新型高分子信息存储材料的设计与制备
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摘要
基于有机/高分子材料所的制备的存储器具有成本低、易加工、柔韧性好、可大面积制作、响应快、功耗低、高密度存储等优点,在信息存储以及高速度计算领域有着非常广泛的应用前景。虽然近年来在有机/高分子存储材料研究方面取得了一些较为突出的进展,但是与无机硅器件相比,在响应速度、开关比、读写循环次数、器件维持时间等方面还存在很大的差距,离实际应用还有很长的路要走。在这样的背景下,设计和制备具有良好电双稳态性质的新型有机高分子信息存储材料(即,在相同电压下具有两种不同导电态的高分子材料)以及探索材料存储机理逐渐成为超高密度电信息存储乃至分子电子器件领域里的热点课题。目前在该领域里亟待解决的工作主要集中于研究和开发具有更好电学特性及工艺兼容性的有机高分子功能材料和薄膜,进一步推进其器件化。这就要求对有机/高分子分子结构设计与合成技术、组装技术、器件制备工艺、材料功能机理等有更深的理解、研究和掌握,同时也依赖于物理学、化学、材料学及器件加工等领域研究人员的紧密合作。基于此,本论文开展了新型电活性功能高分子材料的设计、制备及信息存储性能的研究工作,取得了一些原创性的研究成果,本论文共分六章：
第一章综述了有机/聚合物存储器件的结构类型、电双稳态器件的简单工作原理、国内外新材料(包括有机无机杂化材料)的设计与合成研究进展、探讨了存在的问题和拟开展工作的重点方向。
第二章设计合成了一种新型A-D-A型聚合物材料DR1-PDPAF-DR1和C60-PDPAF-C60,进而对这两个材料进行光诱导电荷转移和记忆性能研究。这两个聚合物均具有很好的溶解性和热稳定性。基于ab intio B3LYP/6-31G计算得到的几何和电子结构显示聚芴主链作为载荷子传输的共轭通道,三苯胺作为电子给体,DR1/C60作为电子受体。分子轨道计算表明空穴沿着PDPAF主链迁移。通过皮秒、纳秒和毫秒级的时间分辨吸收和发射光谱技术研究发现,在极性苯腈溶液中DR1-PDPAF-DR1的电荷分离态寿命长达2.3毫秒,这一结果说明聚合物主链对于延长电荷分离态具有显著作用。基于这两个聚合物,制备了简单三层存储器件。然而只有DR1-PDPAF-DR1材料表现出电双稳的Ⅰ-Ⅴ曲线,可以应用于可反复擦写型存储。这一器件表现有两,ON/OFF电流比达到103,ON和OFF态在恒定电压下和连续读出脉冲下均表现稳定。存储保持力测试表明,以铜作顶电极的时候,器件的ON和OFF态均可以在大气环境里150℃下持续稳定工作至少1小时。
第三章分散红1侧链取代的聚乙烯基咔唑PVDR的DMF溶液加入到二氯甲烷后,通过聚合物中咔唑基团之间π-π堆砌的作用进行自组装。自组装后,纳米聚集态的PVDR薄膜表现出大粒度的螺旋柱状堆砌,而非聚集态的PVDR薄膜表现出无定形的较小粒度。通过将预组装过的PVDR溶液旋涂制膜作为存储器件功能材料层,Al和ITO分别作顶电极和底电极,器件均表现为一次写入多次读出(WORM)型存储。器件均表现出良好的存储特性,ON/OFF电流比达到105,这可以保证较低的误读率。基于纳米聚集PVDR器件的稳定性比非纳米聚集PVDR器件要好一些。恒定电压下的器件稳定性测试差异可以认为是源于薄膜的结晶性和表面形貌的差异。ON和OFF态电流密度在经过108次的读出循环后没有出现衰减,这表明ON和OFF态均对读出脉冲不敏感。这些结果均表明,纳米聚集态的PVDR在高性能聚合物记忆器件领域有很好的应用前景。
第四章利用Yamamoto合成了一种基于聚芴的高度可溶的共聚物,其中以芴的C9位取代三苯胺作为电子给体,芴的C-9位取代9,9’-二(3,4-二(3,4-二氰基苯氧基)苯基作为电子受体。以306 nm的波长光进行激发,聚合物氯仿溶液表现出很强的荧光发射,峰位置为413nm和433nm(肩峰)。计算得到的HOMO、LUMO、能隙、离子化势以及电子亲和势分别为-5.66,-3.44,2.22,5.92和3.70 eV。所制备的聚合物薄膜表现出WORM型存储特性,这是超低成本数字图像存储所青睐的一项技术。ON和OFF态电流在测试期间没有发生衰减,表明器件具有良好稳定性。ON/OFF电流比在Ⅰ-Ⅴ扫描表征中+1V时为6.1×103。
第五章：我们合成了一种新型的共轭聚合物接枝的氧化石墨烯(TPAPAM-GO),基于这一材料我们制备了简单的三明治型器件,发现这一材料具有非常稳定的可多次执行“读-写-擦”的非易失型存储特性。此器件开启电压约为-1V, ON/OFF电流比超过103,连续电压稳定性测试表明ON和OFF态均表现稳定,而且ON和OFF态在-1V连续读出脉冲下可达到读出108次。
第六章：总结了本论文从第二章到第五章的主要研究成果。
Advantages of polymer/organic memories include simplicity in device structure, good scalability, low cost potential, low power operation, multiple state accessibility, three dimensional (3D) stacking capability and large capacity for data storage. There is increasing interest in polymer memories during the last few years, however, the response time, ON/OFF ratio, read cycles and retention time are far beyond practical requirements comparing with inorganic, and especailly silicon based memory devices. Up on this, design and preparation of novel organic/polymeric data starage materials and probe into the mechanisms become the extremely interesting topics in the field of ultra-high density information storage. There are a few emerging area required to study, such