小兴安岭泥炭沼泽植物区系及土壤理化性质研究
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摘要
小兴安岭林区分布有大面积的沼泽湿地,有森林沼泽、灌丛沼泽、草丛沼泽、藓类沼泽等多种类型,这些沼泽湿地在调节洪峰、蓄存降水、保持水土、改善小气候等方面发挥着巨大的作用。湿地土壤是重要的有机碳储存库,湿地土壤有机碳的变化对全球气候变化有直接的影响。本文选择小兴安岭林区典型泥炭沼泽湿地为研究对象,对其植物区系、植被类型、土壤物理性质和化学性质进行系统研究,尤其对泥炭沼泽湿地土壤有机碳(SOC)含量进行深入研究,并进行相关性分析,为本地区湿地保护和科学管理提供科学依据。其主要研究结果如下：
(1)小兴安岭泥炭沼泽湿地种子植物共有63科184属339种,其中裸子植物1科3属3种,被子植物有62科181属336种。本区沼泽湿地种子植物占我国东北部种子植物总科数的49.22%,总属数的24.83%,总种数的12.93%。种子植物科划分为4个分布区类型和4个分布区变型；属划分为12个分布区类型和9个变型；种划分为15个分布区类型和18个分布区亚型。研究区泥炭沼泽湿地种子植物科属种的地理成分以温带性质为主。
(2)五类典型泥炭沼泽土壤平均容重变化在0.06 g·cm-3-0.74 g·cm-3之间,毛管孔隙变化范围为49.54%-59.95%,非毛管孔隙变化范围为31.69%～12.75%,其中漂筏苔草湿地土壤毛管孔隙最大,兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地非毛管孔隙和总孔隙度均为最高。兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量分别为1586.57%、1007.71%和882.70%。
(3)五类泥炭湿地土壤pH值均低于6.0。兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地土壤有机质含量最高,各土层有机质含量均在800 g·kg-1以上。平均全N含量变化在3.41g-kg-1～13.78g·kg-1之间,水解N含量变化范围为60～1100 mg·kg-1,全P含量变动在0.47～1.26g·kg-1之间,有效P含量均表现为表层高于下层,随着土层的加深呈下降趋势,且表层有效P含量均在30mg·kg-1以上
(4)土壤SOC含量大小排序为：兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地>漂筏苔草湿地>油桦—笃斯越桔—修氏苔草湿地>修氏苔草湿地>白桦—油桦—小叶章湿地>对照林地,兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地土壤SOC含量高达477.69g·kg-1,是对照林地的17.06倍。平均碳密度大小排序为：漂筏苔草湿地>油桦—笃斯越桔—修氏苔草湿地>修氏苔草湿地>白桦—油桦—小叶章湿地>兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地>对照林地,漂筏苔草湿地碳密度最高(83.19 kg·m-3),兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地碳密度相对较低(48.03 kg·m-3),分别是对照林地的3.51和2.03倍。0-40cm碳储量大小排序为：漂筏苔草湿地>油桦—笃斯越桔—修氏苔草湿地>修氏苔草湿地>白桦—油桦—小叶章湿地>兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地>对照林地,漂筏苔草湿地高达3.36万t.km-2,兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地为1.27万t·km-2。
(5)五类湿地土壤SOC含量与容重呈极显著负相关(r=-0.879,P=0.000),拟合方程呈指数函数关系(R2=0.851),与非毛管孔隙存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.628,P=0.011)；土壤SOC含量与土壤全N、水解N和有效P呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.901,r=0.891,r=0.825),与全P呈显著正相关(r=0.690)。土壤SOC与全N之间拟合方程存在幂函数关系(R2=0.912),与土壤全P之间拟合方程呈指数函数关系(R2=0.772),与水解N和有效P之间均存在直线关系(R2=0.843,R2=0.68)
There are varieties of extensive swamps existing in Xiaoxing'an Mountains, including forest-swamp, shrub-swamp, marsh, moss-swamp and so on. These kinds of wetlands effect significantly on regulating peak, storing precipitation, conserving soil and water as well as improving microclimate. Peat swamp as the representative wetland of Xiaoxing'an Mountain was studied, in order to research on the flora, vegetation type, physical and chemical properties, especially on the content of organic carbon, and to analyze the relativity, so that the scientific foundation could be provided.
The main results are as followed:
(1)Seed plants of peat swamp in Xiaoxing'an Mountains contained 63 families,184 genera and 339 species, including 1 family,4 genera,4 species of gymnosperms and 67 families,193 genera,358 species of angiosperms, which account for 49.22% of total families, 24.83% of total genera and 12.93% of total species of Northeastern China. The families of seed plants could be divided into 4 distribution types and 4 forma; genera 12 distribution types and 9 forma; species 15 distribution types and 18 subtypes. The geographical elements of families, genera and species in this study area mainly belong to temperate zone.
