西藏南部海相侏罗纪—白垩纪界线地层
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摘要
国际上侏罗/白垩系界线是显生宙所有系级界线中存在问题和争议最多的一个。西藏南部出露有良好的侏罗纪-白垩纪地层,本次工作在喜马拉雅地层区的康马-隆子地层分区开展了海相侏罗系/白垩系的界线研究。在江孜-浪卡子地区实测了五条剖面,其中林西剖面为本次工作首次测制。野外采集了大量的样品,进行了岩石地层、生物地层、层序地层、同位素年代地层等方面的深入研究。本文研究工作的重点集中在地层古生物学、沉积岩石学研究两大方面。前者把侏罗-白垩系界线地层中的钙质超微、菊石、双壳等生物作为重点研究对象,后者着重分析了岩性特征及所反映的沉积环境。主要取得了如下研究成果:
1.首次在西藏南部海相侏罗—白垩纪界线地层中发现了较多的钙质超微化石,含化石地层时代属早白垩世Berriasian至Valanginian期。通过生物地层对比,浪卡子地区桑秀组与江孜地区甲不拉组下部层位相当。
2.根据钙质超微、菊石及双壳类生物地层特征,结合研究区岩石地层特征,厘定了侏罗—白垩系界线。江孜-浪卡子地区的维美组时代为晚侏罗世Tithonian期,江孜地区甲不拉组下部和浪卡子地区的桑秀组均属于下白垩统。浪卡子地区侏罗/白垩系界线位于桑秀组和维美组之间,江孜地区界线位于甲不拉组和维美组之间,以Nannoconus steinmannii minor和Spiticeras的出现,Virgatosphinctes和Aulacosphinctes的消失为标志。
3.对卡东剖面桑秀组上部的安山岩进行锆石SHRIMP年代学研究,得出火山岩年龄为136±3.0Ma,该年龄值限于Hauterivian早期。另外,日莫瓦剖面同组火山岩年龄为133±3.0Ma,该年龄值限于Hauterivian中期。确定桑秀组上部火山岩时代为Hauterivian早-中期。结合生物地层对比,桑秀组下部的页岩段时代应限于Berriasian至Valanginian期。桑秀组的年代则为Berriasian至Hauterivian期。侏罗/白垩系的界线位于桑秀组之底部,根据桑秀组上部133-136Ma的同位素年龄,以及其下厚达200余米地层沉积所需时间估算,桑秀组底部年龄可能与国际地质年代表中的侏罗/白垩系界线年龄145.5Ma相当。
4.运用层序地层理论,在卡东剖面晚侏罗世—早白垩世划分出4个三级层序。层序地层学分析表明,该区晚侏罗世至早白垩世,经历了低水位期到高水位期的变化,对应海平面由低到高,可以作为本区侏罗-白垩纪的界线识别辅助标志。
5.对西藏南部晚侏罗世—早白垩世沉积相和沉积环境进行了分析,大体上可识辨出滨海碎屑岩相区、浅海碎屑岩相区和次深海三个沉积相区,细分为9个沉积相带。界线位于维美组砂岩顶部,反映晚侏罗世研究区处于海退环境,与同期全球海平面变化基本一致。
The boundary between Jurassic and Cretaceous is the most problematical of all Phanerozoicsystem boundaries, have long been debated and not yet been resolved on a global scale. Themarine boundary strata outcrop in southern Tibet, with controversy on the boundary horizon.This work studies five sections from Gyangze and Nagarze areas. The Linxi Section of Nagarzethat contains the uppermost Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous strata is a new section studied bypresent work. Many samples were collected in the field. Studies on the lithostratigraphy,biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphic and isotope chronologic stratigraphy have been done. Thepresent work is mainly focus on the paleontology and sedimentology, as well as the lithology.The biostratigraphy is mostly besed on the calcareous nannofossils, ammonites and bivalvesfrom the boundary strata. The sedimentary research includes the lithologic and sedimentaryenvironments analyses. The following results have been achieved:
1. Abundant calcareous nannofossils have been found from the Jurassic-Cretaceousboundary strata. The age is from Berriasian to Valanginian of early Cretaceous. Bybiostratigraphic correlation , the Sangxiu formation in Nagarze is correspond to the lower Jabulaformation in Gyangze.