as (1) new polymeric functional materials and device films process better electric properties and technic compatibility and (2) further preparation devices based on the materials and/or films. Thus, we need to comprehend, study and develop many technologies, such as molecular design, materials preparation technology, self-assembly technology, device preparation and the mechanism of memory device etc. In order to carry out all of these, it depends on the close cooperation among the scientists who are studying in the field of physics, chemistry, materials and device processes, etc. Base on these, several novel electrical active functional polymeric materials were successfully prepared. Besides, the electrical memory properties of the materials were also studied and some positive and original results were obtained.
Chapter 1:The kinds of organic/polymeric memory devices, the mechanisms of the memory effect, the progress of polymeric memory applications using organic/polymeric/hybrid materials as active materials were reviewed and the problems which are still under studying were also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2:The photoinduced intramolecular processes of a novel polymer, namely bis Dispersed Red 1(DR1) and C6o end-capped poly[9,9-bis(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-2,7-fluorene] (abbreviated as DR1-PDPAF-DR1 and C60-PDPAF-C60) are reported. The polymers are soluble in organic solvents and possesses high thermal stability. The geometric and electronic structures using ab intio B3LYP/6-31G methods show that the fluorene backbone acts as conjugated channel for charge carriers, the lateral triphenylamine groups serve as the electron-donors, and the DR1/C60 terminals serve as electron acceptors. The molecular orbital calculations show the sequential hole-migration along the PDPAF units. The charge-separated configuration of DR1-PDPAF-DR1 was found to be long lived up to 2.3 ms in the polar benzonitrile, as inferred from the studies of the time-resolved emission and absorption techniques in the picosecond, nanosecond and millisecond region, reflecting the significant effect of the charge carrying of the polymer chain on prolonging the charge-separated states. Polymer memory devices based on these two polymers were fabricated. While, only the devices of DR1-PDPAF-DR1 exhibit electrical bistability in the I-V characteristics and can be used to perform read-write-erase memory functions. The memory devices exhibit good performance with an on/off current ratio up to 103 and stable on and off states under a constant voltage stress and read pulses. Furthermore, memory retention tests show that it is possible to preserve both states at 150℃under ambient atmosphere for about 1 h when using Cu as the top electrode.
