精神病态男性罪犯自我的特点
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摘要
精神病态是一种个体表现在人际关系、情感、生活方式和反社会特质等方面的人格障碍,包括欺骗、操纵、自我中心、无责任感、冲动、刺激寻求、行为控制力差、感情浅薄、缺乏同情心、罪恶感和自责、男女关系混乱,以及其他违反伦理和反社会的行为。已有的研究发现,与非精神病态者相比,精神病态者更容易违反社会规则和法律,表现出更加残忍和极端的侵犯模式,犯罪的起始年龄更早,犯罪活动更为广泛和多样,累犯率非常高,并且在酒精和物质滥用、狱内违纪犯罪、家庭暴力等方面发生问题的比例也很高。精神病态罪犯是一群特殊的犯罪人,对这群特殊犯罪人人格的研究有着十分重要的理论和实践意义。从理论上说,对精神病态罪犯自我的研究可以填补心理学、刑事法学理论上的空白。迄今为止还没有见到从自我的角度对精神病态者人格的实证研究。自我是人格的核心,对个体的人格具有统摄作用。对精神病态罪犯这一类特殊群体自我的特点进行研究,不仅可以丰富人格心理学中自我部分的内容,而且还为人格刑法学中犯罪人格的理论提供了重要的实证材料和新的研究方法。就实践而论,对精神病态罪犯这一类特殊群体自我的特点进行研究,可以揭示其人格扭曲的关键特征,不仅可以为刑事侦察、审讯和审判犯罪人提供理论支持,使其定罪量刑更为科学,而且可以为教育改造这一类特殊的罪犯提供心理学的理论依据,使教育改造活动的针对性更强,效果更明显,从而预防犯罪人重新走上犯罪道路,降低犯罪率,维护社会的稳定。
本研究的目的在于:(1)引进西方测评精神病态者的有效工具,为甄别和评估精神病态者提供一个操作性强、信度高、效度好的测评工具;(2)揭示男性罪犯精神病态的基本特征;(3)对精神病态罪犯自我中的一部分内容,如自我价值感、一般自我效能感、自我和谐以及记忆的自我参照效应等方面的特点进行较为系统的实证研究,以探究精神病态罪犯自我的特点,进一步检验Hare精神病态量表的效度。
本研究分为两个阶段,第一阶段主要修订Hare精神病态量表(PCL-R),对量表的信度和效度进行检验。然后,采用该量表对罪犯进行评定,以了解罪犯精神病态的一般特征。这一阶段包括两个部分,第一部分是对Hare精神病态量表(PCL-R)进行修订。Hare精神病态量表由精神病态量表项目、精神病态量表的项目描述以及访谈提纲三部分组成。在修订过程中,我们对Hare精神病态量表的全部内容进行了翻译和回译,严格按照标准评定程序对2名罪犯进行尝试评定后,结合我国现行刑法典和刑事执行的实践对量表的项目及其相关材料进行了修改,其中,重要的修改包括(1)删除了Hare量表中的项目19(假释期间重新犯罪),该条目在我国无法评定;(2)根据大陆法系刑法典的规定对项目20(犯罪类型多样化)的项目描述内容进行了修订;(3)删除了访谈提纲中不符合中国罪犯实际的条目。采用修订后的量表对30名男性罪犯进行评定,结果是:评分的内部一致性系数为0.86,与Hare等人在2003年的PCL-R量表手册中的结果0.85相差无几;量表中绝大部分项目的评分者信度、题总相关和其他指标都符合心理测量学对信度的要求。此外,罪犯在反社会人格障碍量表中的得分与PCL-R量表中的总分存在显著的相关(r=0.43,p＜0.01);两次以上犯罪的累犯在PCL-R量表上的得分显著高于初犯(t=-2.459,p＜0.05);在研究3、研究4和研究5中,精神病态罪犯组与非精神病态罪犯组的差异显著,这些都证明了PCL-R量表具有良好的效度。总之,修订后的Hare精神病态量表(PCL-R)具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为评定罪犯精神病态人格障碍的有效工具。第二部分采用修订后的Hare精神病态量表和自编的罪犯基本情况调查表对60名男性罪犯进行了评定。结果发现(1)罪犯的年龄、受教育程度和婚姻状况等人口学变量影响精神病态量表的得分,主要表现在:罪犯年龄越大,精神病态的得分越低;受教育程度越高,精神病态量表的得分越低,大专以上文化程度罪犯的精神病态得分最低;未婚罪犯精神病态的得分显著高于已婚和离异的罪犯。(2)罪犯的犯罪次数、犯罪类型和原判刑期等犯罪学变量对精神病态量表得分的影响表现在犯罪的次数上,多次犯罪的累犯和惯犯精神病态的得分显著高于初犯,说明精神病态与多次重复犯罪有密切的关系。犯罪类型和原判刑期对精神病态量表得分的影响不明显。
在研究的第二阶段,采用半结构访谈、档案分析、量表评定、自我报告以及实验等多种方法对精神病态者的自我进行了系统的实证研究。研究结果发现,精神病态男性罪犯的自我具有下述特点:
(1)精神病态罪犯组的自我价值感总分与非精神病态罪犯组没有显著的差异,但是,两组被试在社会取向的一般自我价值感维度差异显著,精神病态罪犯组社会取向的一般自我价值感显著低于非精神病态罪犯组。表明精神病态罪犯比非精神病态罪犯感受到更多的社会压力。
(2)精神病态罪犯组一般自我效能感显著低于非精神病态罪犯组。表明精神病态罪犯比非精神病态罪犯对自己适应环境、应付不同问题的能力缺乏自信。
(3)精神病态罪犯的自我和谐度显著低于非精神病态罪犯。在自我和谐的三个维度中,精神病态罪犯在自我与经验的不和谐和刻板性两个维度上显著低于非精神病态罪犯。表明精神病态罪犯比非精神病态罪犯的自我与经验更不和谐、自我概念更加僵化和刻板、自我和谐度更差。
(4)精神病态罪犯组没有出现明显的自我参照效应,也没有出现母亲参照效应。无论是加工方式还是判断方式的实验结果都提示精神病态罪犯的自我是混乱的,存在自我意识的缺陷。
