云南个旧玄武岩及其成矿作用研究
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摘要
本论文结合国家十五科技攻关项目(2004BA615A-03)和云南锡业集团有限责任公司委托项目“个旧锡矿区和外围玄武岩及其成矿作用研究”的科研而选题,主要完成了个旧玄武岩系剖面的实测研究:区域地质背景、玄武岩的岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学分析及地质综合研究;矿床地质特征、矿物学和矿石组构学研究;岩(矿)石的微量元素、稀土元素、稳定同位素地球化学和流体包裹体以及矿床的成矿时代等的系统研究工作,获得了如下的主要成果和认识:
(1) 个旧矿区玄武岩对锡矿床的形成有很重要的作用。过去一直认为个旧锡矿是花岗岩岩浆期后热液矿床,通过查阅大量国内外的相关文献资料,发现在国内外与基性超基性岩有关的锡矿床不乏其例。研究表明,个旧矿区玄武岩对锡矿床的形成有两个方面的作用:一是为锡矿床的形成了提供一定的物质来源;二是玄武岩直接控制花岗岩的形态和产状,而花岗岩的形态和产状又控制矿体的形态和产状,因此,玄武岩的位置、形态和产状间接地控制着矿体的产出位置、形态和产状。
(2) 首次建立了个旧东区玄武岩和花岗岩空间分布的三维立体模型,并绘制了该区玄武岩和花岗岩空间分布的各类等值线图。该区玄武岩和花岗岩空间分布的大致情况是北西高,南东低。
(3) 将个旧地区的印支期玄武岩分为三期。根据玄武岩产出的层位和玄武岩的矿物组合及组构,将个旧地区的印支期玄武岩分为三期。第一期玄武岩为个旧组下部卡房段(安尼期)玄武岩,分布于个旧东区,从南到北在新建矿的井下、卡房新山的地表和井下、卡房东瓜林(竹林)的井下、老厂竹叶山的井下、老厂弯子街矿段的井下、塘子凹的井下和松树脚矿田以南的麒麟山寨的地表都有分布。该期火山活动的产物以熔岩为主,主要是变余斑状玄武岩、透闪石黑云母化玄武岩、黑云母透闪石化玄武岩和阳起石化玄武岩等;第二期玄武岩为法郎组下部(拉丁尼克早期)玄武岩,主要分布于个旧西区的水塘寨—保和—木花果以及木卜玲一带,以凝灰岩为主,主要是岩屑浆屑变凝灰岩、浆屑玻屑变凝灰岩,还见有部分杏仁状斑状纤闪石化玄武岩;第三期玄武岩为法郎组上部(拉丁尼克晚期—诺利克期)玄武岩,主要分布于个旧西区的贾沙以南的他白、林和村—尼得、德胜冲、牛屎寨一带,以熔岩为主,主要有致密块
The doctoral dessertation title of Research on basalt and its metallogenisis in Gejiu, Yunnan is selected based on the project ( item serial number: 2004BA615A-03 ) of tackling scientific and technic key problem of the tenth five years programming in China and the project title of Research on basalt and its metallogenisis in Gejiu ore area and its periphery Sponsored by Yunnan Tin Ltd.. The many researches on the section survey of basalt in Gejiu area;the petrology, petrochemistry and geochemistry analysis of the basalt, and the area geological synthetically study;the study of the geological characteristics of the deposit, the mineralogy, texture and structure of ores;the systematically study of the microelement, rare earth element, stable isotope and fluid inclusion and so on of rock or ore have been done. And the following conclusions have been drawn:No.1 The basalts play an important role in a formation of Gejiu tin-polymetallic ore deposits. Gejiu tin-polymetallic ore deposits have been thought as the granitic mineralization of the Yanshanian epoch in past time, however,the author finds out there are some tin ore deposits related to (ultra-) ferromagnesian rock in the word by means of consulting a wealth of relevant reference material. It's proved that basalts in Gejiu play an important role in a formation of Gejiu tin ore deposits. On the one hand, basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch provided matter source for formation of Gejiu tin ore deposit;on the another hand, because shapes and attitude of tin-polymetallic orebodies were controlled by shapes and attitude of granite of the Yanshanian epoch and those of granite of the Yanshanian epoch were controlled by those of basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch.In other words, shapes and attitude of tin-polymetallic orebodies were indirectly controlled by shapes and attitude of basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch.No.2 The author has built three-dimension models of distribution of basalt and granite and protracted all kinds of isoline of distribution of basalt and granite in eastern Gejiu for the first time. The distribution of basalt and granite in eastern Gejiu is that elevation of northwest side is
higher than elevation of southeast side.No.3 The volcanism of the Indo-Chinese epoch in Gejiu is divided into three epochs according to the author's research on horizon, mineral features and mineral texture features of basalt. Basalt of epoch 1 is basalt of lower Gejiu Formation(Anisian period) ,which is distributed in Xinjiang mining, Kafang,Qibeishan,Zhuyeshan,Wanzijie,Tangzi'ao and qilinshan in eastern Gejiu. The main product of volcanism of this epoch is lava which is blastoporphyritic basalt, tremolitizated, phlogopitizated basalt, phlogopitizated , tremolitizated basalt and actinolitizated basalt. Basalt of epoch 2 is basalt of lower Falang Formation(early Ladinian