粘弹性表面活性剂转向酸体系的流变性能及酸岩反应动力学研究
|
摘要
非均质储层在我国占有很大比例。用常规酸化技术改造这类储层,酸液会沿着非均质储层的大通道或高渗部分发生指进,很难有效地改造非均质储层的低渗部分,而影响整个酸化作业的效果。对这类储层,需要采用转向酸化技术才能达到均匀改造的目的。较早时候发展起来的聚合物交联、泡沫、岩盐等转向酸化体系,存在损害储层、转向效果不佳、工艺复杂等局限性,难以达到预期的改造目标。近年发展起来的粘弹性表面活性剂(VES)转向酸,具有pH控制自转向功能、转向效果好、对储层无损伤、无需交联剂和破胶剂、缓速与滤失控制好等突出优点,是国内外近年转向酸化技术研究的热点与重点。该项转向酸化技术,在国外应用于储层改造已经取得明显的效果,在国内也开展了一定的室内研究工作和初步的现场试验。但是,该体系的流变性能及其影响因素的系统研究和酸-岩反应动力学研究还没有见到文献报道,从而制约了VES转向酸体系性能的更好发挥和新型VES体系的开发以及施工的优化设计。
本论文首次系统地研究了VES转向酸体系的pH值、VES加量、酸液中的离子类型、温度、压力、剪切速率等因素对VES转向酸体系流变性能的影响,确定了不同因素的影响程度和主控影响因素,为现场更好地应用VES转向酸体系和新型VES转向酸体系的开发奠定了基础。
酸液粘度变化过程的酸-岩反应动力学研究是一个世界性难题。首次研究了在VES转向酸体系流变性能变化的条件下,与灰岩碳酸盐储层岩石的反应动力学。研究确定了不同流变性能阶段及不同温度条件下,酸岩反应的速率常数、反应级数、反应速率控制阶段、酸-岩反应动力学方程,以及VES转向酸与普通酸的酸-岩反应速率对比等极为重要的酸化压裂施工方案优化设计所需参数,为VES转向酸的优化施工设计提供了重要的参考依据。
通过物理模拟实验,证明了VES转向酸的明显转向效果。用室内的研究结果指导VES转向酸现场设计与施工三井次,增产效果非常显著。其中,一口井施工前日产油20.7 m3,施工后提高到日产油60m3;另一口井,VES转向酸酸压施工前无产量,施工后日产油74 m3,日产气15×104m3。
There are a large amount of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs in China. Whencarbonate hydrocarbon bearing formations are acidized by hydrochloric acid, a fewdominating channels in the carbonate matrix are created and the majority of thetreatment acid will flow along these channels, leaving the rest of the rock untreated.Therefore, a diverting agent is often needed. Polymer gels, foams or rock salts arecommonly used as diverting agents during matrix acidizing of carbonates. Thesematerials can not allow the acid to reach its full stimulation potential and may causedamage due to residue precipitation, saturation alteration, or solid invasion. TheSelf-Diverting-Acid (SDA) using a Visco-Elastic Surfactant (VES) is a new divertingagent for carbonate reservoirs, which is no damage to the formation, no need for across-linker and a breaker and can reduce the acid-rock reacting rate at the same time.Although it has been used in some oil fields, the study on its rheological properties isbehind its application. In this doctoral dissertation, rheological properties of the agentare studied systematacially, which include the relationships of the agent viscosity withthe VES content, pH, temperature, ion type, etc. In the thesis, the acid-rock reactionkinetics in the condition of a changing viscosity is investigated for the first time andthe important parameters such as the reaction rate constant, reaction order andreaction rate control stages are given out. Furthermore, the reaction rates of differentacids and at different temperature were comparatively studied. Efficiency has beentested by both the methods of multi-core flow test and applications in three wellslocated in the west of China.