记忆自我参照效应的实验研究结果提示我们,精神病态罪犯的自我是有缺陷的,他们没有清晰的自我意识。在对他们的自我价值感、一般自我效能感和自我和谐的调查中也取得了类似的证据:他们的自我价值感甚至明显低于劳教戒毒者;一般自我效能感显著低于非精神病态者,对自己适应环境、应付多种问题的能力缺乏自信;他们的自我与经验不和谐,刻板、僵化,和谐度很差。根据四个研究的结果,我们认为精神病态罪犯的自我是病态和不成熟的,这种病态和不成熟的自我导致了他们象儿童一样的幼稚,表现出一些儿童期的行为特征,如自我中心、冲动、无力延迟满足、寻求刺激等。这种病态和不成熟的自我可能与他们的大脑不成熟有密切的关系,也可能与他们严重的社会化缺陷有关。
Psychopathy is a kind of personality disorder that displays in interpersonal relationship, emotion, life style, anti-social trait and other aspects, including deceiving, manoeuvring, self-centered, lacking the sense of responsibility, impulsion, stimulation seeking, poor ability of behavior controlling, feelings of shallow, lacking of compassion, guilty and self-blame, sexual relations confusion, as well as other violate ethic and anti-social behaviors. It has been found that, compared with non-psychopathic offenders, psychopathic offenders are more prone to violate social rules and laws, display more inhumane and extreme pattern of violations, have an earlier age for the first time of crime, their criminal activities are more extensive and diverse, recidivism rates are very high, and the proportions of problems in alcohol and substance abusing, violating disciplines in prison, family violence and other aspects are higher. Psychopathic offenders are a special group of offenders, and the investigation of those people's personality is of great theoretical and practical significance. In theory, the study of psychopathic offender's self can fill the blank in psychology and criminal jurisprudence. Thus far we haven't found any empirical study of psychopathic offenders' personality taken from the viewpoint of self. Self is core of personality and it plays a center role in individual's personality. The investigation to the trait of such a special group of psychopathic offender's self not only enriches the contents of self in personality psychology, but also provides important empirical materials and new research method to theories of criminal personality in personality criminal jurisprudence. In practice, the investigation to the trait of such a special group of psychopathic offender's self can reveal the key characteristic of personality distortion. It not only provides theoretical supports to criminal investigation, interrogation and adjudgement of offenders, makes the conviction to be more scientific, but also provides psychology basis to the education for this special kind of offenders, makes the pertinence of the education activities to be more stronger, it's effect to be more obvious, thus preventing offenders from returning crime, reducing crime rates/and maintaining social stability.
