管涌现象细观机理的模型试验与颗粒流数值模拟研究
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摘要
本文从细观力学角度对管涌的形成与发展机制，进行深入研究。将先进的数码摄像可视化跟踪技术和数字图像处理技术引入管涌的室内模型试验，摄录土颗粒的移动轨迹，确定形成管涌的临界参数和识别分析管涌过程中管涌通道形成的机理。在室内试验的基础上，基于散体介质颗粒流理论及其分析方法等细观力学手段，分析渗流与土介质的共同作用机理，深入研究管涌现象形成以及发展过程的细观力学机理。利用并开发PFC2D和PFC3D计算软件，对管涌现象形成与发展过程中土颗粒的移动规律以及水流在土体孔隙中的过程进行细观仿真模拟。并结合堤防工程的管涌险情实例进行分析研究，为预测和治理管涌险情提供理论支持。
在研究和分析的过程中解决了以下四个技术难题：1、利用室内模型试验确定形成管涌的临界参数；2、通过室内模型试验准确测定试样流失量的变化，以确定水头压力与颗粒移动的关系；3、管涌的形成与发展过程中的细观数值模型的仿真模拟。如何优化数值模型，以解决目前软件计算时间过长而不能满足模拟要求的问题；4、将颗粒流分析技术、先进的室内模型试验量测技术和计算机仿真模拟技术有机融合。
在室内模型试验方面，使用了先进的数字图像试验分析手段记录管涌现象，取得有益于数值模拟的细观参数。在数值模拟方面，摒弃了有限元理论模拟大变形和破坏问题天然的局限性，使用能够模拟破坏现象的颗粒流理论，利用并开发颗粒流程序模拟管涌现象，实现了使用细观参数定量的确定宏观参数的突破。本文在如下几方面的研究值得重视：
1、针对不同级配及细粒含量的土样使用数码相机和先进的数字图像变形量测技术研究管涌过程中试样的宏观临界参数，得到了管涌发生的临界水力梯度，发展过程中的流速与水力梯度变化关系和流失量的变化规律以及宏观的颗粒移动情况和通道路径的形成过程；
2、使用高分辨率的体视显微镜记录局部土体管涌现象的细观变化全过程，真实还原管涌现象产生和发展过程中细观颗粒流失的路径和颗粒相互之间的作用现象。在此基础上采用先进的数字图像土体细观组构量测技术对管涌发生发展过程中细观孔隙率变化规律以及细观的颗粒之间的相互作用关系规律进行了研究，揭示了管涌发生发展过程的细观力学机理；
3、通过不同组构的等粒径二维平面与三维空间模型的孔隙率转换关系分析，建立实用的等粒径的二维与三维孔隙率转换关系公式，为使用PFC2D程序模拟土体的三维组构关系提供了孔隙率转换的依据；
4、利用并开发PFC2D颗粒流程序对不同掺入量的可动颗粒试样管涌现象进行了细观数值模拟。揭示了不同掺入量的可动颗粒试样管涌产生与发展过程中一系列的细观参数变化规律，揭示管涌通道形成了细观力学机理；
5、利用并开发PFC3D颗粒流程序对不同粒径的可动颗粒试样在不同水压力作用下的管涌现象进行了细观数值模拟。定量的确定了管涌发生的临界水力梯度。揭示了不同粒径的可动颗粒试样管涌随水力梯度变化的一系列的细观参数变
This article does deep research on the formation and development mechanism of piping from the angle of meso-scale mechanism. Advanced digital photographic video tracing and image processing technology is introduced into the indoor model test of piping to record the motive orbit of soil grains, determine critical parameters in piping-formation, identify and analyze tunnel-forming mechanism during piping. On the basis of model test and the meso-scale mechanism means such as the particle flow code of discrete mediums theory and its analytic method, this article analyses the collective influence of seepage and soil medium, and researches further meso-mechanics mechanism of piping-formation. The software of PFC2D and PFC3D are used and developed in meso-analog simulation of soil particles' motion rules in the process of piping formation and development. Combined with the case analysis and research of embankment piping, this article provides theoretic support for forecasting and handling piping failure conditions.
Four technical problems are solved: 1. to determine critical parameters in piping-formation through model test; 2. to determine the relation between water head pressure and grain motion by precisely setting the change of sample loss amount in model test; 3. to analog simulate meso-numeric model in piping formation and development and optimize numeric model so as to solve the problem resulted from the long-time computing; 4. to combine the PFC analytic technology, advanced model test measurement technology with computer analog simulation technology.
In model test, piping process is recorded and meso-parameters beneficial to numeric simulation are acquired through advanced digital image test analytic method. In numeric simulation, discarding the natural limitation of finite element method simulation's deformation and failure while adopting the PFC theory which can simulate failure phenomenon, and utilizing and developing PFC software to simulate piping, breakthrough is made in using meso-parameters to quantitatively determine macro-parameters. Attention should be paid to the researches in this article as blow:
1. Aimed at soil samples of different graded and fine particles content, using digital camera and advanced digital image deformation measurement technology to analyze and research macro critical parameters in piping failure, this article acquires the critical hydraulic gradient in piping, the relation between velocity of flow and hydraulic gradient, variety rule of the loss amount, the macro the particles' movement and formation process of tunnels.
