深海半潜式平台初步设计中的若干关键问题研究
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摘要
辽阔的海洋蕴藏着丰富的资源,随着世界油气需求的增加,海底油气的开采向水深450~1500米的深水域和水深1500米以上的超深水域发展。随着水深的增加,传统的导管架和重力式等平台由于自重和成本的大幅度增大而不适合深水开发,因此适于深海作业的钻采生产系统成为了研究的热点。
目前适用于深海油气钻采生产的平台型式主要有:张力腿平台、Spar和半潜式平台。与其它两种平台相比,半潜式平台具有相对总投资小,更大的甲板空间和甲板可变载荷,更强的生产能力,更大的工作水深范围,易于改造并具备钻井、修井、生产等多种工作功能,无需海上安装,全球全天候的工作能力和自存能力等优点。考虑投资成本、工作水深范围、井口数目、服务年限和工作地域等因素,半潜式平台将是满足深海作业的更佳的选择。随着油气开采向深海进军,半潜式平台进入了新的发展阶段,世界各国的公司和研究机构投入了大量的资金进行第六代半潜式平台的研发。
在目前新一代半潜式平台迅速发展的背景条件下,本论文对深海半潜式平台的发展趋势作了详细分析,对深海半潜式平台初步设计中的一些问题进行了研究。
本论文的主要工作包括以下几个方面:
1、对半潜式平台的发展过程、新一代半潜式平台的发展趋势和特点进行了介绍,综述了与半潜式平台初步设计有关的若干方面的研究现状和研究成果。
2、以一个第六代半潜式平台为母型,设计了四种常用的半潜式平台型式模型,通过波浪中的垂荡性能、完整稳性、拖航阻力和船体钢料重量等几方面的比较分析,选取合适的深海半潜式平台型式。
3、根据二维切片理论求解平台的水动力系数,综合考虑经济性和波浪上的运动性能,建立了深海半潜式平台的多目标优化模型。进行正交设计,研究各设计变量对目标函数的影响程度。考虑到水动力系数计算和运动方程的非线性,采用多目标优化遗传算法—改进的非劣解排序遗传算法进行优化设计,得到多目标优化问题的Pareto解。从结果中选取三个具有代表性的方案进行分析,认为经过优化设计,平台的固有周期都远离常规波浪的周期,都具有良好的运动性能。通过对比,认为平台的运动性能有进一步改善的可能,但超过一定范围时,其改善的程度很小,反而会使成本急剧加大,优化意义不大。并选择了居中的一个方案作为初步设计结果。
4、采用三维势流理论,对所设计半潜式平台在波浪中的运动响应和所受的波浪载荷进行详细的计算分析,并采用P-M波谱进行了短期和长期预报。所得频域计算结果可用于系泊设计的分析计算。
5、通过模型试验测量平台在规则波中的垂荡运动响应及三个位置的气隙,验证了计算方法的可靠性
6、在深水中,悬链线系泊系统已经不适用,张紧式系泊系统逐渐成为主要的系泊方式。为了克服传统的链索系泊缆在深水系泊应用中重量过大的问题,提高平台的可变载荷,对于新型的合成系泊缆的研究也应运而生,目前各种合成系泊缆如尼龙、聚酯绳等已广泛应用于深水系泊。本论文概述了张紧式系泊系统目前的研究方向和设计方法,设计了钢丝绳-聚酯绳-钢丝绳三段式系泊缆,并对九种不同布置方式的张紧式系泊系统进行静力分析,研究在2500米水深的超深水条件下,系泊缆的布置方式对系泊系统的回复力性能的影响程度,以及系泊缆在设计环境条件下的张力变化规律。
7、采用时域分析方法,将平台在波浪中的运动响应频域结果转化到时域,考虑各种非线性的影响和系泊缆的动力特性分析,使预报更加可靠。引入风、浪、流的联合作用,采用耦合分析的方法,综合考虑半潜式平台和系泊系统的相互作用,得到作业工况和自存工况情况下波浪载荷、平台运动和系泊缆张力的各种时历结果。在对各种时历结果进行处理后,可得到各种结果的谱密度和Weibull概率分布,为深海系泊系统的设计和分析提供参考。
本论文对深海半潜式平台的型式选择、方案优化设计、水动力性能理论计算与试验、运动长短期预报、系泊系统初步设计、系泊平台耦合时域分析等方面的内容进行了研究,得到了相应的研究结果,对超深水半潜式平台的初步设计具有重要参考价值。
Wide oceans contain abundant resources. With increasing worldwide demand for oil and gas, exploitation of ocean oil and gas switch to deep water and ultra-deep water fields with water depth of 450~1500 meters and more than 1500 meters respectively. Conventional platforms like jack-up platform and Gravity platform are not suitable for deep water given their substantial increase of weight and cost. Then research on drilling and production system for deep water has become hot item.