2.According to the biostratigraphic correlation of calcareous nannofossils, ammonites andbivalves, as well as lithologic stratigraphy, the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary has beenrecognized. The age of Weimei Formation in the Gyangze and Nagarze areas is Tithonian ofuppermost Jurassic;the Jiabula Formation in Gyangze and the lower Sangxiu Formation inNagarze belong to Lower Cretaceous. The Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, therefore, is betweenthe Sangxiu and Weimei formations in Nagarze and between the Jabula and Weimei formationsin Gyangze. The boundary is marked by the appearance of Nannoconus steinmannii minor,Spiticeras, and the disappear of Virgatosphinctes, Aulacosphinctes.
3.The study of the zircon SHRIMP chronology of andesite from the upper SangxiuFormation gives age of 136±3.0Ma to the volcanic rock of Kadong section, which is limited toearlymost Hauterivian. The age of the volcanic rock in Rimowa section is 133±3.0Ma andbelongs to middle Hauterivian. Therefore, the age of the volcanic rock in upper Sangxiu Formationis early-middle Hauterivian. Therefore, the shale of lower Sangxiu Formation isBerriasian-Valanginian in age. The general age of Sangxiu Formation is from Berriasian toHauterivian. The Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary is at the bottom of Sangxiu Formation. Theisotope age of the upper Sangxiu Formation is 133-136Ma, with the underneath 200m thick shale
beds of the lower Sangxiu Formation, we estimate that the age of the bottom of SangxiuFormation is correspond with 145.5Ma of the global Jurassic/Cretaceous standard boundaryin the international geological time scale.4. According to the sequence stratigraphic theory, the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous stratain Kadong section have been divided into 4 three-order sequences. Based on the sequencestratigraphy study, the environment of studied area changed from high water level to lower waterlevel during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. The sea-level change of this area is consistent withthe globe sea-level change curve at the same period, which is useful to recognizeJurassic/Cretaceous boundary.5. The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sedimentary facies and environments have beenstudied. Three sedimentary zones of near shore clastic, shallow sea clastic and hypo-deep seazones have been recognized. And nine sediment fascias have beensubdivided. TheJurassic/Cretaceous boundary is at the top of sandstone of Weimei Formation, which representsa regression during the Jurassic and Cretaceous boundary time in the Tibet-Tethys Sea, which shows samefeature as the global sea level change.
1.首次在西藏南部海相侏罗—白垩纪界线地层中发现了较多的钙质超微化石,含化石地层时代属早白垩世Berriasian至Valanginian期。通过生物地层对比,浪卡子地区桑秀组与江孜地区甲不拉组下部层位相当。
2.根据钙质超微、菊石及双壳类生物地层特征,结合研究区岩石地层特征,厘定了侏罗—白垩系界线。江孜-浪卡子地区的维美组时代为晚侏罗世Tithonian期,江孜地区甲不拉组下部和浪卡子地区的桑秀组均属于下白垩统。浪卡子地区侏罗/白垩系界线位于桑秀组和维美组之间,江孜地区界线位于甲不拉组和维美组之间,以Nannoconus steinmannii minor和Spiticeras的出现,Virgatosphinctes和Aulacosphinctes的消失为标志。
3.对卡东剖面桑秀组上部的安山岩进行锆石SHRIMP年代学研究,得出火山岩年龄为136±3.0Ma,该年龄值限于Hauterivian早期。另外,日莫瓦剖面同组火山岩年龄为133±3.0Ma,该年龄值限于Hauterivian中期。确定桑秀组上部火山岩时代为Hauterivian早-中期。结合生物地层对比,桑秀组下部的页岩段时代应限于Berriasian至Valanginian期。桑秀组的年代则为Berriasian至Hauterivian期。侏罗/白垩系的界线位于桑秀组之底部,根据桑秀组上部133-136Ma的同位素年龄,以及其下厚达200余米地层沉积所需时间估算,桑秀组底部年龄可能与国际地质年代表中的侏罗/白垩系界线年龄145.5Ma相当。
4.运用层序地层理论,在卡东剖面晚侏罗世—早白垩世划分出4个三级层序。层序地层学分析表明,该区晚侏罗世至早白垩世,经历了低水位期到高水位期的变化,对应海平面由低到高,可以作为本区侏罗-白垩纪的界线识别辅助标志。
5.对西藏南部晚侏罗世—早白垩世沉积相和沉积环境进行了分析,大体上可识辨出滨海碎屑岩相区、浅海碎屑岩相区和次深海三个沉积相区,细分为9个沉积相带。界线位于维美组砂岩顶部,反映晚侏罗世研究区处于海退环境,与同期全球海平面变化基本一致。
