塔里木库车前陆盆地油源与成藏特征研究
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摘要
以含油气系统和油藏地球化学的理论、方法为指导思想，选择塔里木库车前陆盆地为研究对象，重点进行了烃源岩生物标志物组成特征的剖析和典型油气藏形成机理的地球化学研究。
以烃源岩沉积环境为背景，详细剖析了库车前陆盆地五套烃源层(J_2q、J_2k、J_1y、T_3t、T_3h)中煤、炭质泥岩、湖相泥岩、煤系泥岩的生物标志物组成特征，分析了沉积环境、成熟度对生物标志物组成的影响，指出同一烃源层在盆地不同地区生物标志物组成的差异，并认为生物标志物组成特征与三叠系和侏罗系的时代对应关系不明显。首次在库车前陆盆地提出了煤的生物标志物组成随成熟度变化的“三段式”分布特征，以及煤中不同生物标志物参数的演化规律，发现了煤中特殊的重排甾烷分布模式，并利用煤生物标志物的特征，识别了来自煤的凝析油。
精细的油-岩直接对比发现：依535井原油并非典型的煤所生，它主要来自煤系泥岩和／或炭质泥岩，而提尔根构造带的凝析油主要来自成熟晚期的煤；依南2井凝析油来自煤系泥岩，而不是三叠系湖相泥岩。
系统的轻烃研究和油源分析表明，轻烃组分更好地反映了不同成因来源的原油的混合，牙哈和羊塔克构造带原油轻重组分具有不同的来源，发现牙哈断裂构造西端5号和7号局部构造混有来自海相地层的轻组分，羊塔克构造的煤系凝析油中混有来自湖相泥岩的轻组分。
利用含氮化合物的运移分馏效应证实了，在从源岩到圈闭的聚集过程中，库车盆地不同的输导系统产生的原油分馏效应的差异。南部油气通过不整合面和渗透性岩层输导系统发生的侧向运移明显比北部通过断裂输导系统的垂向运移分馏效应要强。在牙哈断裂构造上自西端牙哈1号、牙哈7号到牙哈2-3号和东端牙哈6号，含氮化合物表现了较为明显的运移分馏效应，指示了黑油从西向东的运移方向。
根据萜烷中未知“X”化合物在原油中分布的普遍性和在烃源岩中的分布特征，结合气洗蒸发分馏作用的原理，解释了克拉2-3号干气藏中少量轻质油的成因。认为这些轻质油来自高成熟的烃源岩，在其运移过程中受到气洗，发生蒸发分馏作用，使得其轻组分中芳烃化合物苯和甲苯相对富集，而其它组分则大量损失，表明了气洗对油的改造是十分强烈的。
从油源、运聚方向、油气混合、油藏烃类宏观微观组成非均质性等多方面解剖了牙哈断裂构造带不同性质的油气藏，基本理清了油气藏的形成过程：早期来自凹陷的湖相油在牙哈断裂构造带聚集形成黑油藏，注入方向为自西向东；后期大量的气体注入油藏，发生蒸发分馏作用，形成了凝析气藏和牙哈7井下第三系残留黑油环，保留了牙哈1井原生黑油藏；最后的断裂活动，凝析气运移到浅部的康村一库车组并发生反凝析作用形成与牙哈301井(N_(1+2)k)相似的反凝析油藏。四种不同性质、不同成因的油气藏共存于同一构造带上，通过油藏地球化学的精细剖析，较好地理解了这一复杂的过程，显示了油藏地球化学在油藏形成机理研究中的潜力。
Based on the theories of petroleum system and reservoir geochemistry, the Kuche foreland basin is selected to study some geochemistry problems on the process of petroleum from source to trap in this work. The results are shown as the followings:
On the basis of studies of depositional environment of source rock and its petroleum potential assessment, the biomarker compositions of the five source beds (hq, J2k, Jiy, Tjt, Tsh) in Kuche basin are analyzed in detail and the effects of depositional environment and maturity on the biomarker compositions are also discussed. The results show that there is not clear correlation between the distribution of biomarker composition and the ages of Triassic and Jurassic. It is proposed for the first time in the Kuche basin that the changes of biomarker composition in the coal can be classified into three stages with the maturity, and the regular changes of different biomarker parameters in the coal are revealed.
Oil-source correlation studies show that the oil sample in well Yi535 did not mainly derive from coals, but mainly originated from the coal measure mudstones and/or carbonaceous shales. The condensates in Tiergen structure originated from coals with a later stage of maturation. The oils in Yinan 2 well might originate from the coal measure mudstones with relative high maturity, which bear the same source as the oils in Yi535 well but with different mature level.