At present, TLP (Tension leg platform), Spar and semisubmersible are three main platforms used for deepwater oil and gas exploitation. Semisubmersible has priority of less total investment compared with the other two platforms. More deck space, deck variable load, production ability and wider range of water depth are achieved in semisubmersible. Semisubmersible has multiple functions of drilling, well repairing, production and so on. It could also be easily transformed according to different requirements, and has good performance in both operation condition and survival condition. Semisubmersible is the better choice for deep water operation based on factors like cost, range of available water depth, number of well, service life, zone and so on. In fact, semisubmersible development comes to a new era as offshore oil and gas exploitation extends to deep water. Lots of companies and academic institutes invest much in a sixth-generation development of semisubmersible.
Given the rapidly development of semisubmersible, trends of this platform are discussed here. Researches on preliminary design of deepwater semisubmersible are developed and presented in this dissertation.
This dissertation mainly investigates the following items:
1. History of Semisubmersible, development trends and the new generation’s characterization are described here. Present researches on preliminary design of semisubmersible are reviewed.
2. Four common types of deepwater semisubmersible are designed based on the prototype of a sixth-generation semisubmersible. Comparative analysis of heave in waves, intact stability, towing resistance and hull steel weight is carried out, which assists the selection of the proper platform.
3. A multi-objective optimization model of the deepwater semisubmersible is established in this dissertation. The model is determined by hydrodynamic coefficients of the platform with economic factor and performance in wave in mind. Here, a program based on the two-dimensional strip theory is developed for hydrodynamic coefficients calculation. The effect of design variables on the optimization object is also studied by design of experiment. Considering the nonlinear of motion equation and hydrodynamic computation, a multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, is adopted in the optimization design, and Pareto front is achieved. Three representative results are selected for advanced analysis, showing that all the semisubmersibles after optimization design have good motion in wave and their natural periods are all away from the common wave period. According to comparative analysis, it is believed that semisubmersible’s motion performance will be better after optimization design. The cost increases excessively beyond some extent, while less optimization in motion performance can be expected. Finally, one intermediate optimization result is taken as preliminary design result.
4. Motion responses and wave forces of the adopted platform are thoroughly analyzed by three-dimensional potential theory. Short term response and long term response are achieved with P-M wave spectrum. All the results are in frequency domain, and will be used in further research.
5. Heave RAOs of tow semisubmersible are achieved by model test, and are compared with results computed by potential theory, which verify the reliability of the theory. Airgap in regular waves is also achieved.
6. Taut mooring system now steadily replaces catenary mooring system in deep water. Also researches on synthetic mooring lines are performed with the purpose to reduce the weight of mooring line, and to increase the variable load of semisubmersible. Various synthetic mooring lines, such as nylon and polyester rope, have been widely used in deep water mooring now. Research and design on taut mooring system are reviewed and a wire-polyester rope-wire mooring line is designed in this dissertation. Static analysis of mooring system with nine different line patterns is carried out to study the effect of line patterns on restoring force and the tension of lines under design condition.
7. More exact results are gained when applying time domain analysis that turns motion responses of semisubmersible from frequency domain to time domain, coupled with all nonlinear and dynamic effect analysis. With the interaction between semisubmersible and mooring system in mind, time history results of wave loads, motion of semisubmersible, tensions of mooring lines under both operation condition and survival condition are achieved. These results can be turned into terms of spectral density and Weibull probability distribution. All the analysis results can be used in design and analysis of deepwater mooring system.