The boundary between Jurassic and Cretaceous is the most problematical of all Phanerozoicsystem boundaries, have long been debated and not yet been resolved on a global scale. Themarine boundary strata outcrop in southern Tibet, with controversy on the boundary horizon.This work studies five sections from Gyangze and Nagarze areas. The Linxi Section of Nagarzethat contains the uppermost Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous strata is a new section studied bypresent work. Many samples were collected in the field. Studies on the lithostratigraphy,biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphic and isotope chronologic stratigraphy have been done. Thepresent work is mainly focus on the paleontology and sedimentology, as well as the lithology.The biostratigraphy is mostly besed on the calcareous nannofossils, ammonites and bivalvesfrom the boundary strata. The sedimentary research includes the lithologic and sedimentaryenvironments analyses. The following results have been achieved:
1. Abundant calcareous nannofossils have been found from the Jurassic-Cretaceousboundary strata. The age is from Berriasian to Valanginian of early Cretaceous. Bybiostratigraphic correlation , the Sangxiu formation in Nagarze is correspond to the lower Jabulaformation in Gyangze.
2.According to the biostratigraphic correlation of calcareous nannofossils, ammonites andbivalves, as well as lithologic stratigraphy, the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary has beenrecognized. The age of Weimei Formation in the Gyangze and Nagarze areas is Tithonian ofuppermost Jurassic;the Jiabula Formation in Gyangze and the lower Sangxiu Formation inNagarze belong to Lower Cretaceous. The Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, therefore, is betweenthe Sangxiu and Weimei formations in Nagarze and between the Jabula and Weimei formationsin Gyangze. The boundary is marked by the appearance of Nannoconus steinmannii minor,Spiticeras, and the disappear of Virgatosphinctes, Aulacosphinctes.
3.The study of the zircon SHRIMP chronology of andesite from the upper SangxiuFormation gives age of 136±3.0Ma to the volcanic rock of Kadong section, which is limited toearlymost Hauterivian. The age of the volcanic rock in Rimowa section is 133±3.0Ma andbelongs to middle Hauterivian. Therefore, the age of the volcanic rock in upper Sangxiu Formationis early-middle Hauterivian. Therefore, the shale of lower Sangxiu Formation isBerriasian-Valanginian in age. The general age of Sangxiu Formation is from Berriasian toHauterivian. The Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary is at the bottom of Sangxiu Formation. Theisotope age of the upper Sangxiu Formation is 133-136Ma, with the underneath 200m thick shale
beds of the lower Sangxiu Formation, we estimate that the age of the bottom of SangxiuFormation is correspond with 145.5Ma of the global Jurassic/Cretaceous standard boundaryin the international geological time scale.4. According to the sequence stratigraphic theory, the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous stratain Kadong section have been divided into 4 three-order sequences. Based on the sequencestratigraphy study, the environment of studied area changed from high water level to lower waterlevel during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. The sea-level change of this area is consistent withthe globe sea-level change curve at the same period, which is useful to recognizeJurassic/Cretaceous boundary.5. The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sedimentary facies and environments have beenstudied. Three sedimentary zones of near shore clastic, shallow sea clastic and hypo-deep seazones have been recognized. And nine sediment fascias have beensubdivided. TheJurassic/Cretaceous boundary is at the top of sandstone of Weimei Formation, which representsa regression during the Jurassic and Cretaceous boundary time in the Tibet-Tethys Sea, which shows samefeature as the global sea level change.
引文
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