Our study's aims are as follows: (1) Introduce in a western country's potent tool of evaluating psychopath, and provide a tool of great operational quality, reliability and validity for screening and assessing psychopath. (2) Reveal the basic characteristic of male psychopathic offenders. (3)Conduct systemic empirical study for some special contents of the psychopathic offender's self, such as self-worth, the generality of self-efficacy, self-consistency and memory self-reference effect. Thus find out the characteristic of psychopathic offender's self and further examine the validity of Hare Psychopathy Checklist.
The study divides into two stages. In the first stage, we mainly revised the Psychopathy Checklist -Revised (PCL-R) and examined its reliability and validity. Then we assessed male offenders by the scale to find out the offenders' general characteristic of psychopathy. There are two parts in the first stage. The first part is carries on the revision to PCL-R. Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is composed of three parts, namely the items of PCL-R, the item description of PCL-R and the interview compendium respectively. In the revision process, we adopted methods of translation and back translation to all the contents in PCL-R, and after the evaluation of 2 offenders according to the standard procedure strictly, we revised the items of the scale and other related materials in light of our country's present penal code and the practice of criminal execution. The important revises include: (1) Delete the item 19 of PCL-R (re-offending in the Parole period) which cannot be assessed in our country. (2) Revise the contents of item 20(diversification of criminal types) based on the penal code in continental legal system. (3) Delete those items which are not consistent with the actual situation of our country's offenders in the interview compendium. The results of the assessment to 30 male offenders by the revised scale are as follows: The internal consistency reliability of the scale is 0.86, which is almost the same with Hare's result of 0.85 on the manual of PCL-R in 2003; The scorer reliability, correlation between items and total score and other indexes of most items in the scale can meet the requirement of reliability in psychometrika. In addition, there is a significant correlation between the scores of offenders on the antisocial personality disorder scale and the total scores on PCL-R (r=0.43, p<0.01); The PCL-R scores of recidivisms who offended twice or more are significantly higher than scores of those first offenders (t=-2.459, p<0.05); In study 3, study 4 and study 5, there are significant differences between the psychopathic group and nonpsychopathic group. All of these prove that PCL-R has great validity. To sum up, the revised Hare PCL-R is of great reliability and validity, and it can be used as an efficient instrument for assessing the psychopathy personality disorder of offenders. In the second part, we assessed 60 male offenders by the revised PCL-R and the Offender's basic information Questionnaire established by ourselves. The results indicate that: (1) Demographic variables such as offenders' age, education level, marital status influence scores on PCL-R, and the affect mainly displays in following aspects: the larger of the offender's age the lower his PCL-R score; the higher of offender's education level the lower his PCL-R score, PCL-R scores of offenders who have received a junior college's education are the lowest; PCL-R scores of unmarried offenders are significantly higher than scores of those married and divorced offenders. (2) The influence of the criminological variables such as the number of crimes, criminal types and original term of sentence on the PCL-R score mainly displays in the number of crimes. Scores of recidivisms who offended more than once are significantly higher than scores of first offenders, and this indicates that psychopathy is closely related to repeated crime. The influences of the criminal type and original term of sentence on PCL-R are not obvious.
In the second stage, we adopted many techniques such as structured interview, archival analytic, scale assessment, self-report and experimental method to carry on the systemic empirical study on psychopathic offender's self. The results showed that the characteristics of male psychopathic offender's self are as follows:
(1) The difference between the psychopathic offenders' total scores on self-worth and the nonpsychopathic offenders' is not obvious. But the difference in the generality self-worth of social orientation between these two groups is significant. The psychopathic group's generality self-worth in social orientation is significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's which indicates psychopathic offenders feel more social pressures compared with nonpsychopathic offenders.
(2) The generality self-efficacy of the psychopathic group is significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's. The result suggests that compared with those nonpsychopathic offenders, psychopathic offenders have less self-confidence in adapting to environment and dealing with different problems.
(3)The psychopathic group's self-consistency or congruence is significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's. Among the three dimensions of self-consistency or congruence, psychopathic offenders' scores on the inharmonic of the self and experience dimension and the stereotypy dimension are significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's, which indicates that compared with nonpsychopathic offenders, psychopathic offenders' self and experience are more inharmonious with each other; their self-concept is more rigescent and straitlaced; their self-consistency or congruence is worse.
(4) The psychopathic group does not appear obvious self-reference effect or mother-reference effect. All the experimental results of processing manner and judgement manner reveal that psychopathic offenders' self is chaotic, and their self-consciousness is deficient.
