理解经济变迁的过程
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摘要
社会核算矩阵(Social Accounting Matrix，SAM)是一种描述经济系统运行的、矩阵式的、以单式记账形式反映复式记账内容的经济核算表，它将描述生产的投入产出表与国民收入和生产账户结合在一起，全面地刻画了经济系统中生产创造收入、收入引致需求、需求导致生产的经济循环过程，清楚地描述了特定年份一国或一地区的经济结构和社会结构。其表象为全面刻画经济系统中生产创造收入、收入引致需求、需求导致生产的经济循环过程，其背后却蕴含着制度与现实的不断博弈，使其不但清楚地描述了特定年份一国或一地区的经济结构，而且描述了其社会结构。
社会核算矩阵是目前最常用的组织核算数据的工具之一，它以表格的形式给决策者提供了详细一致的信息。从第一个SAM的建立至今，有关SAM的应用研究领域不断延伸，几乎遍及经济和社会的所有领域。对其产生及发展现状进行系统研究和总结，将大大有利于国内学者对它的认识，从而促进其在我国的应用。
全文共分五部分。第一部分，谈“是什么”和“能干什么”的问题。该部分从社会核算矩阵(SAM)的结构说起，并以鲁滨逊经济和一个现实经济的SAM为例做了说明；接着，分析了SAM与SNA、投入产出矩阵之间的关系，在此基础上总结了SAM的编制原理和性质，最后说明SAM能干什么(功能)。第二部分，解决SAM“怎么编”的问题。包括为了分析对SAM账户如何进行分类，如何设计SAM，编制SAM的方法有哪些，步骤如何，如何处理SAM中数据的遗漏和不一致等问题，并详细介绍了斯里兰卡SAM的编制过程，最后简要介绍了中国SAM的编制情况。结尾强调SAM以分析为重的编制思想。第三部分，介绍SAM是“怎么用”的。主要介绍了SAM乘数的推导、分解、分析及应用扩展。认为中国在乘数分析方面的应用还处于空白，值得进一步开发。第四部分，介绍以SAM为基础的可计算一般均衡(CGE)
Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is a kind of economic accounting table, which describes the circulation process among production, income and demand in a matrix. The data of double entry are recorded only once in a Social Accounting Matrix. Social Accounting Matrix links together the IO table, National Income with production account. This link makes it possible for the analyst to investigate the given country or area in given year the economic and social structure and policy issues within an integrated framework. SAM describes seemingly the circulation process of production create income, income create demand and demand lead to production. Actually, it implys the continual trade between the real world and institution, which make it present not only the economic structure but also the social structure.
Social Accounting Matrix is a mean of organizing accounting data that is in most common use presently. Since the establishment of the first SAM, its application has been extending broadly to almost all the economic and social field. It is benefit significantly to do some study and summery systematically. This paper includes 5 chapters. The first part introduces what is SAM and what we can do by SAM, including the structure of SAM, the relation between SAM, SNA and IO Matrix, the principles and properties of SAM. The function of SAM is introduced in the last section. The second part presents how to construct a SAM, involving the classification of SAM account, how to design a SAM, the methods of contracting a SAM, etc. The example of Sri Lanka SAM 1970 is also given in this part. The last section is the introduction of China-SAM's construction. The third chapter introduces the application of SAMs, mainly include the derivation and decomposition of SAM Multipliers and its extensions. Followed the third
社会核算矩阵是目前最常用的组织核算数据的工具之一，它以表格的形式给决策者提供了详细一致的信息。从第一个SAM的建立至今，有关SAM的应用研究领域不断延伸，几乎遍及经济和社会的所有领域。对其产生及发展现状进行系统研究和总结，将大大有利于国内学者对它的认识，从而促进其在我国的应用。
全文共分五部分。第一部分，谈“是什么”和“能干什么”的问题。该部分从社会核算矩阵(SAM)的结构说起，并以鲁滨逊经济和一个现实经济的SAM为例做了说明；接着，分析了SAM与SNA、投入产出矩阵之间的关系，在此基础上总结了SAM的编制原理和性质，最后说明SAM能干什么(功能)。第二部分，解决SAM“怎么编”的问题。包括为了分析对SAM账户如何进行分类，如何设计SAM，编制SAM的方法有哪些，步骤如何，如何处理SAM中数据的遗漏和不一致等问题，并详细介绍了斯里兰卡SAM的编制过程，最后简要介绍了中国SAM的编制情况。结尾强调SAM以分析为重的编制思想。第三部分，介绍SAM是“怎么用”的。主要介绍了SAM乘数的推导、分解、分析及应用扩展。认为中国在乘数分析方面的应用还处于空白，值得进一步开发。第四部分，介绍以SAM为基础的可计算一般均衡(CGE)
Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is a kind of economic accounting table, which describes the circulation process among production, income and demand in a matrix. The data of double entry are recorded only once in a Social Accounting Matrix. Social Accounting Matrix links together the IO table, National Income with production account. This link makes it possible for the analyst to investigate the given country or area in given year the economic and social structure and policy issues within an integrated framework. SAM describes seemingly the circulation process of production create income, income create demand and demand lead to production. Actually, it implys the continual trade between the real world and institution, which make it present not only the economic structure but also the social structure.
Social Accounting Matrix is a mean of organizing accounting data that is in most common use presently. Since the establishment of the first SAM, its application has been extending broadly to almost all the economic and social field. It is benefit significantly to do some study and summery systematically. This paper includes 5 chapters. The first part introduces what is SAM and what we can do by SAM, including the structure of SAM, the relation between SAM, SNA and IO Matrix, the principles and properties of SAM. The function of SAM is introduced in the last section. The second part presents how to construct a SAM, involving the classification of SAM account, how to design a SAM, the methods of contracting a SAM, etc. The example of Sri Lanka SAM 1970 is also given in this part. The last section is the introduction of China-SAM's construction. The third chapter introduces the application of SAMs, mainly include the derivation and decomposition of SAM Multipliers and its extensions. Followed the third
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144．侯瑜：《社会核算矩阵的构建方法及平滑技术》，《统计与信息论坛》，2004年第5期。
145．侯瑜：《社会核算矩阵(SAM)的内在机理及实证应用》，《统计教育》，2003年第4期。
146．侯瑜：《为什么编制社会核算矩阵(SAM)》，《广西统计》，2002年第3期。
147．侯瑜：《社会核算矩阵(SAM)核算乘数的衍生及路径分析》，《内蒙古财经学院学报》，2004年第5期。
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