本论文首次系统地研究了VES转向酸体系的pH值、VES加量、酸液中的离子类型、温度、压力、剪切速率等因素对VES转向酸体系流变性能的影响,确定了不同因素的影响程度和主控影响因素,为现场更好地应用VES转向酸体系和新型VES转向酸体系的开发奠定了基础。
酸液粘度变化过程的酸-岩反应动力学研究是一个世界性难题。首次研究了在VES转向酸体系流变性能变化的条件下,与灰岩碳酸盐储层岩石的反应动力学。研究确定了不同流变性能阶段及不同温度条件下,酸岩反应的速率常数、反应级数、反应速率控制阶段、酸-岩反应动力学方程,以及VES转向酸与普通酸的酸-岩反应速率对比等极为重要的酸化压裂施工方案优化设计所需参数,为VES转向酸的优化施工设计提供了重要的参考依据。
通过物理模拟实验,证明了VES转向酸的明显转向效果。用室内的研究结果指导VES转向酸现场设计与施工三井次,增产效果非常显著。其中,一口井施工前日产油20.7 m3,施工后提高到日产油60m3;另一口井,VES转向酸酸压施工前无产量,施工后日产油74 m3,日产气15×104m3。
There are a large amount of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs in China. Whencarbonate hydrocarbon bearing formations are acidized by hydrochloric acid, a fewdominating channels in the carbonate matrix are created and the majority of thetreatment acid will flow along these channels, leaving the rest of the rock untreated.Therefore, a diverting agent is often needed. Polymer gels, foams or rock salts arecommonly used as diverting agents during matrix acidizing of carbonates. Thesematerials can not allow the acid to reach its full stimulation potential and may causedamage due to residue precipitation, saturation alteration, or solid invasion. TheSelf-Diverting-Acid (SDA) using a Visco-Elastic Surfactant (VES) is a new divertingagent for carbonate reservoirs, which is no damage to the formation, no need for across-linker and a breaker and can reduce the acid-rock reacting rate at the same time.Although it has been used in some oil fields, the study on its rheological properties isbehind its application. In this doctoral dissertation, rheological properties of the agentare studied systematacially, which include the relationships of the agent viscosity withthe VES content, pH, temperature, ion type, etc. In the thesis, the acid-rock reactionkinetics in the condition of a changing viscosity is investigated for the first time andthe important parameters such as the reaction rate constant, reaction order andreaction rate control stages are given out. Furthermore, the reaction rates of differentacids and at different temperature were comparatively studied. Efficiency has beentested by both the methods of multi-core flow test and applications in three wellslocated in the west of China.
引文
[1] 李道品. 低渗透油田开发. 北京:石油工业出版社,1999.3～5
[2] 张士诚,张劲. 压裂开发理论与应用. 北京. 石油工业出版社,2003. 6~8
[3] 罗英俊. 大力发展采油工艺技术为陆上石油工业发展和提高效益作贡献. 石油钻采工艺. 1995,17(4):8~14
[4] 俞启泰. 论提高石油采收率的战略与方法. 石油学报. 1996, 17(2):53~63