Chapter 3:A nanoaggregated DR1-grafted poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (abbreviated PVDR) is self-assembled viaπ-πstacking interactions of the carbazole groups in the polymer system after adding a solution of PVDR in N,N'-dimethylformamide to dichloromethane. Upon self-assembly, the nanoaggregated PVDR film displays helical columnar stacks with large grain sizes, whereas a non-aggregated PVDR film exhibits an amorphous morphology with smaller grain size. A write-once read-many-times (WORM) memory device is shown whereby a pre-assembled solution of PVDR is spin-coated as the active layer and is sandwiched between an aluminum electrode and an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode. This device shows very good memory performance, with an ON/OFF current ratio of more than 105 and a low misreading rate through the precise control of the ON and OFF states. The stability of the nanoaggregated PVDR device is much higher than that of the non-nanoaggregated PVDR device. This difference in device stability under constant voltage stress can be mainly attributed to the difference in the film crystallinity and surface morphology. No degradation in current density was observed for the ON- and OFF-states after more than one hundred million (108) continuous read cycles indicating that both states were insensitive to the read cycles. These results render the nanoaggregated PVDR polymer as promising components for high-performance polymer memory devices.
Chapter 4:A highly soluble polyfluorene-based copolymer containing electron-rich triphenylamine (TPA) and electron-poor 9,9'-bis(3,4-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenyl side chains in the C-9 position of the fluorene unit was synthesized under Yamamoto conditions. By applying 306 nm as excitation wavelength, the resultant polymer exhibits strong photoluminescence with maximum emission peaks centered at 413 and 433(sh) nm in chloroform. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energy bandgap, ionization potential, and electron affinity are-5.66,-3.44,2.22,5.92, and 3.70 eV, respectively. The as-fabricated polymer film exhibited typical stable write-once-read-many times (WORM) memory characteristics, which are desirable for ultra low-cost permanent storage of digital images. The currents in both ON and OFF states did not show any degradation, suggesting good device stability. The ON/OFF current ratio observed in the sweep I-V characteristics at+1.0 V is 6.1×103. The conduction mechanism through ITO/polymer/Al device is discussed.
Chapter 5:A novel conjugated-polymer-modified graphene oxide (TPAPAM-GO) was, for the first time, synthesized and was successfully used to fabricate a TPAPAM-GO based nonvolatile memory device. This device exhibited a typical bistable electrical switching and nonvolatile rewritable memory effect, with a turn-on voltage of about-1V and an ON/OFF current ratio of more than 103. Both the ON and OFF states are stable under a constant voltage stress and survived up to 108 read cycles at a read voltage of-1.0 V.