The study findings of memory self-reference effect suggest us: psychopathic offenders' self is deficient, and they don't have clear self-consciousness. Similar results can be found in the study of their self-worth, the generality of self-efficacy and self-consistency or congruence: Their self-worth even significantly lower than those drug abusers' who are experiencing reeducation and labor rehabilitation. The generality self-efficacy of the psychopathic group is significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's, and they have less self-confidence in adapting to environment and dealing with different problem; Their self and experience are inharmonious with each other, their self is rigescent, straitlaced and of poor harmony ability. According to these four study results, we can say that psychopathic offenders' self is not mature, which results in their childish trait just like children, and displaying some behavior characteristics that should only be found in childhood, such as self-centered, impulsion, poor ability of delay-of-gratification, stimulation seeking and so on. This unmature self may has some close relationship with the inmature of their cerebra, or may be related to their limitation of socialization.
本研究的目的在于:(1)引进西方测评精神病态者的有效工具,为甄别和评估精神病态者提供一个操作性强、信度高、效度好的测评工具;(2)揭示男性罪犯精神病态的基本特征;(3)对精神病态罪犯自我中的一部分内容,如自我价值感、一般自我效能感、自我和谐以及记忆的自我参照效应等方面的特点进行较为系统的实证研究,以探究精神病态罪犯自我的特点,进一步检验Hare精神病态量表的效度。
本研究分为两个阶段,第一阶段主要修订Hare精神病态量表(PCL-R),对量表的信度和效度进行检验。然后,采用该量表对罪犯进行评定,以了解罪犯精神病态的一般特征。这一阶段包括两个部分,第一部分是对Hare精神病态量表(PCL-R)进行修订。Hare精神病态量表由精神病态量表项目、精神病态量表的项目描述以及访谈提纲三部分组成。在修订过程中,我们对Hare精神病态量表的全部内容进行了翻译和回译,严格按照标准评定程序对2名罪犯进行尝试评定后,结合我国现行刑法典和刑事执行的实践对量表的项目及其相关材料进行了修改,其中,重要的修改包括(1)删除了Hare量表中的项目19(假释期间重新犯罪),该条目在我国无法评定;(2)根据大陆法系刑法典的规定对项目20(犯罪类型多样化)的项目描述内容进行了修订;(3)删除了访谈提纲中不符合中国罪犯实际的条目。采用修订后的量表对30名男性罪犯进行评定,结果是:评分的内部一致性系数为0.86,与Hare等人在2003年的PCL-R量表手册中的结果0.85相差无几;量表中绝大部分项目的评分者信度、题总相关和其他指标都符合心理测量学对信度的要求。此外,罪犯在反社会人格障碍量表中的得分与PCL-R量表中的总分存在显著的相关(r=0.43,p＜0.01);两次以上犯罪的累犯在PCL-R量表上的得分显著高于初犯(t=-2.459,p＜0.05);在研究3、研究4和研究5中,精神病态罪犯组与非精神病态罪犯组的差异显著,这些都证明了PCL-R量表具有良好的效度。总之,修订后的Hare精神病态量表(PCL-R)具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为评定罪犯精神病态人格障碍的有效工具。第二部分采用修订后的Hare精神病态量表和自编的罪犯基本情况调查表对60名男性罪犯进行了评定。结果发现(1)罪犯的年龄、受教育程度和婚姻状况等人口学变量影响精神病态量表的得分,主要表现在:罪犯年龄越大,精神病态的得分越低;受教育程度越高,精神病态量表的得分越低,大专以上文化程度罪犯的精神病态得分最低;未婚罪犯精神病态的得分显著高于已婚和离异的罪犯。(2)罪犯的犯罪次数、犯罪类型和原判刑期等犯罪学变量对精神病态量表得分的影响表现在犯罪的次数上,多次犯罪的累犯和惯犯精神病态的得分显著高于初犯,说明精神病态与多次重复犯罪有密切的关系。犯罪类型和原判刑期对精神病态量表得分的影响不明显。
在研究的第二阶段,采用半结构访谈、档案分析、量表评定、自我报告以及实验等多种方法对精神病态者的自我进行了系统的实证研究。研究结果发现,精神病态男性罪犯的自我具有下述特点:
(1)精神病态罪犯组的自我价值感总分与非精神病态罪犯组没有显著的差异,但是,两组被试在社会取向的一般自我价值感维度差异显著,精神病态罪犯组社会取向的一般自我价值感显著低于非精神病态罪犯组。表明精神病态罪犯比非精神病态罪犯感受到更多的社会压力。
(2)精神病态罪犯组一般自我效能感显著低于非精神病态罪犯组。表明精神病态罪犯比非精神病态罪犯对自己适应环境、应付不同问题的能力缺乏自信。
(3)精神病态罪犯的自我和谐度显著低于非精神病态罪犯。在自我和谐的三个维度中,精神病态罪犯在自我与经验的不和谐和刻板性两个维度上显著低于非精神病态罪犯。表明精神病态罪犯比非精神病态罪犯的自我与经验更不和谐、自我概念更加僵化和刻板、自我和谐度更差。
(4)精神病态罪犯组没有出现明显的自我参照效应,也没有出现母亲参照效应。无论是加工方式还是判断方式的实验结果都提示精神病态罪犯的自我是混乱的,存在自我意识的缺陷。
记忆自我参照效应的实验研究结果提示我们,精神病态罪犯的自我是有缺陷的,他们没有清晰的自我意识。在对他们的自我价值感、一般自我效能感和自我和谐的调查中也取得了类似的证据:他们的自我价值感甚至明显低于劳教戒毒者;一般自我效能感显著低于非精神病态者,对自己适应环境、应付多种问题的能力缺乏自信;他们的自我与经验不和谐,刻板、僵化,和谐度很差。根据四个研究的结果,我们认为精神病态罪犯的自我是病态和不成熟的,这种病态和不成熟的自我导致了他们象儿童一样的幼稚,表现出一些儿童期的行为特征,如自我中心、冲动、无力延迟满足、寻求刺激等。这种病态和不成熟的自我可能与他们的大脑不成熟有密切的关系,也可能与他们严重的社会化缺陷有关。