period) ,which is distributed in Shuitangzhai, Baohe, Muhuaguo, and Mupuling in western Gejiu. The main product of volcanism of this epoch is tuff which is tuff with pyroclastic rock fragment and magmatic fragment and tuff with magmatic fragment and vitric fragment. Besides tuff, there is amygdaloidal basalt. Basalt of epoch 3 is basalt of upper Falang Formation(late Ladinian period-Norian period) ,which is distributed in Tabai, Heping, Nide, Deshengcong and Niushizhai in western Gejiu. The main product of volcanism of this epoch is lava which is Massive basalt, amygdaloidal basalt and pillow basalt while there being metamorphic tuff whose metamorphic grade reach schist or phyllite.No.4 The volcanism and mineralization in eastern Gejiu is divided into three stages for the first time according to the author's research on horizon feature of stratum of Gejiu Formation, petrologic feature and geochemical feature of the basalt of epoch 1. Basalt of stage 1 is basalt of lower Kafang member of Gejiu Formation(T2gi1) ,which is distributed in Xinjiang mining, Donggualin,Qianjin Mining, and lower Qibeishan. The main volcanic rock of this stage is metamorphic basalt which takes phlogopite as the main mineral while tremolite as subsidiary. Main textures basalt of this stage are palimpsest interslice texture and lepidoblastic texture. The volcanism of this stage formed some copper, gold and bismuth ore deposits, example for/Vorebody 1-9 in Kafang. Basalt of stage 2 is basalt of lower Kafang mem] of Gejiu Formation(T2gi1) ,which is distributed in upper Qibeishan/The
main volcanic rock of this stage is metamorphic basalt which takes tremolite as the main mineral while phlogopite as subsidiary. Main textures basalt of this stage are palimpsest interslice texture and nematoblastic texture. The volcanism of this stage formed some copper and tin ore deposits, example for orebody 13-2-3 in Zhuyeshan. Basalt of stage 3 is basalt of lower Kafang member of Gejiu Formation(T2gi5) ,which is distributed in Wanzijie and Tangzi'ao. The main volcanic rock of this stage is metamorphic basalt whose main minerals are actinolite and tremolite and whose main textures are palimpsest intersertal texture, palimpsest tholeiitic texture and nematoblastic texture. The volcanism of this stage formed some copper and tin, copper ,lead, zinc and silver ore deposits, example for orebody 5 in Wanzijie.No.5 The author has firstly put forward a new viewpoint about evolution of chemical ingredient of basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch in Gejiu which is from high potassium-rich basalt, potassium-rich basalt to natrium-rich basalt. It is proved that basalts of three epoch are alkali-basalt according to the author's work about petrochemistry of basalt in Gejiu. From the early to the late, the sequence of evolution is high potassium-rich basalt, potassium-rich basalt and natrium-rich basalt.No.6 It is proved that formation of Gejiu tin ore deposit is related to the volcanism of the Indo-Chinese epoch in a certain degree. According to the research on features of microelements, lead isotopes, sulphur isotopes, mineralization dating of Pb-Pb method, Ar-Ar method and K-Ar method, rare earth elements and inclusion of basalt-type sufide deposit, basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch provided matter source for formation of Gejiu tin ore deposit at least.Orebody 13-2-3 in Zhuyeshan and Orebody 1-9 in Kafang contact conformably with the basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch, whose country rock is meramorphic basalt. The ores possess banded structure, whose main metallic minerals are pyrite and chalcopyrite. Copper is intimately related to tin, which shows ore-formation of copper and tin is volcanism.No.7 Guided by the hypothesis of ore-formation of basalt, new train of
thought of ore-searching are put forward, six metallogenic prognosticates and the prospecting perspective areas are pointed out.
