震后公路边坡崩塌灾害分类与形成机理研究
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摘要
2008年5月12日发生了震惊中外的汶川8.0级特大地震,此次地震引发了山区公路两侧大量的崩塌地质灾害,严重损毁了公路等交通基础设施,给抗震救灾工作和灾区人民生产生活产生极大的影响。根据目前对于汶川地震灾区公路震害调查,高陡斜坡岩体产生的崩塌灾害不仅局限于地震直接诱发斜坡岩体崩塌损毁公路,地震还引起大量斜坡岩体的震裂和松动,即所谓的“震裂山体”。震裂山体在后期余震、降雨及重力作用下变形不断发展,有可能再次发生崩塌灾害(震后崩塌),给灾后恢复重建和重建后公路安全运营带来巨大的安全隐患。
本文在充分收集前人研究成果和四川省震后重建的省道303线沿线区域地质环境资料的基础上,通过对该公路沿线震后崩塌灾害实地的调查分析和室内资料总结归纳,进行了震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害系统的分类,研究了震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害的发育规律特点,并对震后公路边坡崩塌灾害形成的机理及发育过程进行了系统深入的研究,形成一个比较完整的研究体系。论文主要取得了以下研究成果：
(1)对省道S303线K0+000～K45+500沿线震后崩塌地质灾害调查研究的基础上,首先阐明了地震引发的公路边坡地质灾害概况、地震引发公路边坡地质灾害的主要形式和发育特点。通过对省道S303线震后边坡地质灾害调查,查明了震后沿线发育的地质灾害类型和数量,并将崩塌灾害划分为震时崩塌目前基本稳定、震时崩塌仍不稳定、震后崩塌目前基本稳定和震后崩塌仍不稳定4种。
(2)通过对99处崩塌灾害点调查和115条实测剖面分析,得到了震后公路边坡崩塌灾害的发生与斜坡坡度、坡高、坡向、坡形、结构、岩性等的关系,研究了其发育特征。
(3)以崩塌灾害的危害对象、发生时间、运动方式、崩塌物源与路基的关系等四个方面作为分类依据,对震后公路边坡崩塌灾害进行了系统的分类,形成了具有震后公路边坡崩塌灾害特色的分类系统。
(4)在详细阐述震后崩塌地质灾害形成影响因素和发育演化过程的基础上,将震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害的形成机理归纳为震裂—滑移式、震裂—倾倒式、震裂—溃屈式和震裂—错断式。
A devastating earthquake of magnitude 8.0 was happened in May 12,2008, Wenchuan, China. This earthquake induced large numbers of geology disasters along highways and damaged many infrastructures. Large numbers of rock falls were happened everywhere which added huge troubles to the evacuation and rescue of people after quake. According to the survey conducted recently, many high steep slope failures not only induced rock fall which damaged the highway facilities, the quake also produced several cracks and loss of rock mass, a technical term "cracked rock mass" is introduced. Those induced cracks develop and increase as the rainfall, gravity and subsequent small earthquake happens. In this situation, potential geology disaster will happen which poses great safety issues to the reconstruction and running of highways after the earthquake.
This study is based on a widely literature of the previous published results. A particular area near highway 303 was selected where extensively geology data were incorporated. A series of geology disaster surveys were done on this portion of high way, different geology hazards were sorted and categorized in different groups. The rules of earthquake induced rock fall were developed and a theoretical mechanism about how these geology disasters happened were established and well studied. To sum up, this study has achieved the following results.
(1) A brief introduction about how these geology disaster happened along the section of K0+000—K45+500, Highway S303 was given in the beginning. After a thorough investigation of all the disasters happened along the highway s303, the numbers and properties of these disasters were summarized, according to the current stress strain conditions, different rock fall disasters are sorted into:roughly stable, unstable during quake, post quake stable, and post quake unstable, respectively.
(2) About 99 rock fall disasters were comprehensively studied and 115 cross sections were drawn in this study, the inclination, height of the slope, dip, shape, structure and rock properties were achieved.
(3) The study is focused on the rock fall, what it affects, how it happens, when and where it will happen, what's the relationship between rock fall source and road shoulders were all intensively studied. Based on these study areas, rock falls happened after quake were sorted and categorized in different groups. These categories act as a standing out part in sorting post earthquake geology disasters.
(4) Based on the comprehensive study of the geology disasters after earthquake, a series of mechanisms about how rock falls happened were concluded, namely they are:quake induced tension cracks-sliding, quake induced tension cracks-tilting, quake induced tension cracks-failure-staging respectively.