(2)The soil bulk density of the five typical swamp soil varied from 0.06 g-cm-3 to 0.74 g-cm-3. The capillary porosity changed between 49.54%-59.95%, non-capillary porosity 31.69%～12.75%, among which the capillary porosity of Pseudocuraica marsh was the largest, both the non-capillary porosity and general porosity of Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland were the largest. The soil maximum moisture capacity, capillary water capacity, and the minimum moisture capacity of Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland were 1586.57%,1007.71%and 882.70%, respectively.
(3)The PH of these 5 swamps were completely lower than 6.0. Among which Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland had the largest organic matter content with each soil layer larger than 800 g.kg-1. The average total N content varied from 3.41 g.kg-1 to 13.78g.kg-1 the average hydrolysis N content changed between 60～1100 g.kg-1, the total P content changed between 0.47-1.26g.kg-1, the available P content represented that the one of surface was larger than the lower, and decreased with the layer deeper, in addition that the available P content was higher than 30mg.kg-1
(4)The order of the average SOC content was:Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland> Pseudocuraica marsh> Betula ovalifolia-Vaccinium-Carex> Carex swamp>Betula platyphylla-Betula ovalifolia-Deyeuxia angustifolia> contrast area, with the SOC content of Larix gmelinii-Sphagnum wetland was 477.69g.kg-1, which was 16.06 times higher than the contrast area. The average carbon density was in a order of:Pseudocuraica marsh> Betula ovalifolia-Vaccinium-Carex> Carex swamp> Betula platyphylla-Betula ovalifolia-Deyeuxia angustifolia> Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland> the contrast area. The carbon density of the Pseudocuraica marsh was the highest (83.19kg.m-3), while that of Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland was relatively low (48.03kg.m-3), and they were 3.15 and 2.03 times that of the contrast area respectively. The carbon content of the 0-40cm soil layer was ranked as follow. Pseudocuraica marsh> Betula ovalifolia-Vaccinium-Carex> Carex swamp> Betula platyphylla-Betula ovalifolia-Deyeuxia angustifolia> Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland> the contrast area. While that of the Pseudocuraica marsh was up to 33.6 thousand t.km'2, and that of the Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland was 12.7 t.km-2 thousand.
(5) The SOC content of these 5 swamp were in a significant negative correlation with soil bulk density(r=-0.879, P=0.0000), and the fitting results were exponential relationship (R2=0.851). It is in a significant positive correlation with non-capillary porosity(r=0.628, P=0.011). Besides, the SOC were highly significantly related with total N, hydrolysis N content and available P (r=0.901, r=0.891, r=0.825), and were significantly correlated with full P (r=0.690). The SOC content of these 5 kinds of wetland soil were in a power function relationship with soil total N (R2=0.912), and in a linear relationship with both the hydrolysis N and available P (R2=0.843, R2=0.68).
(1)小兴安岭泥炭沼泽湿地种子植物共有63科184属339种,其中裸子植物1科3属3种,被子植物有62科181属336种。本区沼泽湿地种子植物占我国东北部种子植物总科数的49.22%,总属数的24.83%,总种数的12.93%。种子植物科划分为4个分布区类型和4个分布区变型；属划分为12个分布区类型和9个变型；种划分为15个分布区类型和18个分布区亚型。研究区泥炭沼泽湿地种子植物科属种的地理成分以温带性质为主。
(2)五类典型泥炭沼泽土壤平均容重变化在0.06 g·cm-3-0.74 g·cm-3之间,毛管孔隙变化范围为49.54%-59.95%,非毛管孔隙变化范围为31.69%～12.75%,其中漂筏苔草湿地土壤毛管孔隙最大,兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地非毛管孔隙和总孔隙度均为最高。兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量分别为1586.57%、1007.71%和882.70%。
(3)五类泥炭湿地土壤pH值均低于6.0。兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地土壤有机质含量最高,各土层有机质含量均在800 g·kg-1以上。平均全N含量变化在3.41g-kg-1～13.78g·kg-1之间,水解N含量变化范围为60～1100 mg·kg-1,全P含量变动在0.47～1.26g·kg-1之间,有效P含量均表现为表层高于下层,随着土层的加深呈下降趋势,且表层有效P含量均在30mg·kg-1以上
(4)土壤SOC含量大小排序为：兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地>漂筏苔草湿地>油桦—笃斯越桔—修氏苔草湿地>修氏苔草湿地>白桦—油桦—小叶章湿地>对照林地,兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地土壤SOC含量高达477.69g·kg-1,是对照林地的17.06倍。平均碳密度大小排序为：漂筏苔草湿地>油桦—笃斯越桔—修氏苔草湿地>修氏苔草湿地>白桦—油桦—小叶章湿地>兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地>对照林地,漂筏苔草湿地碳密度最高(83.19 kg·m-3),兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地碳密度相对较低(48.03 kg·m-3),分别是对照林地的3.51和2.03倍。0-40cm碳储量大小排序为：漂筏苔草湿地>油桦—笃斯越桔—修氏苔草湿地>修氏苔草湿地>白桦—油桦—小叶章湿地>兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地>对照林地,漂筏苔草湿地高达3.36万t.km-2,兴安落叶松—细叶杜香—泥炭藓湿地为1.27万t·km-2。
(5)五类湿地土壤SOC含量与容重呈极显著负相关(r=-0.879,P=0.000),拟合方程呈指数函数关系(R2=0.851),与非毛管孔隙存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.628,P=0.011)；土壤SOC含量与土壤全N、水解N和有效P呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.901,r=0.891,r=0.825),与全P呈显著正相关(r=0.690)。土壤SOC与全N之间拟合方程存在幂函数关系(R2=0.912),与土壤全P之间拟合方程呈指数函数关系(R2=0.772),与水解N和有效P之间均存在直线关系(R2=0.843,R2=0.68)
There are varieties of extensive swamps existing in Xiaoxing'an Mountains, including forest-swamp, shrub-swamp, marsh, moss-swamp and so on. These kinds of wetlands effect significantly on regulating peak, storing precipitation, conserving soil and water as well as improving microclimate. Peat swamp as the representative wetland of Xiaoxing'an Mountain was studied, in order to research on the flora, vegetation type, physical and chemical properties, especially on the content of organic carbon, and to analyze the relativity, so that the scientific foundation could be provided.
