从热红外遥感获取断裂相关信息的分析方法研究
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摘要
断裂与地表热环境密切相关,断裂对地热循环至地表有重要作用。研究断层两侧地表温度场信息,对地热资源远景勘测区域具有很大意义,也对了解断层构造活动和地质活动对地表热环境影响有很大的科学价值。热红外影像中,反应深部的热信息只是很少的一部分,需要去除干扰因素增强目标信号,当前研究未能较好解决消除干扰信号的问题,对断裂与地表热信息之间的空间位置也没有较完善的讨论。本文对断裂位置和地表热异常信息条带的空间位置以及其偏移问题进行深入分析,并提出从热红外遥感获取断裂相关信息的分析方法。首先,对多景不同区域的Landsat热红外影像选取适合区域的算法获得地表温度场。其次,提出去除温度场中因异常高温低温背景干扰区域的方法。第三,用尺度分析插值法增强去除干扰后的影像,结合地质图及物探剖面对断裂和地表热异常信息空间位置进行讨论,并提出建立定量的统计学模型验证相关性。第四,分析断裂相关热异常信息影响宽度与尺度之间关系,改进尺度分析窗口,用不同尺度的热异常信息增强不同范围不同深度的断裂信息。对研究区地表热异常信息和地下断裂对应空间位置进行了较为深入的探讨。
主要取得了以下方面的进展和结论：
(1)比较了不同的比辐射率估算方法和各种地表温度反演算法,分别对无大气数据支持和有大气数据支持的区域影像使用不同的地表温度反演算法。并提出了消除干扰因素形成的地表异常高温低温区域的方法。
(2)改进尺度分析插值法应用于断裂相关热信息增强。通过均值采样插值取代原方法中的随机采样,获得更稳定的地表热信息影像。
(3)结合物探剖面准确定位地表热信息剖面与断裂确切空间位置之间对应关系,首次提出断裂附近中间高两边低的热异常信息峰值位于断裂倾向方向的结论。
(4)应用统计方法定量分析评价断裂和热异常信息。通过定量分析断裂相关热异常信息的影响范围,建立了该范围内断裂两侧距离与地表温度的统计模型。也证明了断裂相关热异常信息并非随机,而是具有统计学意义。
(5)对尺度分析插值法的增强信息尺度窗口进行探讨,改进尺度分析窗口为断裂影响范围的1/2,提出不同尺度窗口增强不同影响宽度的断裂相关热信息,探讨了不同尺度的分析插值结果与断裂深度之间的关联。
Faults provide the path for geothermal natural convection and partially influence the ground surface thermal environment. Recently, the distance relationship between geothermal areas and faults has been considered of great importance. Remote-sensed thermal infrared (TIR) images have been used to detect and characterise the presence and potential of geothermal anomaly areas for many years. However, geothermal anomalies are difficult to detect in TIR images because they are only slightly warmer than the ambient background temperature. Furthermore, the success of efforts has always been limited by the difficulty of differentiating between several heating effects within different surface land covers. The primary purpose of this work was to determine the applicability of a combined technique of satellite image analysis and statistics in establishing the relationship between thermal anomalies and faults. In addition, spatial pattern analysis should be improved by land cover simplification and supported by geophysical prospecting tectonic models. In this study, we devote several of the below sections to bring out an analyzing method of thermal information associated with faults based on thermal infrared remote sensing. First, we derived LSTs from the Landsat TM/ETM+ thermal bands of varying periods. Second, we attempted to employ land use/land cover classification of the LST images to eliminate noise in the form of the abnormal high temperatures caused by human-driven land cover in built-up and bare land and the abnormal low temperatures caused by water and hill shade. Then the enhanced and noise-reduced images that manifested as fragments were implemented by kriging interpolation. Third, we compared the spatial pattern of the enhanced images with geophysical prospecting tectonic profiles and with regional geological tectonic maps, and analysed the spatial correspondence between the thermal anomalies and the faults. Finally, we used the approximate width of the ranges calculated as the scales to enhance and extract the thermal anomaly associated with faults.
The main progresses and results list as follows:
(1) LSTs were retrieved from Landsat thermal infrared images and computed from the algorithm which defined by meteorological information, as using single-channel algorithm where contained the meteorological information or using Artis'algorithm when there was no meteorological information. Analysed the thermal infrared anomalies caused by non-structure factor, and put forward a method to eliminate them.
(2) Enhance the images using improved-scale-analysing-interpolation method. Improve the sample method as mean sample to get steady surface thermal enhanced map.
(3) Compared the spatial pattern of the enhanced images with geophysical prospecting tectonic profiles and with regional geological tectonic maps. Summarized the distributing rule that the thermal anomalies occurring as wave crests appeared near the faults and were located in the dip planes of the faults.
(4) Analysed the spatial statistical correspondence between the thermal anomalies and the faults. Estimated the temperature anomaly-affected ranges of both sides of the faults and calculated the approximate width of the ranges, and tested by regression models to display the relationships of the temperatures and locating distances in these affected ranges.
(5) Using different scale of fault thermal anomalies described as the approximate width of the fault ranges to enhance and extract the different scale fault thermal anomalies.