本文在充分收集前人研究成果和四川省震后重建的省道303线沿线区域地质环境资料的基础上,通过对该公路沿线震后崩塌灾害实地的调查分析和室内资料总结归纳,进行了震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害系统的分类,研究了震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害的发育规律特点,并对震后公路边坡崩塌灾害形成的机理及发育过程进行了系统深入的研究,形成一个比较完整的研究体系。论文主要取得了以下研究成果：
(1)对省道S303线K0+000～K45+500沿线震后崩塌地质灾害调查研究的基础上,首先阐明了地震引发的公路边坡地质灾害概况、地震引发公路边坡地质灾害的主要形式和发育特点。通过对省道S303线震后边坡地质灾害调查,查明了震后沿线发育的地质灾害类型和数量,并将崩塌灾害划分为震时崩塌目前基本稳定、震时崩塌仍不稳定、震后崩塌目前基本稳定和震后崩塌仍不稳定4种。
(2)通过对99处崩塌灾害点调查和115条实测剖面分析,得到了震后公路边坡崩塌灾害的发生与斜坡坡度、坡高、坡向、坡形、结构、岩性等的关系,研究了其发育特征。
(3)以崩塌灾害的危害对象、发生时间、运动方式、崩塌物源与路基的关系等四个方面作为分类依据,对震后公路边坡崩塌灾害进行了系统的分类,形成了具有震后公路边坡崩塌灾害特色的分类系统。
(4)在详细阐述震后崩塌地质灾害形成影响因素和发育演化过程的基础上,将震后公路边坡崩塌地质灾害的形成机理归纳为震裂—滑移式、震裂—倾倒式、震裂—溃屈式和震裂—错断式。
A devastating earthquake of magnitude 8.0 was happened in May 12,2008, Wenchuan, China. This earthquake induced large numbers of geology disasters along highways and damaged many infrastructures. Large numbers of rock falls were happened everywhere which added huge troubles to the evacuation and rescue of people after quake. According to the survey conducted recently, many high steep slope failures not only induced rock fall which damaged the highway facilities, the quake also produced several cracks and loss of rock mass, a technical term "cracked rock mass" is introduced. Those induced cracks develop and increase as the rainfall, gravity and subsequent small earthquake happens. In this situation, potential geology disaster will happen which poses great safety issues to the reconstruction and running of highways after the earthquake.
This study is based on a widely literature of the previous published results. A particular area near highway 303 was selected where extensively geology data were incorporated. A series of geology disaster surveys were done on this portion of high way, different geology hazards were sorted and categorized in different groups. The rules of earthquake induced rock fall were developed and a theoretical mechanism about how these geology disasters happened were established and well studied. To sum up, this study has achieved the following results.
(1) A brief introduction about how these geology disaster happened along the section of K0+000—K45+500, Highway S303 was given in the beginning. After a thorough investigation of all the disasters happened along the highway s303, the numbers and properties of these disasters were summarized, according to the current stress strain conditions, different rock fall disasters are sorted into:roughly stable, unstable during quake, post quake stable, and post quake unstable, respectively.
(2) About 99 rock fall disasters were comprehensively studied and 115 cross sections were drawn in this study, the inclination, height of the slope, dip, shape, structure and rock properties were achieved.
(3) The study is focused on the rock fall, what it affects, how it happens, when and where it will happen, what's the relationship between rock fall source and road shoulders were all intensively studied. Based on these study areas, rock falls happened after quake were sorted and categorized in different groups. These categories act as a standing out part in sorting post earthquake geology disasters.
(4) Based on the comprehensive study of the geology disasters after earthquake, a series of mechanisms about how rock falls happened were concluded, namely they are:quake induced tension cracks-sliding, quake induced tension cracks-tilting, quake induced tension cracks-failure-staging respectively.
引文
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[2]R.B.Attewel landl.W.Farmer. principles of Engineering Geology[M]. John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,New York,1976.
[3]山田刚二、渡正亮、小桥澄治.滑坡和斜坡崩坍及其防治[M].北京：科学出版社,1980.
[4]Cavers D S. Simple methods to analyze buckling of rock slopes[M].Rock Mech.,1981.
[5]Hoek E & Bray J W. Rock slope engineering [M].Inst of Mining and Metallurgy,London,1981.
[6]胡厚田.崩塌与落石[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,1989.
[7]曾廉.崩塌与防治[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,1990.
[8]杨淑碧、董孝壁.重庆市中心区危岩稳定性研究[M].成都：成都科技大学出版社,1994.
[9]旷镇国.重庆市中区危岩崩塌特征、形成机制及防治研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1995,6(3)：51～56.
[10]张齐华、彭光忠、付少兰等.链子崖危岩体变形破坏系统辨识[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1998,17(5)：544～551.
[11]刘廷登.砂页岩悬崖陡壁危岩发育机制浅探[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2001,12(3)：53～56.
[12]黄润秋、裴向军.雅砻江流域高边坡发育的动力过程及其工程适宜性评价研究报告[R].成都理工大学,2005.
[13]地质矿产行业标准《滑坡防治工程勘查规范》[S].DZ/T 0218,2006.
[14]汤明高.山区河道型水库塌岸预测评价方法及防治技术研究——以三峡水库为例[D].成都理工大学博士论文,2007.
[15]张瑛.“5.12”汶川大地震震裂山体灾害勘查评价与治理设计方法研究[D].成都理工大学硕士论文,2009.
[16]陈洪凯、欧阳仲春、廖世荣.三峡库区危岩综合治理研究技术及应用[J].地下空间,2002,22(2)：97～101.
[17]吴文雪、刘耕.三峡库区危岩稳定性分析[J].重庆交通学院学报,2003,22：112-116.
[18]陈智强、李渝生.重庆市南川甑子岩危岩形成演化机制分析及防治措施探讨[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2004,15(2)：78～81.
[19]张倬元、王士天、王兰生.工程地质分析原理[M].北京：地质出版社,1994.
[20]黄润秋、王贤能、唐胜传.热应力的交变作用对边坡崩塌形成的影响[J].自然科学进展,1999,9(8)：716～722.
[21]徐永年、匡尚富、李文.边坡形状对崩塌的影响[J].泥沙研究,1999,5：67～73.
[22]胡存亮.山区公路崩塌地质灾害评判模型研究[J].交通标准化,2007,7：53～56.
[23]李贡辉.基于模糊综合评价方法的崩塌落石影响参数关系探讨[J].中国水运,2008,8(8)：67～69.
[24]许向宁、王兰生.地震导致山体变形破裂机制地质力学模拟试验研究[J].地学前缘,2008,16(3)：333～340.
[25]张立、刘建华、吕东滨.地震荷载下岩质边坡动力失稳机制及影响因素分析[J].中外公路,2010,30(6)：21～26.
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