微细通道流动沸腾换热机理及实验研究
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摘要
高热流密度换热设备的高效冷却问题,推动了微细通道流动沸腾研究的发展,目前已有部分成果得以应用。微细通道内的流动传热异于常规尺寸管道,其流动特性更加复杂,传热机理至今尚未定论,针对微细通道流动沸腾问题展开研究仍是目前研究的热点之一。
本文建立了矩形微细通道流动沸腾实验台,加工了微细通道实验元件,完成了宽度为0.5-2.0mm,压力介于0.12-0.15MPa范围内的流动沸腾实验,研究了通道宽度s、运行压力P、工质流量G、入口过冷度△t及加热功率P对微细通道流动沸腾的影响,并进行了流动沸腾的可视化研究,对观察到的流型进行了定义和探讨,分析了流型与系统压降及沸腾换热系数之间的关系,根据实验数据绘制了竖直矩形微细通道内流动沸腾的流型图。
本文对Van Stralen的核态沸腾模型进行修正,提出了计算流动沸腾总热流密度的新方法,将流动沸腾换热区域分成气泡覆盖区和流体覆盖区两部分,并将生成气泡的数量及气泡所占据的壁面面积作为加权,对总热流密度公式进行修正,得到了沸腾换热系数与通道尺寸之间的关系式,分析了微细通道流动沸腾机理,结果表明微细通道流动沸腾换热特性与气泡脱离指数n有关,只有当该指数n<1时,随着通道尺寸的减小,沸腾传热系数才会呈增加趋势。
本文对实验数据进行了整理与统计,分析了影响过冷沸腾起始点的因素,绘制了工质入口温度tin,体积流量G,通道宽度S及系统运行压力P对过冷沸腾起始热流密度qoNe的影响关系图,对比了各影响因素所占的比重,拟合出微细通道内过冷沸腾起始热流密度的计算式。本文对饱和沸腾进行了探讨,发现该换热区域是以气泡的相变潜热为主要的传热方式,其传热过程与气泡生成频率fg、气泡脱离直径Dd以及通道宽度s等有较大关系,拟合了饱和沸腾换热经验关系式。通过上述分析,本文提出了在微细通道单侧面加热工况下,从加热面指向绝热面分为气泡形成区、气泡生长区和气泡湮灭区三个区域,各区域边界受热流密度和工质流速的共同影响而变化,这种变化也直接导致气泡的不同运动形态。
本文利用分相流模型对微细通道流动沸腾过程的压降问题进行处理,建立了基于气相与液相的流速不相等及气液两相之间处于热力学平衡状态两个基本假设的两相流总压降梯度表达式,深入分析了入口过冷度△t,体积流量G,通道宽度s及系统运行压力P对流动压降△P的影响,拟合出流动沸腾总压降关系式并与实验结果进行了对比,表明该拟合关系式可以描述竖直微细通道内流动沸腾过程中的压力降。
本文建立了多尺寸、不同流道形状的竖直矩形微细通道流动沸腾模型,采用有限容积积分法对控制方程及计算区域进行离散化,选择SIMPLER方法求解压力场和速度场,计算过程中对工质进行变物性处理,选用标准k-ε模型进行湍流充分发展区域的数值模拟,近壁面区域采用壁面函数法,并利用CFD软件的UDF功能进行了C语言自编程以实现均质沸腾和非均质沸腾的数值计算,获得了微细通道内气泡的形成、生长和脱离等运动规律,得到了气液两相压力场、速度场和温度场的分布,分析了换热系数随气泡运动的关系,并将数值计算结果与实验数据进行了对比且吻合良好,表明所建立的模型可以用来模拟竖直矩形微细通道中的流动沸腾。由于微细通道流动沸腾对实验条件要求相对苛刻,许多极限条件下的实验难于进行,该模型的建立可弥补宽广参数范围内的研究数据,在一定程度上促进微细通道流动沸腾研究的进展。
两相流的流型对压降和传热均有很大影响,本文依据实验数据和数值模拟结果,引入人工神经网络的方法实现气液两相流流型的识别。将压力、温度、截面含气率、工质流速等参数作为神经网络的输入特征向量,经过归一化和无量纲化处理之后输入到BP神经网络和Elman神经网络中,对微细通道流动沸腾气液两相流流型进行识别,发现两种神经网络在流型识别方面具有较高的可靠性和准确度,为改善和发展流型在线智能识别系统提供了支持。
The emergence of heat transfer devices with high heat flux stimulates the development of research on the flow boiling in micro/mini-channel. However, it is well known that there are some difference between the heat transfer in micro/mini-channel and that in conventional scale channel. The flow characteristics in micro/mini-channel are more complex, and the heat transfer mechanism is still not clear. Therefore, to carry out a study focusing on the flow boiling in micro/mini-channel and to clarify the flow and heat transfer mechanism are essential to guide the research and design of the compact high heat flux heat transfer components.