(1) 个旧矿区玄武岩对锡矿床的形成有很重要的作用。过去一直认为个旧锡矿是花岗岩岩浆期后热液矿床,通过查阅大量国内外的相关文献资料,发现在国内外与基性超基性岩有关的锡矿床不乏其例。研究表明,个旧矿区玄武岩对锡矿床的形成有两个方面的作用:一是为锡矿床的形成了提供一定的物质来源;二是玄武岩直接控制花岗岩的形态和产状,而花岗岩的形态和产状又控制矿体的形态和产状,因此,玄武岩的位置、形态和产状间接地控制着矿体的产出位置、形态和产状。
(2) 首次建立了个旧东区玄武岩和花岗岩空间分布的三维立体模型,并绘制了该区玄武岩和花岗岩空间分布的各类等值线图。该区玄武岩和花岗岩空间分布的大致情况是北西高,南东低。
(3) 将个旧地区的印支期玄武岩分为三期。根据玄武岩产出的层位和玄武岩的矿物组合及组构,将个旧地区的印支期玄武岩分为三期。第一期玄武岩为个旧组下部卡房段(安尼期)玄武岩,分布于个旧东区,从南到北在新建矿的井下、卡房新山的地表和井下、卡房东瓜林(竹林)的井下、老厂竹叶山的井下、老厂弯子街矿段的井下、塘子凹的井下和松树脚矿田以南的麒麟山寨的地表都有分布。该期火山活动的产物以熔岩为主,主要是变余斑状玄武岩、透闪石黑云母化玄武岩、黑云母透闪石化玄武岩和阳起石化玄武岩等;第二期玄武岩为法郎组下部(拉丁尼克早期)玄武岩,主要分布于个旧西区的水塘寨—保和—木花果以及木卜玲一带,以凝灰岩为主,主要是岩屑浆屑变凝灰岩、浆屑玻屑变凝灰岩,还见有部分杏仁状斑状纤闪石化玄武岩;第三期玄武岩为法郎组上部(拉丁尼克晚期—诺利克期)玄武岩,主要分布于个旧西区的贾沙以南的他白、林和村—尼得、德胜冲、牛屎寨一带,以熔岩为主,主要有致密块
The doctoral dessertation title of Research on basalt and its metallogenisis in Gejiu, Yunnan is selected based on the project ( item serial number: 2004BA615A-03 ) of tackling scientific and technic key problem of the tenth five years programming in China and the project title of Research on basalt and its metallogenisis in Gejiu ore area and its periphery Sponsored by Yunnan Tin Ltd.. The many researches on the section survey of basalt in Gejiu area;the petrology, petrochemistry and geochemistry analysis of the basalt, and the area geological synthetically study;the study of the geological characteristics of the deposit, the mineralogy, texture and structure of ores;the systematically study of the microelement, rare earth element, stable isotope and fluid inclusion and so on of rock or ore have been done. And the following conclusions have been drawn:No.1 The basalts play an important role in a formation of Gejiu tin-polymetallic ore deposits. Gejiu tin-polymetallic ore deposits have been thought as the granitic mineralization of the Yanshanian epoch in past time, however,the author finds out there are some tin ore deposits related to (ultra-) ferromagnesian rock in the word by means of consulting a wealth of relevant reference material. It's proved that basalts in Gejiu play an important role in a formation of Gejiu tin ore deposits. On the one hand, basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch provided matter source for formation of Gejiu tin ore deposit;on the another hand, because shapes and attitude of tin-polymetallic orebodies were controlled by shapes and attitude of granite of the Yanshanian epoch and those of granite of the Yanshanian epoch were controlled by those of basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch.In other words, shapes and attitude of tin-polymetallic orebodies were indirectly controlled by shapes and attitude of basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch.No.2 The author has built three-dimension models of distribution of basalt and granite and protracted all kinds of isoline of distribution of basalt and granite in eastern Gejiu for the first time. The distribution of basalt and granite in eastern Gejiu is that elevation of northwest side is
higher than elevation of southeast side.No.3 The volcanism of the Indo-Chinese epoch in Gejiu is divided into three epochs according to the author's research on horizon, mineral features and mineral texture features of basalt. Basalt of epoch 1 is basalt of lower Gejiu Formation(Anisian period) ,which is distributed in Xinjiang mining, Kafang,Qibeishan,Zhuyeshan,Wanzijie,Tangzi'ao and qilinshan in eastern Gejiu. The main product of volcanism of this epoch is lava which is blastoporphyritic basalt, tremolitizated, phlogopitizated basalt, phlogopitizated , tremolitizated basalt and actinolitizated basalt. Basalt of epoch 2 is basalt of lower Falang Formation(early Ladinian period) ,which is distributed in Shuitangzhai, Baohe, Muhuaguo, and Mupuling in western Gejiu. The main product of volcanism of this epoch is tuff which is tuff with pyroclastic