The main results are as followed:
(1)Seed plants of peat swamp in Xiaoxing'an Mountains contained 63 families,184 genera and 339 species, including 1 family,4 genera,4 species of gymnosperms and 67 families,193 genera,358 species of angiosperms, which account for 49.22% of total families, 24.83% of total genera and 12.93% of total species of Northeastern China. The families of seed plants could be divided into 4 distribution types and 4 forma; genera 12 distribution types and 9 forma; species 15 distribution types and 18 subtypes. The geographical elements of families, genera and species in this study area mainly belong to temperate zone.
(2)The soil bulk density of the five typical swamp soil varied from 0.06 g-cm-3 to 0.74 g-cm-3. The capillary porosity changed between 49.54%-59.95%, non-capillary porosity 31.69%～12.75%, among which the capillary porosity of Pseudocuraica marsh was the largest, both the non-capillary porosity and general porosity of Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland were the largest. The soil maximum moisture capacity, capillary water capacity, and the minimum moisture capacity of Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland were 1586.57%,1007.71%and 882.70%, respectively.
(3)The PH of these 5 swamps were completely lower than 6.0. Among which Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland had the largest organic matter content with each soil layer larger than 800 g.kg-1. The average total N content varied from 3.41 g.kg-1 to 13.78g.kg-1 the average hydrolysis N content changed between 60～1100 g.kg-1, the total P content changed between 0.47-1.26g.kg-1, the available P content represented that the one of surface was larger than the lower, and decreased with the layer deeper, in addition that the available P content was higher than 30mg.kg-1
(4)The order of the average SOC content was:Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland> Pseudocuraica marsh> Betula ovalifolia-Vaccinium-Carex> Carex swamp>Betula platyphylla-Betula ovalifolia-Deyeuxia angustifolia> contrast area, with the SOC content of Larix gmelinii-Sphagnum wetland was 477.69g.kg-1, which was 16.06 times higher than the contrast area. The average carbon density was in a order of:Pseudocuraica marsh> Betula ovalifolia-Vaccinium-Carex> Carex swamp> Betula platyphylla-Betula ovalifolia-Deyeuxia angustifolia> Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland> the contrast area. The carbon density of the Pseudocuraica marsh was the highest (83.19kg.m-3), while that of Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland was relatively low (48.03kg.m-3), and they were 3.15 and 2.03 times that of the contrast area respectively. The carbon content of the 0-40cm soil layer was ranked as follow. Pseudocuraica marsh> Betula ovalifolia-Vaccinium-Carex> Carex swamp> Betula platyphylla-Betula ovalifolia-Deyeuxia angustifolia> Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland> the contrast area. While that of the Pseudocuraica marsh was up to 33.6 thousand t.km'2, and that of the Larix gmelinii-Ledum-Sphagnum wetland was 12.7 t.km-2 thousand.
(5) The SOC content of these 5 swamp were in a significant negative correlation with soil bulk density(r=-0.879, P=0.0000), and the fitting results were exponential relationship (R2=0.851). It is in a significant positive correlation with non-capillary porosity(r=0.628, P=0.011). Besides, the SOC were highly significantly related with total N, hydrolysis N content and available P (r=0.901, r=0.891, r=0.825), and were significantly correlated with full P (r=0.690). The SOC content of these 5 kinds of wetland soil were in a power function relationship with soil total N (R2=0.912), and in a linear relationship with both the hydrolysis N and available P (R2=0.843, R2=0.68).
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