羌塘盆地白垩系海相油页岩的发现及其石油地质意义
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摘要
羌塘中生代盆地被认为是青藏高原油气资源潜力最大和最有希望首先取得勘探突破的盆地。近年来,在羌塘盆地胜利河、长梁山、长蛇山、托纳木等地发现了目前我国规模最大的海相油页岩一北羌塘油页岩带。这些油页岩之上普遍沉积了低孔、低渗的膏岩盖层。这一发现一方面找到了大量的油页岩资源,另一方面证实了羌塘盆地具备良好的区域性封盖层,解决了羌塘区域封盖保存条件不好这一长期困扰人们的问题。
本文重点开展了以下几个方面的研究工作：1)羌塘盆地白垩系海相油页岩系沉积时期的生物年代地层、地层分布、沉积相的展布、沉积体系及该时期的岩相古地理特征分析；2)海相油页岩系沉积时期的古气候和古环境研究；3)海相油页岩的矿物学及有机地球化学分析；4)海相油页岩系沉积控制因素分析,并建立海相油页岩系的沉积演化模式。
具体研究成果如下：
(1)羌塘盆地白垩系海相油页岩系沉积于索瓦组上段中。通过区域地层划分与对比,与该套油页岩系同时沉积的地层还有白龙冰河组和雪山组,白龙冰河组主要为富含菊石地层,分布于盆地的西北部；而雪山组主要出露于盆地的边缘地区。另外,首次在南羌塘安多县鄂斯玛地区发现了早白垩世孢粉和丰富的海相沟鞭藻,这一发现对于研究羌塘盆地沉积构造演化具有重要的地质意义。
(2)海相油页岩系沉积时期主要发育河流—三角洲沉积体系、海湾沉积体系和浅海陆棚沉积体系,分别又可进一步细分为三角洲相、河流相；潮坪相、泻湖相和蒸发岩相；陆棚相和碳酸盐台地相。
(3)对胜利河、半岛湖、那底岗日、龙尾湖以及托纳木等剖面白垩系索瓦组上段及温泉剖面的雪山组样品中分析出的孢粉定量分析表明,海相油页岩沉积时期为温暖潮湿的气候环境,而其上部的膏岩和泥灰岩组合则沉积于炎热干旱的气候环境,这种垂向上的古气候变化特征在整个羌塘盆地都普遍存在。
(4)对长梁山油页岩和胜利河油页岩剖面的样品进行了常量、微量和稀土元素分析。结果表明,油页岩沉积时期,为缺氧一贫氧的还原环境,而非油页岩沉积时期以氧化环境为主。
(5)对海相油页岩的常用有机地化指标(TOC、Pr/Ph、C35升藿烷指标)分析表明,油页岩的TOC含量均较高,一般都反映了缺氧的沉积环境。油页岩的Pr/Ph基本都小于1.0,显示植烷优势,反映了还原、缺氧的沉积环境,而非油页岩沉积时期的沉积环境偏向氧化。在Pr/Ph—Pr/nC17—Ph/nC18三角图解中,油页岩大部分处于盐湖成因有机质的范围内,也说明了油页岩形成于高盐度、还原的沉积环境,与C35升藿烷指数判定的结果也基本一致。
(6)胜利河油页岩TOC含量在4.31%～21.37%之间,均值为8.40%；托纳木油页岩的TOC含量也较高,最大值为25.68%,平均为9.32%；长梁山剖面油页岩的TOC含量在2.96%～23.47%之间,平均值为9.56%；长蛇山油页岩样品的TOC含量在4.53%-9.49%之间,平均值为7.74%。长蛇山油页岩干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ1型,少数为Ⅱ2和Ⅲ型；胜利河油页岩主要为Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型干酪根,而托纳木油页岩的干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ1型和Ⅰ型。
(7)对白垩系海相油页岩的沉积控制因素进行了分析,包括缺氧富氧状态、古生产力、古气候、粘土矿物的混积作用、古地形条件以及海平面变化等。其中,油页岩的总有机碳含量(TOC)与古环境元素指标Mo.V存在较强的相关关系,相关系数分别为0.975和0.917,而与古生产力指标P/Ti、Ba/A1之间为弱相关或无相关关系,相关系数分别为0.481和-0.739。因此,本文认为海相油页岩的形成以“保存模式”为主,有机质沉积时的水体环境对高有机碳含量的油页岩的形成起到了主导作用。油页岩上部以膏岩为主的沉积组合在横向上受蒸发泻湖相控制,而在垂向上则受到了古气候条件的制约。
The Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin is regarded to be of the largest oil and gas resource potential and the most hopeful exploration area on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Recent years, the largest marine oil shale zone in China was found in the Shengli River, Changliang Mountain, Changshe Mountain and Tuonamu regions in the Qiangtang Basin, which was called the North Qiangtang Basin Oil Shale Zone. In addition, overlying the oil shale, where generally deposited low porosity and low permeability gypsum. This discovery, on one hand, found plenty of oil shale resources, and on the other hand, confirmed that there were good regional seals in the Qiangtang Basin and solved the problem of bad regional sealing preservation condition.
