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长江中下游及其邻区重要含金(铜)夕卡岩矿床地质地球化学特征
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摘要
长江中下游地区是我国重要的含金(铜)夕卡岩矿床成矿带。本文在前人工作基础上,对湖北鸡笼山钙夕卡岩Au(Cu)矿床和安徽三铺地区镁夕卡岩Au(Cu、Fe)矿床进行了重点剖析,并与区域内的含金夕卡岩矿床进行了对比。通过区域构造和深部的地球物理资料的研究,提出本区含金(铜)夕卡岩矿床产出的构造背景为地台活化区的断拗带,矿床集中区位于深大断裂的交汇部位和上地幔异常区;研究对比了地台活化型和岛弧型两类产于不同构造环境中的含金夕卡岩的特征,提出我国长江中下游地区含金夕卡岩矿床既可以是钙夕卡岩型,也可以是镁夕卡岩型,形成于相对氧化的环境,而岛弧型的含金夕卡岩矿床的形成环境相对较还原,镁夕卡岩基本缺失;通过对本区与成矿有关岩浆岩进行同位素测年的工作和对岩石化学、稀土、微量元素及氧同位素特征等的系统研究,阐明了本区与含金夕卡岩矿床有关岩浆岩主要为燕山期(180~107Ma)浅成中酸性侵入体,岩浆主要来源于上地幔,但有一定壳源物质混入;通过夕卡岩矿物学研究表明,本区含金夕卡岩中的辉石主要为透辉石,而共生的石榴石则系钙铁榴石,反映了酸度较低和氧逸度较高的条件。金属矿物主要为金属硫化物,普遍伴有砷化物、铋化物、碲化物、硒化物等,在淮北三铺地区还发现镁铁矿,这在我国为首次发现。Au、Cu、Ag、As、Bi、Te、Co、Se、Pb、Zn是本区重要的地球化学找矿标志;通过对矿床的时空和成因关系的研究及矿床类型和矿石相的组成研究,将长江中下游地区含金夕卡岩矿床划分为五个成矿系列,并概括出本区含金夕卡岩矿床(田)的综合交代矿化分带模式为Cu(Mo)→Cu(Fe)→Cu(Au)→Au→Au(Pb、Zn、Ag);通过对典型矿床流体包裹体的测温研究,表明本区含金夕卡岩矿床早期夕卡岩阶段流体温度680~400℃,盐度为59.7~31.3wt%NaCl,夕卡岩期后退化热液蚀变阶段温度为400~126℃,盐度为18.6~3.1wt%NaCl,大致相当于金矿物沉淀的条件;确定安徽铜陵天鹅抱蛋山金矿床存在岩浆期镁夕卡岩。
     归纳总结了区域含金夕卡岩矿床的地质地球化学评价标志和成矿系列。
The middle and lower Yangtze River valley and adjacent region of China arethe most important metallogenic belt of gold(copper)-bearing skarn deposits.Study on the two main gold-bearing skarn deposits and contrast with othersgold-bearing skarn deposits in the studied areas, suggest that their favorabletectonic settings are depression of platform margins as well as areas near deepfaults within the platform. The auriferous skarns occurring in the mobileplatform may be calcic or magnesian, and belong to the oxidized type, but theAu-bearing skarns occurring in the island-arc setting belong to reduced type.The related intrusives are mainly hypobyssal calc-alkaline intermediate-acidrocks. Most of them are of Yanshanian(180~107Ma), and mainly came from uppermantle and might be contaminated by salic crustal components. Study of skarnminerology suggests that the compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnetsare diopside and andradite, indicating the higher oxygen fugacity and loweracidity conditions. In the ores, gold is often intimately associated witharsenides, bismuthides, tellurides and selenides, Magnesioferrite wasdiscovered for the first time in China from Sanpu of Anhui Province. Therefore,Au, Cu, Ag, Bi, Te, Co(Se), Pb, Zn are important geochemical ore-searching indicators.The comprehensive mineralized zonal model from intrusive to carbonate wallrocks is:Cu(Mo)→Cu (Fe)→Cu (Au)→Au→Au (Pb、Zn、Ag). Study of mineralparagenesis and fluid inclusions suggest that the gold minerals were precipitatedin the postskarn retrograde metasomatic stage in the temperature 350~126℃,with salinities 18.6~3.1wt%NaCl. Skarn were formed in the temperature 680~400℃with salinities 59.7~31.3wt%NaCl. The magmatic magnesian skarn wasdiscovered in the Tian Mashan gold deposit, Tongling, Anhui of China.
     The regional geological and geochemical evaluation criteria andminerogenetic series of gold-bearing skarn deposits in the studied area have beensummarized.
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