[5] David Alleman, et al. The Development and Successful Field Use of Viscoelastic Surfactant-based Diverting Agents for Acid Stimulation. 2003. SPE 80222
[6] 聂新村,田承村,许大星,等. 渤南油田酸化添加剂研究. 断块油气田,2004,11(4):70-74
[7] 杨建华,吴生. 低伤害缓速深部酸化工艺在濮城油田的应用. 清洗世界,2004,20(8):5-9
[8] 李帆,张俊平.低渗透油藏选择性酸化工艺原理及应用. 内蒙古石油化工,30(3):39-40
[9] 季川疆,袁飞,谭芳. 乳化酸酸压技术在塔河油田的应用. 新疆石油学院学报,2004,16(3):53-57
[10] 刘淑萍,高瑞民,刘亚勇,等. 文留油田低渗透砂岩储层重复酸化用酸液及其应用. 油田化学,2004,21(2):106-111
[11] 曹莘,李同锋,赵百万. 应用无伤害自转向酸酸化技术恢复埃及油田的产能. 国外油田工程,2004,20(10):13-16
[12] 佟曼丽. 油田化学. 东营:石油大学出版社, 1996. 23-25
[13] 黄志宇,何雁,冯英. HGA1 聚合物的酸液性质研究. 江汉石油学院学报,2001,23(增刊):111-114
[14] 赫安乐. VY2101 酸液稠化剂及稠化酸的研究. 油田化学,1996,13(4):304-310
[15] 郑延成,郭稚弧,赵修太. 低渗透地层酸化改造进展. 河南化工,2000,20(4):3-7
[16] Gabriel G. A. Erbstoesser S. R. The Design of Buoyant Ball Sealer Treatments. 1984. SPE 13085
[17] 刘天良,施纪泽.封隔器模拟实验研究. 断块油气田,2002,7(4):51-54
[18] 李春德,徐新俊,任民. 投球分层酸化技术在大港油田灰岩地层中的应用. 石油钻采工艺,2002,24(增刊):87-91
[19] Harrison N. W. Diverting Agents-History and Application. 1972. SPE 3653
[20] 吴信荣,孙建华,尚根华. FSH01 泡沫酸对高温高盐油层适应性动态评价. 石油天然气学报,2005,27(1):83-88
[21] 张学锋,李川梅. 泡沫酸酸化在文明寨油田的应用. 油田化学,1999,16(2):116~117
[22] 关富佳,姚光庆,刘建民. 泡沫酸性能影响因素及其应用. 西南石油学院学报,2004. 26(1):56-60
[23] 黄颖辉,赵立强,陈冀嵋,等. 泡沫分流酸化模型进展. 西南石油学院学报,2004, 26(1):58-62
[24] Jensen J. A., Friedmann F., Physical and Chemical Effects of an Oil Phase on the Propagation of Foam in Porous Media. 1987. SPE 16375
[25] Zerhbouh M. Product and Process for Acid Diversion in the Treatment of Subterranean Formations. US 5,203,413, April 20, 1993
[26] Al-Anazi H. A., Nasr-El-Din H. A., Mohamed S. K. Stimulation of Tight Carbonate Reservoirs Using Acid-in -Diesel Emulsions – Field Application. 1998. SPE 39418
[27] 张玄奇,尉立岗. 低渗油田选择性酸化机理及室内试验. 石油钻采工艺,2002,24(5):47-51
[28] 钟双飞,曾晓慧. 多用途分流酸化试验装置的研制. 实验技术与管理,2001,18(6):95-99
[29] 程林,郑延成,余跃惠. 花土沟油田缓速酸酸化技术精细石油化工进展,2002,3(5):11-15
[30] 王平,王钧科,南天界,等. 华池油田 152 区长 3 储层缓速酸深部酸化工艺应用研究. 钻采工艺,2004,27(2):30-35
[31] 赵学昌,王秀臣,尹仲英. 几种新型酸液在油水井酸化中的应用. 大庆石油地质与开发,1996,15(1):56-59
[32] Anderson A. J., Ashton P. J. Lang J., et al. Production Enhancement through Aggressive Flowback Procedures in the odell Formation. 1996. SPE 36468
[33] Robert B. D., Mukherjee H. Engineering Criteria for Fracture Flowback Procedures. 1995. SPE 29600
[34] Taylor K. C. Saudi Aramco Laboratory Evaluation of In-Situ Gelled Acids for Carbonate Reservoirs. 2001. SPE 71694
[35] Hisham A. Nasr-EI-Din. Application of a new class of surfactants in stimulation treatments. 2003. SPE 84898
[36] 赵剑曦. 新一代表面活性剂:Geminis. 化学进展,1999,11(4):23-28