The systematic analyses of light hydrocarbons show that the compositions of light hydrocarbons reveal the mixing of different genetic oils. The light and heavy components of the oils in Yaha and Yangtake have different sources respectively. The light components from marine formations are detected in the No.5 and No. 7 structures in the western of Yaha area. The condensates that derived from coals in Yangtake structure are mixed by the light compositions from Triassic lacustrine mudstones.
The distribution of nitrogen compositions proved that differences of compositional fractionation existed in different carrier systems from source to trap in Kuche basin. The petroleum migration fractionation in the south part through unconformity and permeable carriers laterally is more obvious than that in the north part through the fault systems vertically.
Based on the distribution of the unknown compounds "X" (between Ts and Tm) in oils and rocks, in combination with the theory of gas-washing evaporative fractionation, the formation of the light oils in Kela 2-3 dry gas reservoir is explained. The light oils originated from high mature rocks. In the process from source to trap with gas washing and evaporative fractionation, the oils got rich in aromatic compounds and poor in other compounds, which indicates that gas washing has great effects on the oil compositions.
Based on the light hydrocarbon compositions and the distributions of n-alkanes and the oil physical features, the genetic mechanisms of the pristine oils, residual oils and retrograde oils in Yaha area are discussed, which identified the existence of second gas-condensate reservoirs in the Kuche basin.
以烃源岩沉积环境为背景，详细剖析了库车前陆盆地五套烃源层(J_2q、J_2k、J_1y、T_3t、T_3h)中煤、炭质泥岩、湖相泥岩、煤系泥岩的生物标志物组成特征，分析了沉积环境、成熟度对生物标志物组成的影响，指出同一烃源层在盆地不同地区生物标志物组成的差异，并认为生物标志物组成特征与三叠系和侏罗系的时代对应关系不明显。首次在库车前陆盆地提出了煤的生物标志物组成随成熟度变化的“三段式”分布特征，以及煤中不同生物标志物参数的演化规律，发现了煤中特殊的重排甾烷分布模式，并利用煤生物标志物的特征，识别了来自煤的凝析油。
精细的油-岩直接对比发现：依535井原油并非典型的煤所生，它主要来自煤系泥岩和／或炭质泥岩，而提尔根构造带的凝析油主要来自成熟晚期的煤；依南2井凝析油来自煤系泥岩，而不是三叠系湖相泥岩。
系统的轻烃研究和油源分析表明，轻烃组分更好地反映了不同成因来源的原油的混合，牙哈和羊塔克构造带原油轻重组分具有不同的来源，发现牙哈断裂构造西端5号和7号局部构造混有来自海相地层的轻组分，羊塔克构造的煤系凝析油中混有来自湖相泥岩的轻组分。
利用含氮化合物的运移分馏效应证实了，在从源岩到圈闭的聚集过程中，库车盆地不同的输导系统产生的原油分馏效应的差异。南部油气通过不整合面和渗透性岩层输导系统发生的侧向运移明显比北部通过断裂输导系统的垂向运移分馏效应要强。在牙哈断裂构造上自西端牙哈1号、牙哈7号到牙哈2-3号和东端牙哈6号，含氮化合物表现了较为明显的运移分馏效应，指示了黑油从西向东的运移方向。
根据萜烷中未知“X”化合物在原油中分布的普遍性和在烃源岩中的分布特征，结合气洗蒸发分馏作用的原理，解释了克拉2-3号干气藏中少量轻质油的成因。认为这些轻质油来自高成熟的烃源岩，在其运移过程中受到气洗，发生蒸发分馏作用，使得其轻组分中芳烃化合物苯和甲苯相对富集，而其它组分则大量损失，表明了气洗对油的改造是十分强烈的。
从油源、运聚方向、油气混合、油藏烃类宏观微观组成非均质性等多方面解剖了牙哈断裂构造带不同性质的油气藏，基本理清了油气藏的形成过程：早期来自凹陷的湖相油在牙哈断裂构造带聚集形成黑油藏，注入方向为自西向东；后期大量的气体注入油藏，发生蒸发分馏作用，形成了凝析气藏和牙哈7井下第三系残留黑油环，保留了牙哈1井原生黑油藏；最后的断裂活动，凝析气运移到浅部的康村一库车组并发生反凝析作用形成与牙哈301井(N_(1+2)k)相似的反凝析油藏。四种不同性质、不同成因的油气藏共存于同一构造带上，通过油藏地球化学的精细剖析，较好地理解了这一复杂的过程，显示了油藏地球化学在油藏形成机理研究中的潜力。
Based on the theories of petroleum system and reservoir geochemistry, the Kuche foreland basin is selected to study some geochemistry problems on the process of petroleum from source to trap in this work. The results are shown as the followings:
On the basis of studies of depositional environment of source rock and its petroleum potential assessment, the biomarker compositions of the five source beds (hq, J2k, Jiy, Tjt, Tsh) in Kuche basin are analyzed in detail and the effects of depositional environment and maturity on the biomarker compositions are also discussed. The results show that there is not clear correlation between the distribution of biomarker composition and the ages of Triassic and Jurassic. It is proposed for the first time in the Kuche basin that the changes of biomarker composition in the coal can be classified into three stages with the maturity, and the regular changes of different biomarker parameters in the coal are revealed.