A rectangular mini-channel flow boiling experiment rig with self-designed and processed test section is established in this study. Influence caused by different channel widths, pressure, mass flow rates, inlet subcooling and heating power on the flow boiling in mini-channel are experimentally investigated for channel width from 0.5mm to 2.0mm under the pressure ranging from 0.12MPa to 0.15MPa. A visualization study is also conducted to define and explore the observed flow patterns, and to analyze the relationship between flow patterns and system pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. A flow pattern map is obtained based on the experimental data.
The nucleate boiling theory of Van Stralen is amended in the present study, and a method of computing the total heat flux of flow boiling is proposed from theoretical analysis. The flow boiling heat transfer area is divided into bubble covered area and liquid covered area, and the weighted parameters of the bubble number and the bubble occupied wall area are employed to amend the formula of total heat flux. The analysis of flow boiling mechanism in mini-channel reveals the relationship between the boiling heat transfer coefficient and channel size. The results show that there is no absolute heat transfer enhancement when using mini-channel, but depending on the exponent related with the bubble departure diameter. Only when the exponent n<1, the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient will increase along with the decrease of mini-channel size.
Subcooled boiling and saturated boiling are two important components of the flow boiling phenomenon, and also the study focus of boiling heat transfer mechanism. By summarizing the experimental data, factors affect the onset of subcooled boiling are analyzed, diagrams showing the influence exerted by inlet subcooling, mass flow, width of the mini-channel, system pressure. The proportion taken by each influential factor is compared, and then the formula to calculate the onset heat flux of subcooled boiling is fitted. The saturated boiling is also discussed in this thesis, and the transfer of latent heat dominates at such area. The heat transfer process is closely related with the bubble formation frequency, departure diameter and the mini-channel width, etc, and an empirical formula is proposed. According to the experimental results, from heating surface to the adiabatic surface, three regions are defined as bubble formation area, bubble growth region and bubble annihilation area. The boundary area of these regions can be affected by heat flux, resulting in different movement patterns of bubble.
The problem of pressure drop has been the focus of the study about vapor-liquid two phase flow. This thesis work makes a penetrating analysis on the relationship between inlet subcooling, mass flow rate, the width of mini-channel, the system operation pressure and the flow pressure drop. Phase flow model is employed to deal with the problem of pressure drop during the flow boiling process. Two basic assumptions are made as vapor and liquid phases have different flow velocities and these two phases are in a thermodynamic equilibrium state. Based on such assumptions, the expression formula of two-phase total pressure drop gradient is derived, which amends the traditional expressions, fitting better to the flow boiling process in vertical mini-channel.
On the base of experimental study, this thesis establishes the flow boiling model in vertical rectangular mini-channels with different sizes and cross-section shapes. Finite volume method is used to discrete the control equations and simulation area, and the SIMPLER method is chosen to solve the pressure field and velocity field. The properties of the working fluid are treated as variable during the simulation and the standard k-e model is selected to simulate the fully developed turbulence area, while wall function is employed for region neat the wall. In addition, the UDF function of the CFD software is used to enable the numerical computation of homogeneous and non-homogeneous boiling. The motion characteristics of bubble generation, growth up and departure are obtained together with the vapor-liquid two-phase pressure profile, velocity profile and temperature profile. The relationship between bubble motion and the heat transfer coefficient is analyzed, and a fairly good agreement is achieved from the comparison of experimental results and simulation output, indicating that the established model can be used to simulate the flow boiling in mini-channel. Taking into account the relatively stringent requirement by the experimental study, many experiments under extreme conditions are difficult to carry out, so the numerical simulation in this thesis can contribute to the research data in a wide scope of parameter values, promoting the development of study on the flow boiling phenomenon in mini-channel.
It is well known that the flow patterns of two-phase flow have significant impact on both system pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. Based on the experimental results and simulation output, this thesis introduces artificial neural network to identify the two-phase flow patterns. Three groups of parameters, i.e. pressure, temperature, void fraction, are served as the input feature vectors, which will be inputted into the BP neural network and Elman neural network after normalization for the identification of flow patterns. It is found that both of the two neural networks possess relatively high reliability and accuracy, providing support to the improvement and development of the online intelligent identification system.