[37] 才程,葛际江. 孪二连季铵盐表面活性剂. 油田化学. 2001,18(3):34-35
[38] 水玲玲,郑利强,刘少杰,等. 双子表面活性剂的研究进展. 日用化学工业,2001,31(2):13-16
[39] 牛金平,王军. 新型表面活性剂的结构特点与物化性能. 日用化学品科学,2000,23(2):5-8
[40] 赵剑曦. 低聚表面活性剂两亲分子表面活性的突破. 日用化学工业,2000,30(2):15-18
[41] Scott M., Qi Qu, Dan Vollmer. The Successful Use of Polymer-Free Diverting Agents for Acid Treatments in the Gulf of Mexico. 2002. SPE 73704
[42] Chuck Zeiler, David Alleman. Use of Viscoelastic Surfactant-Based Diverting Agents for Acid Stimulation. 2004. SPE 90062
[43] Chang F., Acock A., Geoghagan A. Experience in Acid Diversion in High Permeability Deep Water Formations Using Visco-Elastic-Surfactant. 2001. SPE 71691
[44] Majdi Al-Mutawa, Ealian Al-Anzi, Chakravartha Ravula, et al. Field Cases of a Zero Damaging Stimulation and Diversion Fluid from the Carbonate Formations in North Kuwait. 2003. SPE 80225
[45] Mohamed A., Hisham A., Saudi Aramco, et al. Acid Fracturing of Power Water Injectors: A New Field Application Using Ploymer-free Fluids. 2003. SPE 82210
[46] Diedre Taylor, Santhana Kumar. Viscoelastic Surfactant based Self-diverting Acid for Enhanced Stimulation in Carbonate Reservoirs. 2003. SPE 82263
[47] Hisham A., Saad Al-Driweesh. Acid Fracturing HT/HP Gas Wells Using a Novel Surfactant Based Fluid System. 2003. SPE 84516
[48] Samuel M., Card R. J., Nelson E. B., et al. Polymer-free Fluid for Fracture. 1997. SPE 38622
[49] Frank Chang. A Novel Self-Diverting-Acid Developed for Matrix Stimulation of Carbonate Reservoirs. 2001. SPE 65033
[50] 刘俊,郭拥军,刘通义. 钻井液与完井液. 2003. 20(3):47-49
[51] 郭拥军,李健. 粘弹性表面活性剂溶液及其在油田中的应用潜力. 日用化学品科学,1999,4,总第 107 期:29-34
[52] 曾忠杰,郭建春. 粘弹性表面活性剂在酸化增产中的运用. 河南石油,2005,19(2):47-51
[53] Kasper Lund. Acidization. The dissolution of dolomite in hydrochloric acid. Chemical Engineering Science, 1973, 28: 691-700
[54] Hoefner M. L. Reaction Rate vs Transport Limited Dissolution during Carbonate Acidizing: Application of Network Model. 1986. SPE 15573
[55] Economides M. J. Stochastic Modeling of Wormhole Growth in Carbonate Acidizing with Biased Randones. 1990. SPE 25004
[56] 张黎明,任书泉,陈冀嵋. 用旋转圆盘仪研究酸岩表面反应动力学. 化学反应工程与工艺,1996,12(3):238-246
[57] 李力. 川东地区石炭系气藏白云岩储层酸岩反应机理研究及酸化工艺选择[硕士学位论文]. 成都:西南石油学院,1999
[58] 赫安乐,稠化酸的流变及反应特性研究:[硕士学位论文]. 上海:华东理工大学,2002
[59] 美国石油工程师学会转载从书之 32,酸化. 傅阳朝、赵铭江、成仲良,等译. 北京:石油工业出版社,1996. 151-164
[60] Bernhard Lungwitz, Chris Fredd, Mark Brady, et al. Diversion and Cleanup Studies of Viscoelastic Surfactant-Based Self-Diverting Acid. 2004. SPE 86504