Psychopathy is a kind of personality disorder that displays in interpersonal relationship, emotion, life style, anti-social trait and other aspects, including deceiving, manoeuvring, self-centered, lacking the sense of responsibility, impulsion, stimulation seeking, poor ability of behavior controlling, feelings of shallow, lacking of compassion, guilty and self-blame, sexual relations confusion, as well as other violate ethic and anti-social behaviors. It has been found that, compared with non-psychopathic offenders, psychopathic offenders are more prone to violate social rules and laws, display more inhumane and extreme pattern of violations, have an earlier age for the first time of crime, their criminal activities are more extensive and diverse, recidivism rates are very high, and the proportions of problems in alcohol and substance abusing, violating disciplines in prison, family violence and other aspects are higher. Psychopathic offenders are a special group of offenders, and the investigation of those people's personality is of great theoretical and practical significance. In theory, the study of psychopathic offender's self can fill the blank in psychology and criminal jurisprudence. Thus far we haven't found any empirical study of psychopathic offenders' personality taken from the viewpoint of self. Self is core of personality and it plays a center role in individual's personality. The investigation to the trait of such a special group of psychopathic offender's self not only enriches the contents of self in personality psychology, but also provides important empirical materials and new research method to theories of criminal personality in personality criminal jurisprudence. In practice, the investigation to the trait of such a special group of psychopathic offender's self can reveal the key characteristic of personality distortion. It not only provides theoretical supports to criminal investigation, interrogation and adjudgement of offenders, makes the conviction to be more scientific, but also provides psychology basis to the education for this special kind of offenders, makes the pertinence of the education activities to be more stronger, it's effect to be more obvious, thus preventing offenders from returning crime, reducing crime rates/and maintaining social stability.
Our study's aims are as follows: (1) Introduce in a western country's potent tool of evaluating psychopath, and provide a tool of great operational quality, reliability and validity for screening and assessing psychopath. (2) Reveal the basic characteristic of male psychopathic offenders. (3)Conduct systemic empirical study for some special contents of the psychopathic offender's self, such as self-worth, the generality of self-efficacy, self-consistency and memory self-reference effect. Thus find out the characteristic of psychopathic offender's self and further examine the validity of Hare Psychopathy Checklist.