本文建立了矩形微细通道流动沸腾实验台,加工了微细通道实验元件,完成了宽度为0.5-2.0mm,压力介于0.12-0.15MPa范围内的流动沸腾实验,研究了通道宽度s、运行压力P、工质流量G、入口过冷度△t及加热功率P对微细通道流动沸腾的影响,并进行了流动沸腾的可视化研究,对观察到的流型进行了定义和探讨,分析了流型与系统压降及沸腾换热系数之间的关系,根据实验数据绘制了竖直矩形微细通道内流动沸腾的流型图。
本文对Van Stralen的核态沸腾模型进行修正,提出了计算流动沸腾总热流密度的新方法,将流动沸腾换热区域分成气泡覆盖区和流体覆盖区两部分,并将生成气泡的数量及气泡所占据的壁面面积作为加权,对总热流密度公式进行修正,得到了沸腾换热系数与通道尺寸之间的关系式,分析了微细通道流动沸腾机理,结果表明微细通道流动沸腾换热特性与气泡脱离指数n有关,只有当该指数n<1时,随着通道尺寸的减小,沸腾传热系数才会呈增加趋势。
本文对实验数据进行了整理与统计,分析了影响过冷沸腾起始点的因素,绘制了工质入口温度tin,体积流量G,通道宽度S及系统运行压力P对过冷沸腾起始热流密度qoNe的影响关系图,对比了各影响因素所占的比重,拟合出微细通道内过冷沸腾起始热流密度的计算式。本文对饱和沸腾进行了探讨,发现该换热区域是以气泡的相变潜热为主要的传热方式,其传热过程与气泡生成频率fg、气泡脱离直径Dd以及通道宽度s等有较大关系,拟合了饱和沸腾换热经验关系式。通过上述分析,本文提出了在微细通道单侧面加热工况下,从加热面指向绝热面分为气泡形成区、气泡生长区和气泡湮灭区三个区域,各区域边界受热流密度和工质流速的共同影响而变化,这种变化也直接导致气泡的不同运动形态。
本文利用分相流模型对微细通道流动沸腾过程的压降问题进行处理,建立了基于气相与液相的流速不相等及气液两相之间处于热力学平衡状态两个基本假设的两相流总压降梯度表达式,深入分析了入口过冷度△t,体积流量G,通道宽度s及系统运行压力P对流动压降△P的影响,拟合出流动沸腾总压降关系式并与实验结果进行了对比,表明该拟合关系式可以描述竖直微细通道内流动沸腾过程中的压力降。
本文建立了多尺寸、不同流道形状的竖直矩形微细通道流动沸腾模型,采用有限容积积分法对控制方程及计算区域进行离散化,选择SIMPLER方法求解压力场和速度场,计算过程中对工质进行变物性处理,选用标准k-ε模型进行湍流充分发展区域的数值模拟,近壁面区域采用壁面函数法,并利用CFD软件的UDF功能进行了C语言自编程以实现均质沸腾和非均质沸腾的数值计算,获得了微细通道内气泡的形成、生长和脱离等运动规律,得到了气液两相压力场、速度场和温度场的分布,分析了换热系数随气泡运动的关系,并将数值计算结果与实验数据进行了对比且吻合良好,表明所建立的模型可以用来模拟竖直矩形微细通道中的流动沸腾。由于微细通道流动沸腾对实验条件要求相对苛刻,许多极限条件下的实验难于进行,该模型的建立可弥补宽广参数范围内的研究数据,在一定程度上促进微细通道流动沸腾研究的进展。
两相流的流型对压降和传热均有很大影响,本文依据实验数据和数值模拟结果,引入人工神经网络的方法实现气液两相流流型的识别。将压力、温度、截面含气率、工质流速等参数作为神经网络的输入特征向量,经过归一化和无量纲化处理之后输入到BP神经网络和Elman神经网络中,对微细通道流动沸腾气液两相流流型进行识别,发现两种神经网络在流型识别方面具有较高的可靠性和准确度,为改善和发展流型在线智能识别系统提供了支持。
The emergence of heat transfer devices with high heat flux stimulates the development of research on the flow boiling in micro/mini-channel. However, it is well known that there are some difference between the heat transfer in micro/mini-channel and that in conventional scale channel. The flow characteristics in micro/mini-channel are more complex, and the heat transfer mechanism is still not clear. Therefore, to carry out a study focusing on the flow boiling in micro/mini-channel and to clarify the flow and heat transfer mechanism are essential to guide the research and design of the compact high heat flux heat transfer components.