[61] Hisham Nasr-EI-Din, Nable S., Adib A. Al-Mumen, et al. A New Effective Stimulation Treatment for Long Horizontal Wells Drilled in Carbonate Reservoirs. 2004. SPE 86516
[62] Nasr-EI-Din H.A., Solares J.R., Al-Mutairi, et al. Field Application of Emulsified Acid-Based System to Stimulate Deep, Sour Gas Revervoirs in Saudi Arabia. 2001. SPE 71693
[63] Nasr-EI-Din H.A., Taylor K.C., Al-Hajji H.H. Propagation of Cross-linkers Used in In-Situ Gelled Acids in Carbonate Reservoirs. 2002. SPE 75257
[64] 查威廉斯 B. P. 油井酸化原理. 罗景琪译. 北京: 石油工业业出版社,1979,66-79
[65] Mumallah A. Factors Influencing the Reaction Rate of Hydrochloric Acid and Carbonate Rock. 1991. SPE 21036
[66] Huang T. Hill A. D. Schechter R. S. Reaction Rate and Fluid Lass-The Keys to Wormhole Initiation and Propagation in Carbonate Acidizing. 1997. SPE37312
[67] 米卡尔 J. 埃克诺米德斯. 油藏增产措施(第三版).北京:石油工业出版社,2002.262-271
[68] Buijse M., Maier R., Casero A., et al. Successful High-Pressure/High-Temperature Aciding With In-Situ Crosslinked Acid Diversion. 2000. SPE 58804
[69] Jose M., Hercilio Rivas, Ceidy Navarro. An Optimal Foam Quality for Diversion in Matrix-Acidizing Projects. 2000. SPE 58711
[70] Bertin H.J. Foam Diversion Modeling Using a Bubble-Population Correlation. 2000. SPE 59366
[71] Cheng L., Kam S.I., Delshal M., et al. Simulation of Dynamic Foam-Acid Diversion Processes. 2001. SPE 68916
[72] Ferry J. D. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 2nd Ed. New York: Wiley, 1970. 54-66
[73] 许元泽. 高分子结构流变学. 成都:四川教育出版社,1988. 25-36
[74] 卢拥军,方波,房鼎业,等. 粘弹性表面活性剂胶束体系及其流变特性. 油田化学,2003,20(3):291-296
[75] 曹亚,李惠林. CMC 型高分子表面活性剂在稀溶液中分子聚集形态. 四川大学学报(工程科学版),2005,37(2):51-55
[76] 唐世华,黄建滨,李子臣,等.Gemini(孪联)表面活性剂的界面性质与应用.日用化学工业,2001,31(6):25-28
[77] 徐晓明,林永生,韩国彬,等. Gemini 表面活性剂胶束化的热力学模型. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2003,42(4):485-489
[78] 马鸿文. 工业矿物与岩石(第二版). 北京:化学工业出版社,2005. 339-340
[79] 陈晋南. 传递过程原理. 北京:化学工业出版社,2004. 284-285
[80] Jerome R. Vinograd, James W. McBain, Diffusion of Electrolytes and of the Ions in their Mixtures, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941. Vol.63: 2008-2015
[81] 张建利,孙忠杰,张泽兰. 碳酸盐岩油藏酸岩反应动力学实验研究. 油田化学,2003, 20(3):216-220
[82] Kasper Lund. Acidization-II. The dissolution of dolomite in hydrochloric acid. Chemical Engineering Science, 1975, 30: 825-835
[83] 浙江大学普通化学教研组编. 普通化学(第五版). 北京:高等教育出版社,2002. 139-141
[2] 张士诚,张劲. 压裂开发理论与应用. 北京. 石油工业出版社,2003. 6~8
[3] 罗英俊. 大力发展采油工艺技术为陆上石油工业发展和提高效益作贡献. 石油钻采工艺. 1995,17(4):8~14
[4] 俞启泰. 论提高石油采收率的战略与方法. 石油学报. 1996, 17(2):53~63