In this paper, we focus on the following several research works, including1) the chronostratigraphy, stratigraphic distribution, the distribution of sedimentary facies, depositional system and the lithofacies palaeogeography characteristics during the Cretaceous marine oil shale series deposition;2) the palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment during the Cretaceous marine oil shale series deposition;3) the mineralogy and organic geochemistry of the marine oil shale;4) the control factors and the sedimentation model of the marine oil shale series.
The results are listed as follows:
(1) The Cretaceous oil shale series were mainly deposited in the Upper part of the Suowa Formation (Fm). Through regional stratigraphic classification and correlation, it reveals that the Upper part of the Suowa Fm, Bailongbinghe Fm and Xueshan Fm were the contemporaneous and heteropic deposits. The Bailongbinghe Fm was rich in ammonites and distributed in the northeastern part. The Xueshan Fm mainly outcropped in the edge of this basin. Additionally, the early Cretaceous sporopollen and rich marine dinoflagellates were first found in the Anduo region of South Qiangtang Basin, which would be of important geological significance for the study of sedimentary tectonic evolution of the Qiangtang Basin.
(2) During the Cretaceous oil shale series deposition, there were mainly three depositional systems, including:fluvial-delta depositional system, gulf depositional system and neritic platform depositional system, and they could be further subdivided into delta facies, fluvial facies; tidal flat facies, lagoon facies and evaporate facies; shelf facies and carbonate platform facies, respectively.
(3) According to the quantitative analysis of the sporopollen fossils of the Upper part of the Suowa Fm in the Shengli River, Bandao Lake, Nadi Kangri, Longwei Lake and Tuonamu sections, and of the Xueshan Fm in the Wenquan section, it shows that the climate during the marine oil shale deposition period was warm and humid, while the climate during the gypsum and marl deposition overlying the oil shale was hot and arid. Furthermore, this vertical changed climate was universal in the whole Qiangtang Basin.
(4) We selected the Changliang Mountain section and Shengli River oil shale section as study objects for trace and rare elements analysis. The result shows that during the marine oil shale deposition, the palaeoenvironment was anoxic to dysoxic reductive environment. However, the palaeoenvironment was mainly oxic during the non-oil shale deposition.
(5) According to the analysis of the common organic geochemical index (TOC, Pr/Ph and C35hopane index), it revealed that the TOC content of the marine oil shale was high, which generally reflected the anoxic depositional environment. The Pr/Ph ratio of the oil shale was almost less than1.0, showing phytane advantages, and revealed a reductive and anoxic depositional environment. While during the non-oil shale deposition, the sedimentary environment changed to be oxic. In the Pr/Ph-Pr/nC17-Ph/nC18triangular diagram, most of the oil shale samples were dropped into the salt lake area, illustrating high salinity and reductive sedimentary environment, which was consistent with the C35hopane index determination result.
(6) The TOC content of the Shengli River oil shale ranges from4.31%to21.37%, with an average of8.40%; the TOC content of the Tuonamu oil shale is also very high, and the maximum is25.68%, with an average of9.32%; the TOC content of the Changliang Mountain oil shale varies from2.96%to23.47%, with an average of9.56%; and the TOC content of the Changshe Mountain is between4.53%and9.49%, with an average of7.74%. The Changshe Mountain oil shale is mainly of type Ⅲ and a few type Ⅱ2and Ⅲ kerogen; the Shengli River oil shale is mainly type Ⅲ and type Ⅱ2kerogen, while the Tuonamu oil shale is mainly type Ⅲ and type Ⅰ kerogen.
(7) The control factors of the development of the Cretaceous marine oil shale were analysed, including:the redox state, palaeo-productivity, paleoclimate, the mixed deposits with clay mineral, differential palaeotopography and the sea level change. There is a significant positive relationship between TOC and palaeoenvironment element index Mo (r=0.975) and V (r=0.917), while TOC shows a weak and negative relationship between the palaeo-productivity index P/Al (r=0.481) and Ba/A1(r=-0.739). Therefore, this paper proposes that the formation of the Cretaceous marine shale is mainly of preservation mode. The water environment during the organic matter deposit played a leading role in the formation of high TOC content in the oil shale. The gypsum overlying the oil shale was controlled by evaporated lagoon facies in the lateral and controlled by the palaeoclimate condition in the vertical.