A rectangular mini-channel flow boiling experiment rig with self-designed and processed test section is established in this study. Influence caused by different channel widths, pressure, mass flow rates, inlet subcooling and heating power on the flow boiling in mini-channel are experimentally investigated for channel width from 0.5mm to 2.0mm under the pressure ranging from 0.12MPa to 0.15MPa. A visualization study is also conducted to define and explore the observed flow patterns, and to analyze the relationship between flow patterns and system pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. A flow pattern map is obtained based on the experimental data.
The nucleate boiling theory of Van Stralen is amended in the present study, and a method of computing the total heat flux of flow boiling is proposed from theoretical analysis. The flow boiling heat transfer area is divided into bubble covered area and liquid covered area, and the weighted parameters of the bubble number and the bubble occupied wall area are employed to amend the formula of total heat flux. The analysis of flow boiling mechanism in mini-channel reveals the relationship between the boiling heat transfer coefficient and channel size. The results show that there is no absolute heat transfer enhancement when using mini-channel, but depending on the exponent related with the bubble departure diameter. Only when the exponent n<1, the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient will increase along with the decrease of mini-channel size.
Subcooled boiling and saturated boiling are two important components of the flow boiling phenomenon, and also the study focus of boiling heat transfer mechanism. By summarizing the experimental data, factors affect the onset of subcooled boiling are analyzed, diagrams showing the influence exerted by inlet subcooling, mass flow, width of the mini-channel, system pressure. The proportion taken by each influential factor is compared, and then the formula to calculate the onset heat flux of subcooled boiling is fitted. The saturated boiling is also discussed in this thesis, and the transfer of latent heat dominates at such area. The heat transfer process is closely related with the bubble formation frequency, departure diameter and the mini-channel width, etc, and an empirical formula is proposed. According to the experimental results, from heating surface to the adiabatic surface, three regions are defined as bubble formation area, bubble growth region and bubble annihilation area. The boundary area of these regions can be affected by heat flux, resulting in different movement patterns of bubble.
The problem of pressure drop has been the focus of the study about vapor-liquid two phase flow. This thesis work makes a penetrating analysis on the relationship between inlet subcooling, mass flow rate, the width of mini-channel, the system operation pressure and the flow pressure drop. Phase flow model is employed to deal with the problem of pressure drop during the flow boiling process. Two basic assumptions are made as vapor and liquid phases have different flow velocities and these two phases are in a thermodynamic equilibrium state. Based on such assumptions, the expression formula of two-phase total pressure drop gradient is derived, which amends the traditional expressions, fitting better to the flow boiling process in vertical mini-channel.
On the base of experimental study, this thesis establishes the flow boiling model in vertical rectangular mini-channels with different sizes and cross-section shapes. Finite volume method is used to discrete the control equations and simulation area, and the SIMPLER method is chosen to solve the pressure field and velocity field. The properties of the working fluid are treated as variable during the simulation and the standard k-e model is selected to simulate the fully developed turbulence area, while wall function is employed for region neat the wall. In addition, the UDF function of the CFD software is used to enable the numerical computation of homogeneous and non-homogeneous boiling. The motion characteristics of bubble generation, growth up and departure are obtained together with the vapor-liquid two-phase pressure profile, velocity profile and temperature profile. The relationship between bubble motion and the heat transfer coefficient is analyzed, and a fairly good agreement is achieved from the comparison of experimental results and simulation output, indicating that the established model can be used to simulate the flow boiling in mini-channel. Taking into account the relatively stringent requirement by the experimental study, many experiments under extreme conditions are difficult to carry out, so the numerical simulation in this thesis can contribute to the research data in a wide scope of parameter values, promoting the development of study on the flow boiling phenomenon in mini-channel.
It is well known that the flow patterns of two-phase flow have significant impact on both system pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. Based on the experimental results and simulation output, this thesis introduces artificial neural network to identify the two-phase flow patterns. Three groups of parameters, i.e. pressure, temperature, void fraction, are served as the input feature vectors, which will be inputted into the BP neural network and Elman neural network after normalization for the identification of flow patterns. It is found that both of the two neural networks possess relatively high reliability and accuracy, providing support to the improvement and development of the online intelligent identification system.
引文
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