[5] David Alleman, et al. The Development and Successful Field Use of Viscoelastic Surfactant-based Diverting Agents for Acid Stimulation. 2003. SPE 80222
[6] 聂新村,田承村,许大星,等. 渤南油田酸化添加剂研究. 断块油气田,2004,11(4):70-74
[7] 杨建华,吴生. 低伤害缓速深部酸化工艺在濮城油田的应用. 清洗世界,2004,20(8):5-9
[8] 李帆,张俊平.低渗透油藏选择性酸化工艺原理及应用. 内蒙古石油化工,30(3):39-40
[9] 季川疆,袁飞,谭芳. 乳化酸酸压技术在塔河油田的应用. 新疆石油学院学报,2004,16(3):53-57
[10] 刘淑萍,高瑞民,刘亚勇,等. 文留油田低渗透砂岩储层重复酸化用酸液及其应用. 油田化学,2004,21(2):106-111
[11] 曹莘,李同锋,赵百万. 应用无伤害自转向酸酸化技术恢复埃及油田的产能. 国外油田工程,2004,20(10):13-16
[12] 佟曼丽. 油田化学. 东营:石油大学出版社, 1996. 23-25
[13] 黄志宇,何雁,冯英. HGA1 聚合物的酸液性质研究. 江汉石油学院学报,2001,23(增刊):111-114
[14] 赫安乐. VY2101 酸液稠化剂及稠化酸的研究. 油田化学,1996,13(4):304-310
[15] 郑延成,郭稚弧,赵修太. 低渗透地层酸化改造进展. 河南化工,2000,20(4):3-7
[16] Gabriel G. A. Erbstoesser S. R. The Design of Buoyant Ball Sealer Treatments. 1984. SPE 13085
[17] 刘天良,施纪泽.封隔器模拟实验研究. 断块油气田,2002,7(4):51-54
[18] 李春德,徐新俊,任民. 投球分层酸化技术在大港油田灰岩地层中的应用. 石油钻采工艺,2002,24(增刊):87-91
[19] Harrison N. W. Diverting Agents-History and Application. 1972. SPE 3653
[20] 吴信荣,孙建华,尚根华. FSH01 泡沫酸对高温高盐油层适应性动态评价. 石油天然气学报,2005,27(1):83-88
[21] 张学锋,李川梅. 泡沫酸酸化在文明寨油田的应用. 油田化学,1999,16(2):116~117
[22] 关富佳,姚光庆,刘建民. 泡沫酸性能影响因素及其应用. 西南石油学院学报,2004. 26(1):56-60
[23] 黄颖辉,赵立强,陈冀嵋,等. 泡沫分流酸化模型进展. 西南石油学院学报,2004, 26(1):58-62
[24] Jensen J. A., Friedmann F., Physical and Chemical Effects of an Oil Phase on the Propagation of Foam in Porous Media. 1987. SPE 16375
[25] Zerhbouh M. Product and Process for Acid Diversion in the Treatment of Subterranean Formations. US 5,203,413, April 20, 1993
[26] Al-Anazi H. A., Nasr-El-Din H. A., Mohamed S. K. Stimulation of Tight Carbonate Reservoirs Using Acid-in -Diesel Emulsions – Field Application. 1998. SPE 39418
[27] 张玄奇,尉立岗. 低渗油田选择性酸化机理及室内试验. 石油钻采工艺,2002,24(5):47-51
[28] 钟双飞,曾晓慧. 多用途分流酸化试验装置的研制. 实验技术与管理,2001,18(6):95-99
[29] 程林,郑延成,余跃惠. 花土沟油田缓速酸酸化技术精细石油化工进展,2002,3(5):11-15
[30] 王平,王钧科,南天界,等. 华池油田 152 区长 3 储层缓速酸深部酸化工艺应用研究. 钻采工艺,2004,27(2):30-35
[31] 赵学昌,王秀臣,尹仲英. 几种新型酸液在油水井酸化中的应用. 大庆石油地质与开发,1996,15(1):56-59
[32] Anderson A. J., Ashton P. J. Lang J., et al. Production Enhancement through Aggressive Flowback Procedures in the odell Formation. 1996. SPE 36468
[33] Robert B. D., Mukherjee H. Engineering Criteria for Fracture Flowback Procedures. 1995. SPE 29600
[34] Taylor K. C. Saudi Aramco Laboratory Evaluation of In-Situ Gelled Acids for Carbonate Reservoirs. 2001. SPE 71694
[35] Hisham A. Nasr-EI-Din. Application of a new class of surfactants in stimulation treatments. 2003. SPE 84898