Chapter 6:The results from chapter 2 to chapter 5 were summerized.
第一章综述了有机/聚合物存储器件的结构类型、电双稳态器件的简单工作原理、国内外新材料(包括有机无机杂化材料)的设计与合成研究进展、探讨了存在的问题和拟开展工作的重点方向。
第二章设计合成了一种新型A-D-A型聚合物材料DR1-PDPAF-DR1和C60-PDPAF-C60,进而对这两个材料进行光诱导电荷转移和记忆性能研究。这两个聚合物均具有很好的溶解性和热稳定性。基于ab intio B3LYP/6-31G计算得到的几何和电子结构显示聚芴主链作为载荷子传输的共轭通道,三苯胺作为电子给体,DR1/C60作为电子受体。分子轨道计算表明空穴沿着PDPAF主链迁移。通过皮秒、纳秒和毫秒级的时间分辨吸收和发射光谱技术研究发现,在极性苯腈溶液中DR1-PDPAF-DR1的电荷分离态寿命长达2.3毫秒,这一结果说明聚合物主链对于延长电荷分离态具有显著作用。基于这两个聚合物,制备了简单三层存储器件。然而只有DR1-PDPAF-DR1材料表现出电双稳的Ⅰ-Ⅴ曲线,可以应用于可反复擦写型存储。这一器件表现有两,ON/OFF电流比达到103,ON和OFF态在恒定电压下和连续读出脉冲下均表现稳定。存储保持力测试表明,以铜作顶电极的时候,器件的ON和OFF态均可以在大气环境里150℃下持续稳定工作至少1小时。
第三章分散红1侧链取代的聚乙烯基咔唑PVDR的DMF溶液加入到二氯甲烷后,通过聚合物中咔唑基团之间π-π堆砌的作用进行自组装。自组装后,纳米聚集态的PVDR薄膜表现出大粒度的螺旋柱状堆砌,而非聚集态的PVDR薄膜表现出无定形的较小粒度。通过将预组装过的PVDR溶液旋涂制膜作为存储器件功能材料层,Al和ITO分别作顶电极和底电极,器件均表现为一次写入多次读出(WORM)型存储。器件均表现出良好的存储特性,ON/OFF电流比达到105,这可以保证较低的误读率。基于纳米聚集PVDR器件的稳定性比非纳米聚集PVDR器件要好一些。恒定电压下的器件稳定性测试差异可以认为是源于薄膜的结晶性和表面形貌的差异。ON和OFF态电流密度在经过108次的读出循环后没有出现衰减,这表明ON和OFF态均对读出脉冲不敏感。这些结果均表明,纳米聚集态的PVDR在高性能聚合物记忆器件领域有很好的应用前景。
第四章利用Yamamoto合成了一种基于聚芴的高度可溶的共聚物,其中以芴的C9位取代三苯胺作为电子给体,芴的C-9位取代9,9’-二(3,4-二(3,4-二氰基苯氧基)苯基作为电子受体。以306 nm的波长光进行激发,聚合物氯仿溶液表现出很强的荧光发射,峰位置为413nm和433nm(肩峰)。计算得到的HOMO、LUMO、能隙、离子化势以及电子亲和势分别为-5.66,-3.44,2.22,5.92和3.70 eV。所制备的聚合物薄膜表现出WORM型存储特性,这是超低成本数字图像存储所青睐的一项技术。ON和OFF态电流在测试期间没有发生衰减,表明器件具有良好稳定性。ON/OFF电流比在Ⅰ-Ⅴ扫描表征中+1V时为6.1×103。
第五章：我们合成了一种新型的共轭聚合物接枝的氧化石墨烯(TPAPAM-GO),基于这一材料我们制备了简单的三明治型器件,发现这一材料具有非常稳定的可多次执行“读-写-擦”的非易失型存储特性。此器件开启电压约为-1V, ON/OFF电流比超过103,连续电压稳定性测试表明ON和OFF态均表现稳定,而且ON和OFF态在-1V连续读出脉冲下可达到读出108次。
第六章：总结了本论文从第二章到第五章的主要研究成果。
Advantages of polymer/organic memories include simplicity in device structure, good scalability, low cost potential, low power operation, multiple state accessibility, three dimensional (3D) stacking capability and large capacity for data storage. There is increasing interest in polymer memories during the last few years, however, the response time, ON/OFF ratio, read cycles and retention time are far beyond practical requirements comparing with inorganic, and especailly silicon based memory devices. Up on this, design and preparation of novel organic/polymeric data starage materials and probe into the mechanisms become the extremely interesting topics in the field of ultra-high density information storage. There are a few emerging area required to study, such as (1) new polymeric functional materials and device films process better electric properties and technic compatibility and (2) further preparation devices based on the materials and/or films. Thus, we need to comprehend, study and develop many technologies, such as molecular design, materials preparation technology, self-assembly technology, device preparation and the mechanism of memory device etc. In order to carry out all of these, it depends on the close cooperation among the scientists who are studying in the field of physics, chemistry, materials and device processes, etc. Base on these, several novel electrical active functional polymeric materials were successfully prepared. Besides, the electrical memory properties of the materials were also studied and some positive and original results were obtained.
