under contrasting N supply than Fv/Fm (or Fv’/Fm’) or relative chlorophyll fluorescence capacity (RCFC).
6. The instant, non-destructive and sensitive parameters for N diagnostic criteria were compared: chlorophyll meter (SPAD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Dualex and combined SPAD and Dualex measurements in the form of the ratio Chl/DUAD in this study. SPAD readings and Chl/DUAD were the earliest and most stable indicators when expressed in the form N sufficiency index (NSI). NDVI was measured with Greenseeker could evaluate the N status in crop population, so, NDVI was also a suitable indicators for evaluation N status when expressed in the form NSI. Dualex reading varied and was instability among years when expressed in the form NSI, therefore, Dualex reading was not a suitable indicator for calculationg NSI in corn. Water status and N application methods have no significant influence on SPAD reading, Dualex, NDVI and Chl/DUAD when expressed in the form NSI.
7. In the soil or terrain properties including soil electrical conductivity (ECa), elevation, slope, curvature of the terrain, and aspect of the terrain, ECa and elevation were the dominant factors influencing the NDVI both in null N and saturated N rate (250 kg N ha-1). When using NDVI_N sufficiency index (NDVI_NSI) evaluated the N status in corn, none of soil or topographic properties was the important factor influencing NDVI_NSI of corn. Hence, using NDVI_NSI for site-specific N management can eliminate the soil or topographic properties on corn growth, decreased the economic input of growers, decreased the N loss and environmental pollution, and improved the grain yield of corn.
引文
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