[36] 赵剑曦. 新一代表面活性剂:Geminis. 化学进展,1999,11(4):23-28
[37] 才程,葛际江. 孪二连季铵盐表面活性剂. 油田化学. 2001,18(3):34-35
[38] 水玲玲,郑利强,刘少杰,等. 双子表面活性剂的研究进展. 日用化学工业,2001,31(2):13-16
[39] 牛金平,王军. 新型表面活性剂的结构特点与物化性能. 日用化学品科学,2000,23(2):5-8
[40] 赵剑曦. 低聚表面活性剂两亲分子表面活性的突破. 日用化学工业,2000,30(2):15-18
[41] Scott M., Qi Qu, Dan Vollmer. The Successful Use of Polymer-Free Diverting Agents for Acid Treatments in the Gulf of Mexico. 2002. SPE 73704
[42] Chuck Zeiler, David Alleman. Use of Viscoelastic Surfactant-Based Diverting Agents for Acid Stimulation. 2004. SPE 90062
[43] Chang F., Acock A., Geoghagan A. Experience in Acid Diversion in High Permeability Deep Water Formations Using Visco-Elastic-Surfactant. 2001. SPE 71691
[44] Majdi Al-Mutawa, Ealian Al-Anzi, Chakravartha Ravula, et al. Field Cases of a Zero Damaging Stimulation and Diversion Fluid from the Carbonate Formations in North Kuwait. 2003. SPE 80225
[45] Mohamed A., Hisham A., Saudi Aramco, et al. Acid Fracturing of Power Water Injectors: A New Field Application Using Ploymer-free Fluids. 2003. SPE 82210
[46] Diedre Taylor, Santhana Kumar. Viscoelastic Surfactant based Self-diverting Acid for Enhanced Stimulation in Carbonate Reservoirs. 2003. SPE 82263
[47] Hisham A., Saad Al-Driweesh. Acid Fracturing HT/HP Gas Wells Using a Novel Surfactant Based Fluid System. 2003. SPE 84516
[48] Samuel M., Card R. J., Nelson E. B., et al. Polymer-free Fluid for Fracture. 1997. SPE 38622
[49] Frank Chang. A Novel Self-Diverting-Acid Developed for Matrix Stimulation of Carbonate Reservoirs. 2001. SPE 65033
[50] 刘俊,郭拥军,刘通义. 钻井液与完井液. 2003. 20(3):47-49
[51] 郭拥军,李健. 粘弹性表面活性剂溶液及其在油田中的应用潜力. 日用化学品科学,1999,4,总第 107 期:29-34
[52] 曾忠杰,郭建春. 粘弹性表面活性剂在酸化增产中的运用. 河南石油,2005,19(2):47-51
[53] Kasper Lund. Acidization. The dissolution of dolomite in hydrochloric acid. Chemical Engineering Science, 1973, 28: 691-700
[54] Hoefner M. L. Reaction Rate vs Transport Limited Dissolution during Carbonate Acidizing: Application of Network Model. 1986. SPE 15573
[55] Economides M. J. Stochastic Modeling of Wormhole Growth in Carbonate Acidizing with Biased Randones. 1990. SPE 25004
[56] 张黎明,任书泉,陈冀嵋. 用旋转圆盘仪研究酸岩表面反应动力学. 化学反应工程与工艺,1996,12(3):238-246
[57] 李力. 川东地区石炭系气藏白云岩储层酸岩反应机理研究及酸化工艺选择[硕士学位论文]. 成都:西南石油学院,1999
[58] 赫安乐,稠化酸的流变及反应特性研究:[硕士学位论文]. 上海:华东理工大学,2002
[59] 美国石油工程师学会转载从书之 32,酸化. 傅阳朝、赵铭江、成仲良,等译. 北京:石油工业出版社,1996. 151-164
[60] Bernhard Lungwitz, Chris Fredd, Mark Brady, et al. Diversion and Cleanup Studies of Viscoelastic Surfactant-Based Self-Diverting Acid. 2004. SPE 86504