Studies on platform type selection, optimization design, hydrodynamic computation, model test, short and long term response, preliminary design of mooring system, and coupled analysis of mooring semisubmersible in time domain are carried out in this dissertation. The results are possessed of important value for preliminary design of deepwater semisubmersible.
目前适用于深海油气钻采生产的平台型式主要有:张力腿平台、Spar和半潜式平台。与其它两种平台相比,半潜式平台具有相对总投资小,更大的甲板空间和甲板可变载荷,更强的生产能力,更大的工作水深范围,易于改造并具备钻井、修井、生产等多种工作功能,无需海上安装,全球全天候的工作能力和自存能力等优点。考虑投资成本、工作水深范围、井口数目、服务年限和工作地域等因素,半潜式平台将是满足深海作业的更佳的选择。随着油气开采向深海进军,半潜式平台进入了新的发展阶段,世界各国的公司和研究机构投入了大量的资金进行第六代半潜式平台的研发。
在目前新一代半潜式平台迅速发展的背景条件下,本论文对深海半潜式平台的发展趋势作了详细分析,对深海半潜式平台初步设计中的一些问题进行了研究。
本论文的主要工作包括以下几个方面:
1、对半潜式平台的发展过程、新一代半潜式平台的发展趋势和特点进行了介绍,综述了与半潜式平台初步设计有关的若干方面的研究现状和研究成果。
2、以一个第六代半潜式平台为母型,设计了四种常用的半潜式平台型式模型,通过波浪中的垂荡性能、完整稳性、拖航阻力和船体钢料重量等几方面的比较分析,选取合适的深海半潜式平台型式。
3、根据二维切片理论求解平台的水动力系数,综合考虑经济性和波浪上的运动性能,建立了深海半潜式平台的多目标优化模型。进行正交设计,研究各设计变量对目标函数的影响程度。考虑到水动力系数计算和运动方程的非线性,采用多目标优化遗传算法—改进的非劣解排序遗传算法进行优化设计,得到多目标优化问题的Pareto解。从结果中选取三个具有代表性的方案进行分析,认为经过优化设计,平台的固有周期都远离常规波浪的周期,都具有良好的运动性能。通过对比,认为平台的运动性能有进一步改善的可能,但超过一定范围时,其改善的程度很小,反而会使成本急剧加大,优化意义不大。并选择了居中的一个方案作为初步设计结果。
4、采用三维势流理论,对所设计半潜式平台在波浪中的运动响应和所受的波浪载荷进行详细的计算分析,并采用P-M波谱进行了短期和长期预报。所得频域计算结果可用于系泊设计的分析计算。
5、通过模型试验测量平台在规则波中的垂荡运动响应及三个位置的气隙,验证了计算方法的可靠性
6、在深水中,悬链线系泊系统已经不适用,张紧式系泊系统逐渐成为主要的系泊方式。为了克服传统的链索系泊缆在深水系泊应用中重量过大的问题,提高平台的可变载荷,对于新型的合成系泊缆的研究也应运而生,目前各种合成系泊缆如尼龙、聚酯绳等已广泛应用于深水系泊。本论文概述了张紧式系泊系统目前的研究方向和设计方法,设计了钢丝绳-聚酯绳-钢丝绳三段式系泊缆,并对九种不同布置方式的张紧式系泊系统进行静力分析,研究在2500米水深的超深水条件下,系泊缆的布置方式对系泊系统的回复力性能的影响程度,以及系泊缆在设计环境条件下的张力变化规律。
7、采用时域分析方法,将平台在波浪中的运动响应频域结果转化到时域,考虑各种非线性的影响和系泊缆的动力特性分析,使预报更加可靠。引入风、浪、流的联合作用,采用耦合分析的方法,综合考虑半潜式平台和系泊系统的相互作用,得到作业工况和自存工况情况下波浪载荷、平台运动和系泊缆张力的各种时历结果。在对各种时历结果进行处理后,可得到各种结果的谱密度和Weibull概率分布,为深海系泊系统的设计和分析提供参考。
本论文对深海半潜式平台的型式选择、方案优化设计、水动力性能理论计算与试验、运动长短期预报、系泊系统初步设计、系泊平台耦合时域分析等方面的内容进行了研究,得到了相应的研究结果,对超深水半潜式平台的初步设计具有重要参考价值。
Wide oceans contain abundant resources. With increasing worldwide demand for oil and gas, exploitation of ocean oil and gas switch to deep water and ultra-deep water fields with water depth of 450~1500 meters and more than 1500 meters respectively. Conventional platforms like jack-up platform and Gravity platform are not suitable for deep water given their substantial increase of weight and cost. Then research on drilling and production system for deep water has become hot item.