主要取得了以下方面的进展和结论：
(1)比较了不同的比辐射率估算方法和各种地表温度反演算法,分别对无大气数据支持和有大气数据支持的区域影像使用不同的地表温度反演算法。并提出了消除干扰因素形成的地表异常高温低温区域的方法。
(2)改进尺度分析插值法应用于断裂相关热信息增强。通过均值采样插值取代原方法中的随机采样,获得更稳定的地表热信息影像。
(3)结合物探剖面准确定位地表热信息剖面与断裂确切空间位置之间对应关系,首次提出断裂附近中间高两边低的热异常信息峰值位于断裂倾向方向的结论。
(4)应用统计方法定量分析评价断裂和热异常信息。通过定量分析断裂相关热异常信息的影响范围,建立了该范围内断裂两侧距离与地表温度的统计模型。也证明了断裂相关热异常信息并非随机,而是具有统计学意义。
(5)对尺度分析插值法的增强信息尺度窗口进行探讨,改进尺度分析窗口为断裂影响范围的1/2,提出不同尺度窗口增强不同影响宽度的断裂相关热信息,探讨了不同尺度的分析插值结果与断裂深度之间的关联。
Faults provide the path for geothermal natural convection and partially influence the ground surface thermal environment. Recently, the distance relationship between geothermal areas and faults has been considered of great importance. Remote-sensed thermal infrared (TIR) images have been used to detect and characterise the presence and potential of geothermal anomaly areas for many years. However, geothermal anomalies are difficult to detect in TIR images because they are only slightly warmer than the ambient background temperature. Furthermore, the success of efforts has always been limited by the difficulty of differentiating between several heating effects within different surface land covers. The primary purpose of this work was to determine the applicability of a combined technique of satellite image analysis and statistics in establishing the relationship between thermal anomalies and faults. In addition, spatial pattern analysis should be improved by land cover simplification and supported by geophysical prospecting tectonic models. In this study, we devote several of the below sections to bring out an analyzing method of thermal information associated with faults based on thermal infrared remote sensing. First, we derived LSTs from the Landsat TM/ETM+ thermal bands of varying periods. Second, we attempted to employ land use/land cover classification of the LST images to eliminate noise in the form of the abnormal high temperatures caused by human-driven land cover in built-up and bare land and the abnormal low temperatures caused by water and hill shade. Then the enhanced and noise-reduced images that manifested as fragments were implemented by kriging interpolation. Third, we compared the spatial pattern of the enhanced images with geophysical prospecting tectonic profiles and with regional geological tectonic maps, and analysed the spatial correspondence between the thermal anomalies and the faults. Finally, we used the approximate width of the ranges calculated as the scales to enhance and extract the thermal anomaly associated with faults.
The main progresses and results list as follows:
(1) LSTs were retrieved from Landsat thermal infrared images and computed from the algorithm which defined by meteorological information, as using single-channel algorithm where contained the meteorological information or using Artis'algorithm when there was no meteorological information. Analysed the thermal infrared anomalies caused by non-structure factor, and put forward a method to eliminate them.
(2) Enhance the images using improved-scale-analysing-interpolation method. Improve the sample method as mean sample to get steady surface thermal enhanced map.
(3) Compared the spatial pattern of the enhanced images with geophysical prospecting tectonic profiles and with regional geological tectonic maps. Summarized the distributing rule that the thermal anomalies occurring as wave crests appeared near the faults and were located in the dip planes of the faults.
(4) Analysed the spatial statistical correspondence between the thermal anomalies and the faults. Estimated the temperature anomaly-affected ranges of both sides of the faults and calculated the approximate width of the ranges, and tested by regression models to display the relationships of the temperatures and locating distances in these affected ranges.
(5) Using different scale of fault thermal anomalies described as the approximate width of the fault ranges to enhance and extract the different scale fault thermal anomalies.
引文
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郭卫英,马瑾,单新建.活动断裂带的地形地貌差异与红外亮温年变特征的研究[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(5)：1437-1443.
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卢善龙,沈晓华,邹乐君等.基于尺度分析的断层热信息遥感图像增强方法--以江山绍兴断裂金衢段为例[J].地球物理学报,2008a,51(5)
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戴文晗,戴磊.西安地区隐伏构造遥感信息特征及热红外场三维显示应用[C].第十四届全国遥感技术学术交流会论文摘要集,2003.
郭卫英,马瑾,单新建.活动断裂带的地形地貌差异与红外亮温年变特征的研究[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(5)：1437-1443.
胡圣标,邱楠生,熊亮萍,汪集旸,阮万才,钟朝阳,金国灿,刘梦才,蒋根和.东南大陆岩石圈结构与地质演化[M].冶金工业出版社1993.
刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云等.从红外遥感图像提取地下热信息的透热指数法[J].地震地质,2004,26(3)：519-527.
卢善龙,沈晓华,邹乐君等.基于尺度分析的断层热信息遥感图像增强方法--以江山绍兴断裂金衢段为例[J].地球物理学报,2008a,51(5)
卢善龙.基于地质要素的金衢盆地环境数值模型的建立[D].杭州：浙江大学,2008b,42-44.
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