Oil-source correlation studies show that the oil sample in well Yi535 did not mainly derive from coals, but mainly originated from the coal measure mudstones and/or carbonaceous shales. The condensates in Tiergen structure originated from coals with a later stage of maturation. The oils in Yinan 2 well might originate from the coal measure mudstones with relative high maturity, which bear the same source as the oils in Yi535 well but with different mature level.
The systematic analyses of light hydrocarbons show that the compositions of light hydrocarbons reveal the mixing of different genetic oils. The light and heavy components of the oils in Yaha and Yangtake have different sources respectively. The light components from marine formations are detected in the No.5 and No. 7 structures in the western of Yaha area. The condensates that derived from coals in Yangtake structure are mixed by the light compositions from Triassic lacustrine mudstones.
The distribution of nitrogen compositions proved that differences of compositional fractionation existed in different carrier systems from source to trap in Kuche basin. The petroleum migration fractionation in the south part through unconformity and permeable carriers laterally is more obvious than that in the north part through the fault systems vertically.
Based on the distribution of the unknown compounds "X" (between Ts and Tm) in oils and rocks, in combination with the theory of gas-washing evaporative fractionation, the formation of the light oils in Kela 2-3 dry gas reservoir is explained. The light oils originated from high mature rocks. In the process from source to trap with gas washing and evaporative fractionation, the oils got rich in aromatic compounds and poor in other compounds, which indicates that gas washing has great effects on the oil compositions.
Based on the light hydrocarbon compositions and the distributions of n-alkanes and the oil physical features, the genetic mechanisms of the pristine oils, residual oils and retrograde oils in Yaha area are discussed, which identified the existence of second gas-condensate reservoirs in the Kuche basin.
引文
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Thomas M M, and Clouse J A, Scaled physical model of secondary oil migration, AAPG Bull. 1995, v79,p. 19-29.
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Wescott W A and Hood W C. Hydrocarbon generation and migration routes in the East Texas Basin. AAPG Bull. 1994, 78(2): 287-307
Yamamoto M. Fractionation of azarenes during oil migration. Org. Geochemistry, 1992, 19, 389-402
Yamamoto M., Taguchi K., & Sasaki K., Basic nitrogen compounds in bitumen and crude oils. Chemical Geology, 1991, 93, 193-206
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陈义才，杨宝星等，塔里木盆地凝析气藏形成的地质-地球化学条件，新疆石油地质，2001，22(5)。
戴金星、秦胜飞等，塔里木盆地库车坳陷煤系油气藏地球化学研究及勘探方向，成果报告，1999。
窦廷焕、高菊芬，Pr／Ph值与煤化程度的关系及成煤环境意义，煤田地质与勘探，1996，24(1)，19-21。
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李启明、皮学军等，塔里木盆地库车坳陷油气成藏条件及分布规律，成果报告，1999。
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卢双舫、赵孟军等，塔里木盆地库车油气系统富气的主控因素分析，大庆石油学院学报，2001，25(3)。
马柯阳等，塔里木盆地气-液溶解平衡机制下的原油轻烃行为及其地质意义，沉积学报，1995，13(4)。
皮学军、顾乔元等，塔里木北部牙哈油气田的发现及轮台断隆油气分布规律，成果报告，1995。
田军、赵靖舟等，塔北隆起及库车坳陷勘探目标选择与评价，成果报告，1998。
肖中尧、黄传波等，塔里木盆地烃源岩评价和重点油气藏地化研究，成果报告，2000
王东良、刘宝泉等，塔里木盆地煤系烃源岩生排烃模拟实验，石油与天然气地质，2001，22(1)，
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张水昌，运移分馏作用：凝析油和蜡质油的一种重要机制，科学通报，2000，45(6)。
赵孟军、张宝民等，塔里木盆地侏罗系地质地球化学特征及生烃潜力评价，成果报告，1999。
周华耀等，库车坳陷油气藏形成条件及油气分布规律，成果报告，2000。
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朱扬明，塔里木盆地中生界煤层的地球化学特征，新疆石油地质，1998，19(1)。
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Trindade L A F and Brassell S C. Geochemical assessment of petroleum migration phenomena on a regional scale: case studies from Brazilian marginal basins. Org. Geochem. 1992, 19(1-3): 13-27
Trindade L A F, Brassell S C and Santos Neto E V. Petroleum migration and mixing in the Potiguar Basin, Brazil. AAPG Bull. 1992, 76(12): 1903-1924.
Welte D. H., Hantschel T. Wygrala B. P. et al. Aspects of petroleum migration modeling. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 2000, vol. 69-70: 711-714.
Wescott W A and Hood W C. Hydrocarbon generation and migration routes in the East Texas Basin. AAPG Bull. 1994, 78(2): 287-307
Yamamoto M. Fractionation of azarenes during oil migration. Org. Geochemistry, 1992, 19, 389-402
Yamamoto M., Taguchi K., & Sasaki K., Basic nitrogen compounds in bitumen and crude oils. Chemical Geology, 1991, 93, 193-206
Yarborough L. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for multiple component mixtures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 17:129-133.
Zhu Yangming, Fu Jiamo, Sheng Guoying, et al. Geochemical significance of pyrrolic nitrogen compounds in various kinds of crude oils from the Tarim Basin, Chinese Science Bulletin, 1998, 43(16), 1366～1370.
陈孔全等，松辽盆地南部有机包裹体特征及石油地质意义，石油与天燃气地质，1995．6，138-147。
陈义才，杨宝星等，塔里木盆地凝析气藏形成的地质-地球化学条件，新疆石油地质，2001，22(5)。
戴金星、秦胜飞等，塔里木盆地库车坳陷煤系油气藏地球化学研究及勘探方向，成果报告，1999。
窦廷焕、高菊芬，Pr／Ph值与煤化程度的关系及成煤环境意义，煤田地质与勘探，1996，24(1)，19-21。
黄传波，塔里木盆地北部凝析气藏特征及成藏机制探讨，天然气工业，1999，19(2)。
黄第藩、熊传武，哈含煤地层中石油的生成、运移和生油潜力评价，勘探家，1996，No．2，6-11。
黄汝昌主编，中国低熟油及凝析气藏形成与分布规律，石油工业出版社，1997。
姜乃煌、张水昌等译，1995，生物标标记化合物指南—古代沉积物和石油中分子化石的解释，石油工业出版社，1995。
李启明、皮学军等，塔里木盆地库车坳陷油气成藏条件及分布规律，成果报告，1999。
李小地，塔里木盆地羊塔克油气田的特征及形成历史，石油勘探与开发，1999，26(6)，30-32。
梁狄刚、金之钧等，塔里木盆地油气源与成藏期研究，成果报告，2000。
梁狄刚、张水昌，塔里木盆地生油岩与油源研究，成果报告，1998。
林壬子主编，油气勘探与油藏地球化学，石油工业出版社，1998。
刘志宏等，库车再生前陆逆冲带造山运动时间、断层滑移速率的厘定及其意义，石油勘探与开发，2000，27(1)，12-15。
卢双舫、赵孟军等，塔里木盆地库车油气系统富气的主控因素分析，大庆石油学院学报，2001，25(3)。
马柯阳等，塔里木盆地气-液溶解平衡机制下的原油轻烃行为及其地质意义，沉积学报，1995，13(4)。
皮学军、顾乔元等，塔里木北部牙哈油气田的发现及轮台断隆油气分布规律，成果报告，1995。
田军、赵靖舟等，塔北隆起及库车坳陷勘探目标选择与评价，成果报告，1998。
肖中尧、黄传波等，塔里木盆地烃源岩评价和重点油气藏地化研究，成果报告，2000
王东良、刘宝泉等，塔里木盆地煤系烃源岩生排烃模拟实验，石油与天然气地质，2001，22(1)，
魏志彬，西部某些中生代盆地烃源岩热演化参数有效性和影响因素的探讨，硕士论文，2000。
张敏、林壬子等著，油藏地球化学—塔里木盆地库车含油气系统研究，重庆大学出版社，1997。
张水昌，运移分馏作用：凝析油和蜡质油的一种重要机制，科学通报，2000，45(6)。
赵孟军、张宝民等，塔里木盆地侏罗系地质地球化学特征及生烃潜力评价，成果报告，1999。
周华耀等，库车坳陷油气藏形成条件及油气分布规律，成果报告，2000。
周雯雯等，珠江口盆地珠三坳陷有机包裹体初步研究，中国海上油气地质，1997，11(4)，233-239。
朱扬明，塔里木盆地中生界煤层的地球化学特征，新疆石油地质，1998，19(1)。
朱扬明等，塔里木盆地中生界陆相生油层和原油的地球化学研究，成果报告，1994。
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