本文重点开展了以下几个方面的研究工作：1)羌塘盆地白垩系海相油页岩系沉积时期的生物年代地层、地层分布、沉积相的展布、沉积体系及该时期的岩相古地理特征分析；2)海相油页岩系沉积时期的古气候和古环境研究；3)海相油页岩的矿物学及有机地球化学分析；4)海相油页岩系沉积控制因素分析,并建立海相油页岩系的沉积演化模式。
具体研究成果如下：
(1)羌塘盆地白垩系海相油页岩系沉积于索瓦组上段中。通过区域地层划分与对比,与该套油页岩系同时沉积的地层还有白龙冰河组和雪山组,白龙冰河组主要为富含菊石地层,分布于盆地的西北部；而雪山组主要出露于盆地的边缘地区。另外,首次在南羌塘安多县鄂斯玛地区发现了早白垩世孢粉和丰富的海相沟鞭藻,这一发现对于研究羌塘盆地沉积构造演化具有重要的地质意义。
(2)海相油页岩系沉积时期主要发育河流—三角洲沉积体系、海湾沉积体系和浅海陆棚沉积体系,分别又可进一步细分为三角洲相、河流相；潮坪相、泻湖相和蒸发岩相；陆棚相和碳酸盐台地相。
(3)对胜利河、半岛湖、那底岗日、龙尾湖以及托纳木等剖面白垩系索瓦组上段及温泉剖面的雪山组样品中分析出的孢粉定量分析表明,海相油页岩沉积时期为温暖潮湿的气候环境,而其上部的膏岩和泥灰岩组合则沉积于炎热干旱的气候环境,这种垂向上的古气候变化特征在整个羌塘盆地都普遍存在。
(4)对长梁山油页岩和胜利河油页岩剖面的样品进行了常量、微量和稀土元素分析。结果表明,油页岩沉积时期,为缺氧一贫氧的还原环境,而非油页岩沉积时期以氧化环境为主。
(5)对海相油页岩的常用有机地化指标(TOC、Pr/Ph、C35升藿烷指标)分析表明,油页岩的TOC含量均较高,一般都反映了缺氧的沉积环境。油页岩的Pr/Ph基本都小于1.0,显示植烷优势,反映了还原、缺氧的沉积环境,而非油页岩沉积时期的沉积环境偏向氧化。在Pr/Ph—Pr/nC17—Ph/nC18三角图解中,油页岩大部分处于盐湖成因有机质的范围内,也说明了油页岩形成于高盐度、还原的沉积环境,与C35升藿烷指数判定的结果也基本一致。
(6)胜利河油页岩TOC含量在4.31%～21.37%之间,均值为8.40%；托纳木油页岩的TOC含量也较高,最大值为25.68%,平均为9.32%；长梁山剖面油页岩的TOC含量在2.96%～23.47%之间,平均值为9.56%；长蛇山油页岩样品的TOC含量在4.53%-9.49%之间,平均值为7.74%。长蛇山油页岩干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ1型,少数为Ⅱ2和Ⅲ型；胜利河油页岩主要为Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型干酪根,而托纳木油页岩的干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ1型和Ⅰ型。
(7)对白垩系海相油页岩的沉积控制因素进行了分析,包括缺氧富氧状态、古生产力、古气候、粘土矿物的混积作用、古地形条件以及海平面变化等。其中,油页岩的总有机碳含量(TOC)与古环境元素指标Mo.V存在较强的相关关系,相关系数分别为0.975和0.917,而与古生产力指标P/Ti、Ba/A1之间为弱相关或无相关关系,相关系数分别为0.481和-0.739。因此,本文认为海相油页岩的形成以“保存模式”为主,有机质沉积时的水体环境对高有机碳含量的油页岩的形成起到了主导作用。油页岩上部以膏岩为主的沉积组合在横向上受蒸发泻湖相控制,而在垂向上则受到了古气候条件的制约。
The Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin is regarded to be of the largest oil and gas resource potential and the most hopeful exploration area on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Recent years, the largest marine oil shale zone in China was found in the Shengli River, Changliang Mountain, Changshe Mountain and Tuonamu regions in the Qiangtang Basin, which was called the North Qiangtang Basin Oil Shale Zone. In addition, overlying the oil shale, where generally deposited low porosity and low permeability gypsum. This discovery, on one hand, found plenty of oil shale resources, and on the other hand, confirmed that there were good regional seals in the Qiangtang Basin and solved the problem of bad regional sealing preservation condition.