At present, TLP (Tension leg platform), Spar and semisubmersible are three main platforms used for deepwater oil and gas exploitation. Semisubmersible has priority of less total investment compared with the other two platforms. More deck space, deck variable load, production ability and wider range of water depth are achieved in semisubmersible. Semisubmersible has multiple functions of drilling, well repairing, production and so on. It could also be easily transformed according to different requirements, and has good performance in both operation condition and survival condition. Semisubmersible is the better choice for deep water operation based on factors like cost, range of available water depth, number of well, service life, zone and so on. In fact, semisubmersible development comes to a new era as offshore oil and gas exploitation extends to deep water. Lots of companies and academic institutes invest much in a sixth-generation development of semisubmersible.
Given the rapidly development of semisubmersible, trends of this platform are discussed here. Researches on preliminary design of deepwater semisubmersible are developed and presented in this dissertation.
This dissertation mainly investigates the following items:
1. History of Semisubmersible, development trends and the new generation’s characterization are described here. Present researches on preliminary design of semisubmersible are reviewed.
2. Four common types of deepwater semisubmersible are designed based on the prototype of a sixth-generation semisubmersible. Comparative analysis of heave in waves, intact stability, towing resistance and hull steel weight is carried out, which assists the selection of the proper platform.
3. A multi-objective optimization model of the deepwater semisubmersible is established in this dissertation. The model is determined by hydrodynamic coefficients of the platform with economic factor and performance in wave in mind. Here, a program based on the two-dimensional strip theory is developed for hydrodynamic coefficients calculation. The effect of design variables on the optimization object is also studied by design of experiment. Considering the nonlinear of motion equation and hydrodynamic computation, a multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, is adopted in the optimization design, and Pareto front is achieved. Three representative results are selected for advanced analysis, showing that all the semisubmersibles after optimization design have good motion in wave and their natural periods are all away from the common wave period. According to comparative analysis, it is believed that semisubmersible’s motion performance will be better after optimization design. The cost increases excessively beyond some extent, while less optimization in motion performance can be expected. Finally, one intermediate optimization result is taken as preliminary design result.
4. Motion responses and wave forces of the adopted platform are thoroughly analyzed by three-dimensional potential theory. Short term response and long term response are achieved with P-M wave spectrum. All the results are in frequency domain, and will be used in further research.
5. Heave RAOs of tow semisubmersible are achieved by model test, and are compared with results computed by potential theory, which verify the reliability of the theory. Airgap in regular waves is also achieved.
6. Taut mooring system now steadily replaces catenary mooring system in deep water. Also researches on synthetic mooring lines are performed with the purpose to reduce the weight of mooring line, and to increase the variable load of semisubmersible. Various synthetic mooring lines, such as nylon and polyester rope, have been widely used in deep water mooring now. Research and design on taut mooring system are reviewed and a wire-polyester rope-wire mooring line is designed in this dissertation. Static analysis of mooring system with nine different line patterns is carried out to study the effect of line patterns on restoring force and the tension of lines under design condition.
7. More exact results are gained when applying time domain analysis that turns motion responses of semisubmersible from frequency domain to time domain, coupled with all nonlinear and dynamic effect analysis. With the interaction between semisubmersible and mooring system in mind, time history results of wave loads, motion of semisubmersible, tensions of mooring lines under both operation condition and survival condition are achieved. These results can be turned into terms of spectral density and Weibull probability distribution. All the analysis results can be used in design and analysis of deepwater mooring system.
Studies on platform type selection, optimization design, hydrodynamic computation, model test, short and long term response, preliminary design of mooring system, and coupled analysis of mooring semisubmersible in time domain are carried out in this dissertation. The results are possessed of important value for preliminary design of deepwater semisubmersible.
引文
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