rock fragment and magmatic fragment and tuff with magmatic fragment and vitric fragment. Besides tuff, there is amygdaloidal basalt. Basalt of epoch 3 is basalt of upper Falang Formation(late Ladinian period-Norian period) ,which is distributed in Tabai, Heping, Nide, Deshengcong and Niushizhai in western Gejiu. The main product of volcanism of this epoch is lava which is Massive basalt, amygdaloidal basalt and pillow basalt while there being metamorphic tuff whose metamorphic grade reach schist or phyllite.No.4 The volcanism and mineralization in eastern Gejiu is divided into three stages for the first time according to the author's research on horizon feature of stratum of Gejiu Formation, petrologic feature and geochemical feature of the basalt of epoch 1. Basalt of stage 1 is basalt of lower Kafang member of Gejiu Formation(T2gi1) ,which is distributed in Xinjiang mining, Donggualin,Qianjin Mining, and lower Qibeishan. The main volcanic rock of this stage is metamorphic basalt which takes phlogopite as the main mineral while tremolite as subsidiary. Main textures basalt of this stage are palimpsest interslice texture and lepidoblastic texture. The volcanism of this stage formed some copper, gold and bismuth ore deposits, example for/Vorebody 1-9 in Kafang. Basalt of stage 2 is basalt of lower Kafang mem] of Gejiu Formation(T2gi1) ,which is distributed in upper Qibeishan/The
main volcanic rock of this stage is metamorphic basalt which takes tremolite as the main mineral while phlogopite as subsidiary. Main textures basalt of this stage are palimpsest interslice texture and nematoblastic texture. The volcanism of this stage formed some copper and tin ore deposits, example for orebody 13-2-3 in Zhuyeshan. Basalt of stage 3 is basalt of lower Kafang member of Gejiu Formation(T2gi5) ,which is distributed in Wanzijie and Tangzi'ao. The main volcanic rock of this stage is metamorphic basalt whose main minerals are actinolite and tremolite and whose main textures are palimpsest intersertal texture, palimpsest tholeiitic texture and nematoblastic texture. The volcanism of this stage formed some copper and tin, copper ,lead, zinc and silver ore deposits, example for orebody 5 in Wanzijie.No.5 The author has firstly put forward a new viewpoint about evolution of chemical ingredient of basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch in Gejiu which is from high potassium-rich basalt, potassium-rich basalt to natrium-rich basalt. It is proved that basalts of three epoch are alkali-basalt according to the author's work about petrochemistry of basalt in Gejiu. From the early to the late, the sequence of evolution is high potassium-rich basalt, potassium-rich basalt and natrium-rich basalt.No.6 It is proved that formation of Gejiu tin ore deposit is related to the volcanism of the Indo-Chinese epoch in a certain degree. According to the research on features of microelements, lead isotopes, sulphur isotopes, mineralization dating of Pb-Pb method, Ar-Ar method and K-Ar method, rare earth elements and inclusion of basalt-type sufide deposit, basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch provided matter source for formation of Gejiu tin ore deposit at least.Orebody 13-2-3 in Zhuyeshan and Orebody 1-9 in Kafang contact conformably with the basalt of the Indo-Chinese epoch, whose country rock is meramorphic basalt. The ores possess banded structure, whose main metallic minerals are pyrite and chalcopyrite. Copper is intimately related to tin, which shows ore-formation of copper and tin is volcanism.No.7 Guided by the hypothesis of ore-formation of basalt, new train of
thought of ore-searching are put forward, six metallogenic prognosticates and the prospecting perspective areas are pointed out.
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