In this paper, we focus on the following several research works, including1) the chronostratigraphy, stratigraphic distribution, the distribution of sedimentary facies, depositional system and the lithofacies palaeogeography characteristics during the Cretaceous marine oil shale series deposition;2) the palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment during the Cretaceous marine oil shale series deposition;3) the mineralogy and organic geochemistry of the marine oil shale;4) the control factors and the sedimentation model of the marine oil shale series.
The results are listed as follows:
(1) The Cretaceous oil shale series were mainly deposited in the Upper part of the Suowa Formation (Fm). Through regional stratigraphic classification and correlation, it reveals that the Upper part of the Suowa Fm, Bailongbinghe Fm and Xueshan Fm were the contemporaneous and heteropic deposits. The Bailongbinghe Fm was rich in ammonites and distributed in the northeastern part. The Xueshan Fm mainly outcropped in the edge of this basin. Additionally, the early Cretaceous sporopollen and rich marine dinoflagellates were first found in the Anduo region of South Qiangtang Basin, which would be of important geological significance for the study of sedimentary tectonic evolution of the Qiangtang Basin.
(2) During the Cretaceous oil shale series deposition, there were mainly three depositional systems, including:fluvial-delta depositional system, gulf depositional system and neritic platform depositional system, and they could be further subdivided into delta facies, fluvial facies; tidal flat facies, lagoon facies and evaporate facies; shelf facies and carbonate platform facies, respectively.
(3) According to the quantitative analysis of the sporopollen fossils of the Upper part of the Suowa Fm in the Shengli River, Bandao Lake, Nadi Kangri, Longwei Lake and Tuonamu sections, and of the Xueshan Fm in the Wenquan section, it shows that the climate during the marine oil shale deposition period was warm and humid, while the climate during the gypsum and marl deposition overlying the oil shale was hot and arid. Furthermore, this vertical changed climate was universal in the whole Qiangtang Basin.
(4) We selected the Changliang Mountain section and Shengli River oil shale section as study objects for trace and rare elements analysis. The result shows that during the marine oil shale deposition, the palaeoenvironment was anoxic to dysoxic reductive environment. However, the palaeoenvironment was mainly oxic during the non-oil shale deposition.
(5) According to the analysis of the common organic geochemical index (TOC, Pr/Ph and C35hopane index), it revealed that the TOC content of the marine oil shale was high, which generally reflected the anoxic depositional environment. The Pr/Ph ratio of the oil shale was almost less than1.0, showing phytane advantages, and revealed a reductive and anoxic depositional environment. While during the non-oil shale deposition, the sedimentary environment changed to be oxic. In the Pr/Ph-Pr/nC17-Ph/nC18triangular diagram, most of the oil shale samples were dropped into the salt lake area, illustrating high salinity and reductive sedimentary environment, which was consistent with the C35hopane index determination result.
(6) The TOC content of the Shengli River oil shale ranges from4.31%to21.37%, with an average of8.40%; the TOC content of the Tuonamu oil shale is also very high, and the maximum is25.68%, with an average of9.32%; the TOC content of the Changliang Mountain oil shale varies from2.96%to23.47%, with an average of9.56%; and the TOC content of the Changshe Mountain is between4.53%and9.49%, with an average of7.74%. The Changshe Mountain oil shale is mainly of type Ⅲ and a few type Ⅱ2and Ⅲ kerogen; the Shengli River oil shale is mainly type Ⅲ and type Ⅱ2kerogen, while the Tuonamu oil shale is mainly type Ⅲ and type Ⅰ kerogen.
(7) The control factors of the development of the Cretaceous marine oil shale were analysed, including:the redox state, palaeo-productivity, paleoclimate, the mixed deposits with clay mineral, differential palaeotopography and the sea level change. There is a significant positive relationship between TOC and palaeoenvironment element index Mo (r=0.975) and V (r=0.917), while TOC shows a weak and negative relationship between the palaeo-productivity index P/Al (r=0.481) and Ba/A1(r=-0.739). Therefore, this paper proposes that the formation of the Cretaceous marine shale is mainly of preservation mode. The water environment during the organic matter deposit played a leading role in the formation of high TOC content in the oil shale. The gypsum overlying the oil shale was controlled by evaporated lagoon facies in the lateral and controlled by the palaeoclimate condition in the vertical.
引文
①青海区域地质调查队,《温泉幅》1：20万区域地质调查报告,1987.
②吉林大学地质调查研究院.中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告(1：25万玛依岗日幅地质报告).2006.
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