[61] Hisham Nasr-EI-Din, Nable S., Adib A. Al-Mumen, et al. A New Effective Stimulation Treatment for Long Horizontal Wells Drilled in Carbonate Reservoirs. 2004. SPE 86516
[62] Nasr-EI-Din H.A., Solares J.R., Al-Mutairi, et al. Field Application of Emulsified Acid-Based System to Stimulate Deep, Sour Gas Revervoirs in Saudi Arabia. 2001. SPE 71693
[63] Nasr-EI-Din H.A., Taylor K.C., Al-Hajji H.H. Propagation of Cross-linkers Used in In-Situ Gelled Acids in Carbonate Reservoirs. 2002. SPE 75257
[64] 查威廉斯 B. P. 油井酸化原理. 罗景琪译. 北京: 石油工业业出版社,1979,66-79
[65] Mumallah A. Factors Influencing the Reaction Rate of Hydrochloric Acid and Carbonate Rock. 1991. SPE 21036
[66] Huang T. Hill A. D. Schechter R. S. Reaction Rate and Fluid Lass-The Keys to Wormhole Initiation and Propagation in Carbonate Acidizing. 1997. SPE37312
[67] 米卡尔 J. 埃克诺米德斯. 油藏增产措施(第三版).北京:石油工业出版社,2002.262-271
[68] Buijse M., Maier R., Casero A., et al. Successful High-Pressure/High-Temperature Aciding With In-Situ Crosslinked Acid Diversion. 2000. SPE 58804
[69] Jose M., Hercilio Rivas, Ceidy Navarro. An Optimal Foam Quality for Diversion in Matrix-Acidizing Projects. 2000. SPE 58711
[70] Bertin H.J. Foam Diversion Modeling Using a Bubble-Population Correlation. 2000. SPE 59366
[71] Cheng L., Kam S.I., Delshal M., et al. Simulation of Dynamic Foam-Acid Diversion Processes. 2001. SPE 68916
[72] Ferry J. D. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 2nd Ed. New York: Wiley, 1970. 54-66
[73] 许元泽. 高分子结构流变学. 成都:四川教育出版社,1988. 25-36
[74] 卢拥军,方波,房鼎业,等. 粘弹性表面活性剂胶束体系及其流变特性. 油田化学,2003,20(3):291-296
[75] 曹亚,李惠林. CMC 型高分子表面活性剂在稀溶液中分子聚集形态. 四川大学学报(工程科学版),2005,37(2):51-55
[76] 唐世华,黄建滨,李子臣,等.Gemini(孪联)表面活性剂的界面性质与应用.日用化学工业,2001,31(6):25-28
[77] 徐晓明,林永生,韩国彬,等. Gemini 表面活性剂胶束化的热力学模型. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2003,42(4):485-489
[78] 马鸿文. 工业矿物与岩石(第二版). 北京:化学工业出版社,2005. 339-340
[79] 陈晋南. 传递过程原理. 北京:化学工业出版社,2004. 284-285
[80] Jerome R. Vinograd, James W. McBain, Diffusion of Electrolytes and of the Ions in their Mixtures, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941. Vol.63: 2008-2015
[81] 张建利,孙忠杰,张泽兰. 碳酸盐岩油藏酸岩反应动力学实验研究. 油田化学,2003, 20(3):216-220
[82] Kasper Lund. Acidization-II. The dissolution of dolomite in hydrochloric acid. Chemical Engineering Science, 1975, 30: 825-835
[83] 浙江大学普通化学教研组编. 普通化学(第五版). 北京:高等教育出版社,2002. 139-141
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |