橡胶隔震支座力学性能及隔震结构地震反应分析研究
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摘要
隔震结构体系是区别于传统抗震结构体系的一种被动控制体系，通过设置隔震层来吸收并消耗地震能量，减小结构的地震反应，确保结构的安全。隔震结构体系改变了传统抗震结构体系的耗能原理，即通过隔震层的耗能装置、而不是结构和结构构件来吸收并消耗地震能量，这种优越的耗能特性是传统抗震结构体系所不能够实现的。经过近三十年的研究，隔震技术在应用基础理论和工程应用等方面取得了较大的研究成果，世界上已经有近二十个国家和地区兴建了隔震建筑。1994年Northridge和1995年神户产发生的大地震强震观测记录表明，这种隔震结构体系是有效的减轻地震灾害的新型结构体系之一。
本论文在众多学者和研究人员研究的基础上，较为系统地研究探讨了隔震技术相关应用基础理论和试验研究工作，具体内容包括以下几个方面：从线性弹性和非线性弹性领域研究了橡胶隔震装置的力学计算模型和分析理论，内容涵盖了隔震支座的压缩特性、拉伸特性、剪切特性、回转特性和屈曲特性等方面；在隔震装置理论研究的基础上，完成了天然橡胶隔震支座和铅芯橡胶隔震支座针对性的试验研究，验证提出的计算模型和分析理论的可靠性和计算精度；完成了小高宽比隔震结构模型和大高宽比隔震结构模型的地震模拟振动台试验，在试验的基础上建立了大高宽比隔震结构体系的多质点计算分析模型，基于建立的计算模型完成了大高宽比隔震结构模型的地震反应分析；研究提出大高宽比隔震结构体系的简化计算模型，建立相应的地震反应分析预测理论；研究提出的新计算模型在实际大高宽比隔震结构体系中的实用性。
橡胶隔震支座是隔震结构体系的主要组成装置，本论文较系统地从线性弹性和非线性弹性领域对隔震支座的压缩、拉伸、剪切、回转和屈曲等特性进行了应用基础理论研究。在压缩特性理论相关的研究中，发现并找到了天然橡胶和铅芯橡胶隔震支座竖向刚度相关的一个常数，并将其定义为压缩刚度因子，基于刚度因子建立了竖向刚度简化计算理论。压缩刚度因子和其他压缩相关的弹性模量相比具有一个显著的特点，即能够从试验直接测得，是一个可测量的参数。此外，为系统地评价隔震支座的刚度特性，提出了原点压缩刚度、原点纵压缩弹性模量、偏压竖向刚度等基本概念，同时还提出了相应的理论计算式和试验评价方法。在新提出基本概念和计算理论的基础上，建立了压缩相关的隔震支座纯压缩状态和剪切压缩状态的竖向变形计算理论。
橡胶隔震支座应用基础理论研究中还建立了拉伸特性相关的理论，在压缩刚度因子的基础上，提出了拉伸刚度因子的概念，并给出了拉伸刚度因子的取值。提出了原点拉伸刚度、原点拉伸弹性模量、偏拉原点刚度等基本概念，并明确给出了橡胶隔震支座体积弹性模量的数值。本论文还提出了双刚度应力应变模型和原点拉伸刚
北京工业大学工学博士学位论文
一
度应力应变模型，用于评价橡胶隔震支座在非线性拉伸变形领域的力学特性。根据
新提出的刚度和应力应变计算模型，建立了单纯拉伸和剪切变形状态下橡胶隔震支
座拉伸的变形计算理论。
在压缩特性和拉伸特性相关理论的基础上，研究了橡胶隔震支座零剪切应变状态
转动刚度特性，同时还提出了剪切应变状态下的非线性回转刚度计算式。基于Haringx
弹性体理论，将剪切应变特性相关的非线性回转刚度引入了橡胶隔震支座压缩、回
转和剪切共同作用的计算模型。橡胶隔震支座应用基础理论的研究最后探讨了竖向
压缩界限、竖向拉伸界限和屈曲特性等理论和试验评价方法。
针对上述新提出的橡胶隔震支座应用基础理论，系统地进行了压缩特性、拉伸特
性、剪切特性、回转特性和屈曲特性等力学性能研究。压缩刚度特性试验采用了12
个大直径的试验体完成了压缩刚度因子、原点压缩刚度、纯压缩变形等试验研究；
偏压竖向刚度试验采用4个试验体测定了隔震支座的偏压竖向刚度、压缩剪切状态
的竖向变形等特性；拉伸刚度和变形试验采用2个试验体系统地评价了提出的原点
拉伸刚度、偏拉竖向刚度、双刚度应力应变模型和原点拉伸刚度应力应变模型等特
性，并将试验得到的刚度和变形数值与计算结果进行了比较分析，结果显示实测值
和计算值一致性较理想。
回转刚度特性试验研究分无剪切应变的压缩回转刚度特性试验研究和剪切变形
状态下的回转刚度特性试验研究，无剪切应变的压缩回转刚度特性试验结果显示本
论文提出的拉伸刚度和拉伸体积弹性模量等概念和取值是合适的。针对非基础隔震
结构体系隔震支座可能存在回转的特点，完成了变动竖向压力和变动回转角状态下
橡胶隔震支座水平有效刚度和阻尼等特性随剪切变形的变化规律，给出了隔震结构
动力反应分析时隔震支座刚度和阻尼等力学特性的取值范围。
隔震技术在高层、超高层隔震结构体系、以及塔型隔震结构体系中的应用是近年
的发展方向。本论文完成了高宽比5刀的大高宽比基础隔震结构模型的地震模拟振动
台试验，隔震层采用纯铅芯橡胶隔震支座、中弹性天然橡胶隔震支座加油阻尼器、
低弹性天然橡胶隔震支座加油阻尼器等三种类型?
Seismic isolated structure system is a passive active control system, which is different from traditional anti-seismic structure system. Through setting isolation layer, earthquake energy is absorbed and dissipated and earthquake response of structure is reduced, so that the safe of structure is ensured. Isolated structure system changes the energy dissipation mechanism of traditional anti-seismic structure, i.e. the earthquake energy is absorbed and dissipated by energy dissipative device set in a isolation layer rather than by the structure and structure elements. This excellent energy dissipation characteristic can not be realized by traditional anti-seismic structure. After studying for thirty years, many research results of applied foundation theory and engineering application of isolation technique have been obtained. Up to now, near twenty countries and region in the world have constructed isolated buildings. The strong motion observation records of Northridge earthquake 1994 and Kobe earthquake 1995 have indicated that this isolated structure system is one of the effective and new type structure system for earthquake disaster reduction.
Based on the research of many scholars and researchers, this dissertation investigates systematically applied foundation theory and test research related isolation technique, including following aspects: (1) Research on the calculation model and analysis theory of mechanics property of rubber isolating device, such as compression property, tension property, shear property, rotational property and yielding property of isolating bearings, etc. (2) Based on the theory of isolating device, the related test research on natural rubber isolating bearings (RB) and lead-rubber isolating bearings (LRB) has been completed, so as to verify the reliability and calculation precision of proposed calculation model and analysis theory. (3) Simulated earthquake tests of small or large height-width ratio of isolated structure model on a shaking table have been completed, based on the tests, the multi-mass calculating analysis model of the isolated structure system with large height-width ratio has been completed. (4) Proposing the simplified calculation theory of isolated structure system with large height-width ratio and establishing corresponding analysis theory of earthquake response. (5) Researching the practicality of the proposed new calculating model in real isolated structure system with large height-width ratio.
Rubber isolating bearing is the key element of isolated structure system .In this dissertation, the research on applied foundation theory of compression, tension, shear, rotation and yielding property of isolating bearing was carried out systematically in the field of linear and nonlinear elasticity. In the research related to compression property theory, a constant related to the vertical stiffness of NRB and LRB has been found respectively, which is defined as compression stiffness factor. The simplified calculation theory of vertical stiffness is established based on stiffness factor. In comparison with other
elastic modulus related to compression, the compression stiffness factor has a significant feature, i.e. it can be obtained directly from test, so that it is a measurable parameter. In addition, in other to estimate systematically the stiffness property of isolating bearing, a series of basic concepts, such as origin compression stiffness, origin longitudinal compression elastic modulus, biasing pressure vertical stiffness, etc. are suggested with corresponding theoretical formula and testing estimation method. Based on the basic concept and calculating theory suggested newly, the deformation calculating theory related to pure compression state and shear- compression state of isolating bearing is established.
In the research on applied foundation theory of rubber isolating bearings, the theory related tension property is also established. Based on the compression stiffness factor, concept of tension stiffness factor is proposed and its value is given. The
本论文在众多学者和研究人员研究的基础上，较为系统地研究探讨了隔震技术相关应用基础理论和试验研究工作，具体内容包括以下几个方面：从线性弹性和非线性弹性领域研究了橡胶隔震装置的力学计算模型和分析理论，内容涵盖了隔震支座的压缩特性、拉伸特性、剪切特性、回转特性和屈曲特性等方面；在隔震装置理论研究的基础上，完成了天然橡胶隔震支座和铅芯橡胶隔震支座针对性的试验研究，验证提出的计算模型和分析理论的可靠性和计算精度；完成了小高宽比隔震结构模型和大高宽比隔震结构模型的地震模拟振动台试验，在试验的基础上建立了大高宽比隔震结构体系的多质点计算分析模型，基于建立的计算模型完成了大高宽比隔震结构模型的地震反应分析；研究提出大高宽比隔震结构体系的简化计算模型，建立相应的地震反应分析预测理论；研究提出的新计算模型在实际大高宽比隔震结构体系中的实用性。
橡胶隔震支座是隔震结构体系的主要组成装置，本论文较系统地从线性弹性和非线性弹性领域对隔震支座的压缩、拉伸、剪切、回转和屈曲等特性进行了应用基础理论研究。在压缩特性理论相关的研究中，发现并找到了天然橡胶和铅芯橡胶隔震支座竖向刚度相关的一个常数，并将其定义为压缩刚度因子，基于刚度因子建立了竖向刚度简化计算理论。压缩刚度因子和其他压缩相关的弹性模量相比具有一个显著的特点，即能够从试验直接测得，是一个可测量的参数。此外，为系统地评价隔震支座的刚度特性，提出了原点压缩刚度、原点纵压缩弹性模量、偏压竖向刚度等基本概念，同时还提出了相应的理论计算式和试验评价方法。在新提出基本概念和计算理论的基础上，建立了压缩相关的隔震支座纯压缩状态和剪切压缩状态的竖向变形计算理论。
橡胶隔震支座应用基础理论研究中还建立了拉伸特性相关的理论，在压缩刚度因子的基础上，提出了拉伸刚度因子的概念，并给出了拉伸刚度因子的取值。提出了原点拉伸刚度、原点拉伸弹性模量、偏拉原点刚度等基本概念，并明确给出了橡胶隔震支座体积弹性模量的数值。本论文还提出了双刚度应力应变模型和原点拉伸刚
北京工业大学工学博士学位论文
一
度应力应变模型，用于评价橡胶隔震支座在非线性拉伸变形领域的力学特性。根据
新提出的刚度和应力应变计算模型，建立了单纯拉伸和剪切变形状态下橡胶隔震支
座拉伸的变形计算理论。
在压缩特性和拉伸特性相关理论的基础上，研究了橡胶隔震支座零剪切应变状态
转动刚度特性，同时还提出了剪切应变状态下的非线性回转刚度计算式。基于Haringx
弹性体理论，将剪切应变特性相关的非线性回转刚度引入了橡胶隔震支座压缩、回
转和剪切共同作用的计算模型。橡胶隔震支座应用基础理论的研究最后探讨了竖向
压缩界限、竖向拉伸界限和屈曲特性等理论和试验评价方法。
针对上述新提出的橡胶隔震支座应用基础理论，系统地进行了压缩特性、拉伸特
性、剪切特性、回转特性和屈曲特性等力学性能研究。压缩刚度特性试验采用了12
个大直径的试验体完成了压缩刚度因子、原点压缩刚度、纯压缩变形等试验研究；
偏压竖向刚度试验采用4个试验体测定了隔震支座的偏压竖向刚度、压缩剪切状态
的竖向变形等特性；拉伸刚度和变形试验采用2个试验体系统地评价了提出的原点
拉伸刚度、偏拉竖向刚度、双刚度应力应变模型和原点拉伸刚度应力应变模型等特
性，并将试验得到的刚度和变形数值与计算结果进行了比较分析，结果显示实测值
和计算值一致性较理想。
回转刚度特性试验研究分无剪切应变的压缩回转刚度特性试验研究和剪切变形
状态下的回转刚度特性试验研究，无剪切应变的压缩回转刚度特性试验结果显示本
论文提出的拉伸刚度和拉伸体积弹性模量等概念和取值是合适的。针对非基础隔震
结构体系隔震支座可能存在回转的特点，完成了变动竖向压力和变动回转角状态下
橡胶隔震支座水平有效刚度和阻尼等特性随剪切变形的变化规律，给出了隔震结构
动力反应分析时隔震支座刚度和阻尼等力学特性的取值范围。
隔震技术在高层、超高层隔震结构体系、以及塔型隔震结构体系中的应用是近年
的发展方向。本论文完成了高宽比5刀的大高宽比基础隔震结构模型的地震模拟振动
台试验，隔震层采用纯铅芯橡胶隔震支座、中弹性天然橡胶隔震支座加油阻尼器、
低弹性天然橡胶隔震支座加油阻尼器等三种类型?
Seismic isolated structure system is a passive active control system, which is different from traditional anti-seismic structure system. Through setting isolation layer, earthquake energy is absorbed and dissipated and earthquake response of structure is reduced, so that the safe of structure is ensured. Isolated structure system changes the energy dissipation mechanism of traditional anti-seismic structure, i.e. the earthquake energy is absorbed and dissipated by energy dissipative device set in a isolation layer rather than by the structure and structure elements. This excellent energy dissipation characteristic can not be realized by traditional anti-seismic structure. After studying for thirty years, many research results of applied foundation theory and engineering application of isolation technique have been obtained. Up to now, near twenty countries and region in the world have constructed isolated buildings. The strong motion observation records of Northridge earthquake 1994 and Kobe earthquake 1995 have indicated that this isolated structure system is one of the effective and new type structure system for earthquake disaster reduction.
Based on the research of many scholars and researchers, this dissertation investigates systematically applied foundation theory and test research related isolation technique, including following aspects: (1) Research on the calculation model and analysis theory of mechanics property of rubber isolating device, such as compression property, tension property, shear property, rotational property and yielding property of isolating bearings, etc. (2) Based on the theory of isolating device, the related test research on natural rubber isolating bearings (RB) and lead-rubber isolating bearings (LRB) has been completed, so as to verify the reliability and calculation precision of proposed calculation model and analysis theory. (3) Simulated earthquake tests of small or large height-width ratio of isolated structure model on a shaking table have been completed, based on the tests, the multi-mass calculating analysis model of the isolated structure system with large height-width ratio has been completed. (4) Proposing the simplified calculation theory of isolated structure system with large height-width ratio and establishing corresponding analysis theory of earthquake response. (5) Researching the practicality of the proposed new calculating model in real isolated structure system with large height-width ratio.
Rubber isolating bearing is the key element of isolated structure system .In this dissertation, the research on applied foundation theory of compression, tension, shear, rotation and yielding property of isolating bearing was carried out systematically in the field of linear and nonlinear elasticity. In the research related to compression property theory, a constant related to the vertical stiffness of NRB and LRB has been found respectively, which is defined as compression stiffness factor. The simplified calculation theory of vertical stiffness is established based on stiffness factor. In comparison with other
elastic modulus related to compression, the compression stiffness factor has a significant feature, i.e. it can be obtained directly from test, so that it is a measurable parameter. In addition, in other to estimate systematically the stiffness property of isolating bearing, a series of basic concepts, such as origin compression stiffness, origin longitudinal compression elastic modulus, biasing pressure vertical stiffness, etc. are suggested with corresponding theoretical formula and testing estimation method. Based on the basic concept and calculating theory suggested newly, the deformation calculating theory related to pure compression state and shear- compression state of isolating bearing is established.
In the research on applied foundation theory of rubber isolating bearings, the theory related tension property is also established. Based on the compression stiffness factor, concept of tension stiffness factor is proposed and its value is given. The
引文
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16 Robinson, W.H., and Tuker, A.G.. "Test results for Lead-Rubber Bearings for the William M. Clayton Building, Toe Toe Bridge, and Waiotukupuna Bridge" [J]. Bull. New Zealand Natl. Soc. Eng. 1983. Vol. 14, No.1, pp.21-33.
17 The Society of Rubber Industry. Handbook for Isolated Rubber Bearings[M]. 2000. Tokyo: Ricohtosho Corporation.
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19 刘文光、周福霖、庄学真、三山刚史等．铅芯夹层橡胶隔震垫基本力学性能研究
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