The study divides into two stages. In the first stage, we mainly revised the Psychopathy Checklist -Revised (PCL-R) and examined its reliability and validity. Then we assessed male offenders by the scale to find out the offenders' general characteristic of psychopathy. There are two parts in the first stage. The first part is carries on the revision to PCL-R. Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is composed of three parts, namely the items of PCL-R, the item description of PCL-R and the interview compendium respectively. In the revision process, we adopted methods of translation and back translation to all the contents in PCL-R, and after the evaluation of 2 offenders according to the standard procedure strictly, we revised the items of the scale and other related materials in light of our country's present penal code and the practice of criminal execution. The important revises include: (1) Delete the item 19 of PCL-R (re-offending in the Parole period) which cannot be assessed in our country. (2) Revise the contents of item 20(diversification of criminal types) based on the penal code in continental legal system. (3) Delete those items which are not consistent with the actual situation of our country's offenders in the interview compendium. The results of the assessment to 30 male offenders by the revised scale are as follows: The internal consistency reliability of the scale is 0.86, which is almost the same with Hare's result of 0.85 on the manual of PCL-R in 2003; The scorer reliability, correlation between items and total score and other indexes of most items in the scale can meet the requirement of reliability in psychometrika. In addition, there is a significant correlation between the scores of offenders on the antisocial personality disorder scale and the total scores on PCL-R (r=0.43, p<0.01); The PCL-R scores of recidivisms who offended twice or more are significantly higher than scores of those first offenders (t=-2.459, p<0.05); In study 3, study 4 and study 5, there are significant differences between the psychopathic group and nonpsychopathic group. All of these prove that PCL-R has great validity. To sum up, the revised Hare PCL-R is of great reliability and validity, and it can be used as an efficient instrument for assessing the psychopathy personality disorder of offenders. In the second part, we assessed 60 male offenders by the revised PCL-R and the Offender's basic information Questionnaire established by ourselves. The results indicate that: (1) Demographic variables such as offenders' age, education level, marital status influence scores on PCL-R, and the affect mainly displays in following aspects: the larger of the offender's age the lower his PCL-R score; the higher of offender's education level the lower his PCL-R score, PCL-R scores of offenders who have received a junior college's education are the lowest; PCL-R scores of unmarried offenders are significantly higher than scores of those married and divorced offenders. (2) The influence of the criminological variables such as the number of crimes, criminal types and original term of sentence on the PCL-R score mainly displays in the number of crimes. Scores of recidivisms who offended more than once are significantly higher than scores of first offenders, and this indicates that psychopathy is closely related to repeated crime. The influences of the criminal type and original term of sentence on PCL-R are not obvious.
In the second stage, we adopted many techniques such as structured interview, archival analytic, scale assessment, self-report and experimental method to carry on the systemic empirical study on psychopathic offender's self. The results showed that the characteristics of male psychopathic offender's self are as follows:
(1) The difference between the psychopathic offenders' total scores on self-worth and the nonpsychopathic offenders' is not obvious. But the difference in the generality self-worth of social orientation between these two groups is significant. The psychopathic group's generality self-worth in social orientation is significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's which indicates psychopathic offenders feel more social pressures compared with nonpsychopathic offenders.
(2) The generality self-efficacy of the psychopathic group is significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's. The result suggests that compared with those nonpsychopathic offenders, psychopathic offenders have less self-confidence in adapting to environment and dealing with different problems.
(3)The psychopathic group's self-consistency or congruence is significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's. Among the three dimensions of self-consistency or congruence, psychopathic offenders' scores on the inharmonic of the self and experience dimension and the stereotypy dimension are significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's, which indicates that compared with nonpsychopathic offenders, psychopathic offenders' self and experience are more inharmonious with each other; their self-concept is more rigescent and straitlaced; their self-consistency or congruence is worse.
(4) The psychopathic group does not appear obvious self-reference effect or mother-reference effect. All the experimental results of processing manner and judgement manner reveal that psychopathic offenders' self is chaotic, and their self-consciousness is deficient.
The study findings of memory self-reference effect suggest us: psychopathic offenders' self is deficient, and they don't have clear self-consciousness. Similar results can be found in the study of their self-worth, the generality of self-efficacy and self-consistency or congruence: Their self-worth even significantly lower than those drug abusers' who are experiencing reeducation and labor rehabilitation. The generality self-efficacy of the psychopathic group is significantly lower than nonpsychopathic group's, and they have less self-confidence in adapting to environment and dealing with different problem; Their self and experience are inharmonious with each other, their self is rigescent, straitlaced and of poor harmony ability. According to these four study results, we can say that psychopathic offenders' self is not mature, which results in their childish trait just like children, and displaying some behavior characteristics that should only be found in childhood, such as self-centered, impulsion, poor ability of delay-of-gratification, stimulation seeking and so on. This unmature self may has some close relationship with the inmature of their cerebra, or may be related to their limitation of socialization.
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