2. Using high-resolution microscope to record the whole meso-scale process of piping, makes it possible to record the creation and development process of particle loss and the interaction between particles in piping in the view of meso-scale. With this as the basis, adopting advanced digital photographic soil body meso-structural measurement technology to research variety rules of meso-porosity and interaction between meso-particles, and thus the meso-mechanical mechanism in piping is revealed.
在研究和分析的过程中解决了以下四个技术难题：1、利用室内模型试验确定形成管涌的临界参数；2、通过室内模型试验准确测定试样流失量的变化，以确定水头压力与颗粒移动的关系；3、管涌的形成与发展过程中的细观数值模型的仿真模拟。如何优化数值模型，以解决目前软件计算时间过长而不能满足模拟要求的问题；4、将颗粒流分析技术、先进的室内模型试验量测技术和计算机仿真模拟技术有机融合。
在室内模型试验方面，使用了先进的数字图像试验分析手段记录管涌现象，取得有益于数值模拟的细观参数。在数值模拟方面，摒弃了有限元理论模拟大变形和破坏问题天然的局限性，使用能够模拟破坏现象的颗粒流理论，利用并开发颗粒流程序模拟管涌现象，实现了使用细观参数定量的确定宏观参数的突破。本文在如下几方面的研究值得重视：
1、针对不同级配及细粒含量的土样使用数码相机和先进的数字图像变形量测技术研究管涌过程中试样的宏观临界参数，得到了管涌发生的临界水力梯度，发展过程中的流速与水力梯度变化关系和流失量的变化规律以及宏观的颗粒移动情况和通道路径的形成过程；
2、使用高分辨率的体视显微镜记录局部土体管涌现象的细观变化全过程，真实还原管涌现象产生和发展过程中细观颗粒流失的路径和颗粒相互之间的作用现象。在此基础上采用先进的数字图像土体细观组构量测技术对管涌发生发展过程中细观孔隙率变化规律以及细观的颗粒之间的相互作用关系规律进行了研究，揭示了管涌发生发展过程的细观力学机理；
3、通过不同组构的等粒径二维平面与三维空间模型的孔隙率转换关系分析，建立实用的等粒径的二维与三维孔隙率转换关系公式，为使用PFC2D程序模拟土体的三维组构关系提供了孔隙率转换的依据；
4、利用并开发PFC2D颗粒流程序对不同掺入量的可动颗粒试样管涌现象进行了细观数值模拟。揭示了不同掺入量的可动颗粒试样管涌产生与发展过程中一系列的细观参数变化规律，揭示管涌通道形成了细观力学机理；
5、利用并开发PFC3D颗粒流程序对不同粒径的可动颗粒试样在不同水压力作用下的管涌现象进行了细观数值模拟。定量的确定了管涌发生的临界水力梯度。揭示了不同粒径的可动颗粒试样管涌随水力梯度变化的一系列的细观参数变
This article does deep research on the formation and development mechanism of piping from the angle of meso-scale mechanism. Advanced digital photographic video tracing and image processing technology is introduced into the indoor model test of piping to record the motive orbit of soil grains, determine critical parameters in piping-formation, identify and analyze tunnel-forming mechanism during piping. On the basis of model test and the meso-scale mechanism means such as the particle flow code of discrete mediums theory and its analytic method, this article analyses the collective influence of seepage and soil medium, and researches further meso-mechanics mechanism of piping-formation. The software of PFC2D and PFC3D are used and developed in meso-analog simulation of soil particles' motion rules in the process of piping formation and development. Combined with the case analysis and research of embankment piping, this article provides theoretic support for forecasting and handling piping failure conditions.
Four technical problems are solved: 1. to determine critical parameters in piping-formation through model test; 2. to determine the relation between water head pressure and grain motion by precisely setting the change of sample loss amount in model test; 3. to analog simulate meso-numeric model in piping formation and development and optimize numeric model so as to solve the problem resulted from the long-time computing; 4. to combine the PFC analytic technology, advanced model test measurement technology with computer analog simulation technology.
In model test, piping process is recorded and meso-parameters beneficial to numeric simulation are acquired through advanced digital image test analytic method. In numeric simulation, discarding the natural limitation of finite element method simulation's deformation and failure while adopting the PFC theory which can simulate failure phenomenon, and utilizing and developing PFC software to simulate piping, breakthrough is made in using meso-parameters to quantitatively determine macro-parameters. Attention should be paid to the researches in this article as blow:
1. Aimed at soil samples of different graded and fine particles content, using digital camera and advanced digital image deformation measurement technology to analyze and research macro critical parameters in piping failure, this article acquires the critical hydraulic gradient in piping, the relation between velocity of flow and hydraulic gradient, variety rule of the loss amount, the macro the particles' movement and formation process of tunnels.
2. Using high-resolution microscope to record the whole meso-scale process of piping, makes it possible to record the creation and development process of particle loss and the interaction between particles in piping in the view of meso-scale. With this as the basis, adopting advanced digital photographic soil body meso-structural measurement technology to research variety rules of meso-porosity and interaction between meso-particles, and thus the meso-mechanical mechanism in piping is revealed.
引文
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