Chapter 1:The kinds of organic/polymeric memory devices, the mechanisms of the memory effect, the progress of polymeric memory applications using organic/polymeric/hybrid materials as active materials were reviewed and the problems which are still under studying were also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2:The photoinduced intramolecular processes of a novel polymer, namely bis Dispersed Red 1(DR1) and C6o end-capped poly[9,9-bis(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-2,7-fluorene] (abbreviated as DR1-PDPAF-DR1 and C60-PDPAF-C60) are reported. The polymers are soluble in organic solvents and possesses high thermal stability. The geometric and electronic structures using ab intio B3LYP/6-31G methods show that the fluorene backbone acts as conjugated channel for charge carriers, the lateral triphenylamine groups serve as the electron-donors, and the DR1/C60 terminals serve as electron acceptors. The molecular orbital calculations show the sequential hole-migration along the PDPAF units. The charge-separated configuration of DR1-PDPAF-DR1 was found to be long lived up to 2.3 ms in the polar benzonitrile, as inferred from the studies of the time-resolved emission and absorption techniques in the picosecond, nanosecond and millisecond region, reflecting the significant effect of the charge carrying of the polymer chain on prolonging the charge-separated states. Polymer memory devices based on these two polymers were fabricated. While, only the devices of DR1-PDPAF-DR1 exhibit electrical bistability in the I-V characteristics and can be used to perform read-write-erase memory functions. The memory devices exhibit good performance with an on/off current ratio up to 103 and stable on and off states under a constant voltage stress and read pulses. Furthermore, memory retention tests show that it is possible to preserve both states at 150℃under ambient atmosphere for about 1 h when using Cu as the top electrode.
Chapter 3:A nanoaggregated DR1-grafted poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (abbreviated PVDR) is self-assembled viaπ-πstacking interactions of the carbazole groups in the polymer system after adding a solution of PVDR in N,N'-dimethylformamide to dichloromethane. Upon self-assembly, the nanoaggregated PVDR film displays helical columnar stacks with large grain sizes, whereas a non-aggregated PVDR film exhibits an amorphous morphology with smaller grain size. A write-once read-many-times (WORM) memory device is shown whereby a pre-assembled solution of PVDR is spin-coated as the active layer and is sandwiched between an aluminum electrode and an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode. This device shows very good memory performance, with an ON/OFF current ratio of more than 105 and a low misreading rate through the precise control of the ON and OFF states. The stability of the nanoaggregated PVDR device is much higher than that of the non-nanoaggregated PVDR device. This difference in device stability under constant voltage stress can be mainly attributed to the difference in the film crystallinity and surface morphology. No degradation in current density was observed for the ON- and OFF-states after more than one hundred million (108) continuous read cycles indicating that both states were insensitive to the read cycles. These results render the nanoaggregated PVDR polymer as promising components for high-performance polymer memory devices.
Chapter 4:A highly soluble polyfluorene-based copolymer containing electron-rich triphenylamine (TPA) and electron-poor 9,9'-bis(3,4-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenyl side chains in the C-9 position of the fluorene unit was synthesized under Yamamoto conditions. By applying 306 nm as excitation wavelength, the resultant polymer exhibits strong photoluminescence with maximum emission peaks centered at 413 and 433(sh) nm in chloroform. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energy bandgap, ionization potential, and electron affinity are-5.66,-3.44,2.22,5.92, and 3.70 eV, respectively. The as-fabricated polymer film exhibited typical stable write-once-read-many times (WORM) memory characteristics, which are desirable for ultra low-cost permanent storage of digital images. The currents in both ON and OFF states did not show any degradation, suggesting good device stability. The ON/OFF current ratio observed in the sweep I-V characteristics at+1.0 V is 6.1×103. The conduction mechanism through ITO/polymer/Al device is discussed.
Chapter 5:A novel conjugated-polymer-modified graphene oxide (TPAPAM-GO) was, for the first time, synthesized and was successfully used to fabricate a TPAPAM-GO based nonvolatile memory device. This device exhibited a typical bistable electrical switching and nonvolatile rewritable memory effect, with a turn-on voltage of about-1V and an ON/OFF current ratio of more than 103. Both the ON and OFF states are stable under a constant voltage stress and survived up to 108 read cycles at a read voltage of-1.0 V.
Chapter 6:The results from chapter 2 to chapter 5 were summerized.
引文
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