船舶油污强制责任保险法律制度研究
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摘要
船舶油污强制责任保险是应用到船舶油污领域的一种海上强制责任保险。作为依法强制适用于海上运输范围内的责任保险,海上强制责任保险近年来被广泛的应用到船舶油污损害、航运安全、海上旅客运输等领域,在《1996年国际海上运输有毒有害物质损害责任和赔偿公约》《2001年燃油污染损害民事责任国际公约》及《2002年国际海上旅客及其行李运输雅典公约》和世界一些航运发达国家的国内法中均有所体现,有力地保障了受害人的利益,已成为海上保险发展的新趋势。
随着水路运输的发展、航海技术的进步以及各国间贸易往来的更加频繁,海上运输活动的影响日益扩大。由于海上运输环境复杂、船舶的巨型化、石油化学品以及有毒有害化学品的运输量不断增加等因素的影响,海上运输存在着较大的风险,各种海上事故时有发生。一旦发生海上事故,船东本身即面临着巨大的经济损失和破产风险,遑论对受害人的高额赔偿。并且,船舶油污泄漏往往伴随着对当地生态环境的严重破坏和对沿岸国水产养殖业、旅游业的巨大打击,而船舶所有人的无力赔偿更使受污染地区的经济环境的恢复与发展雪上加霜,在这种背景下,船舶油污强制责任保险应运而生,以《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》为代表的相关海事公约所建立的船舶油污强制责任保险制度取得了显著成效。
我国新《防治船舶污染海洋环境管理条例》于2010年3月1日生效,与其相配套的《中华人民共和国船舶油污损害民事责任保险实施办法》也于2010年10月1日起开始实施。该条例和办法对我国船舶油污强制责任保险的构建具有里程碑式的意义。因此,在这样的背景下,有必要对船舶油污强制责任保险制度的相关问题进行新的梳理,并对我国船舶强制责任保险制度的立法构建提出相应的建议。
文章第一章阐述了船舶油污损害强制责任保险的基本理论,包括船舶油污损害的定义、强制责任保险的定义和特点,船舶油污强制保险的历史沿革和国际立法现状,以及强制保险与油污基金的关系;由于不同的油污损害赔偿法律对于强制责任保险的规定各不相同,文章第二章分析了在我国船舶油污损害赔偿的法律适用,指出了在不同情况下对不同的公约或国内法的适用,从而适用不同的强制保险条款;第三章论述了我国关于油污强制责任保险和基金的立法现状,着重分析了新出台的《保险法》、《防治船舶污染海洋环境管理条例》等法律关于强制保险制度的新规定以及对我国船舶油污损害赔偿立法与实践的影响;在此基础上,文章第四章指出了构建我国船舶油污强制责任保险制度中存在的问题,并对完善我国船舶油污强制责任保险提出了具体的建议,主要有扩大船舶油污强制保险的适用范围,明确无涉外因素沿海航线船舶油污损害赔偿的法律适用,对非持久性油类污染的法律适用做出明确规定和建立油污赔偿基金。
Oil pollution liability insurance is a type of marine compulsory liability insurance applied to the field of oil pollution. Being compulsorily applicable to maritime transport according to law, marine compulsory liability insurance has been widely applied to the fields of oil pollution damage, maritime safety, maritime passenger transport and other fields in recent years, which effectively protects the victim interests. Reflected in "International Convention on Liability And Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous And Noxious Substances By Sea,1996", "International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker oil Pollution Damage,2001","Athen's Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggages by Sea,2002" and domestic law of some shipping countries around the world, Oil pollution liability insurance has become the new development trend .
With the development of waterway transport, the improvement of marine technology and increased frequency of commercial intercourse among countries, the influence of maritime transport has enlarged. Under the influence of the complex environment of maritime transport, the giant ship, the growing amount of transport of petroleum and hazardous chemicals and other factors, risks of transport exist with the occurrence of various marine accidents. Without mentioning the high compensation for victims once marine accidents happen will the ship owners face huge economic losses and bankruptcy risks. Moreover oil leakage is often accompanied by the destruction to the local ecological environment and the great blow to the coastal aquaculture and tourism industry of coastal states. The inability of the ship owners to compensate makes the recovery and development of the economic environment of contaminated areas more difficult. Under the circumstances marine oil pollution liability insurance came into being and the establishment of it marked by "International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1969"as the representative of the relevant maritime conventions has achieved remarkable results.
China's new "Prevention of Pollution by Vessels in Marine Environmental Management Regulations"entered into force on March 1,2010,accompanied by“The People's Republic of China Shipping Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Insurance Implementing Measures"which also came into effect on October 1, 2010. The regulations above are milestones to construct oil pollution liability insurance. Therefore under such background it is necessary to sort out the relative problems and submit corresponding suggestions to china’s legal construction of compulsory liability insurance system for vessels.
The first chapter describes the basic theory of shipping oil pollution compulsory liability insurance; the second chapter analyzes the application of the law on compensation for shipping oil pollution damage in China and points out different application of conventions or national laws according to various conditions.Consequently,different compulsory insurance provisions is used accordingly;the third chapter discusses the current legislative situation of our country on oil compulsory liability insurance and fund, giving prominence to the new regulations about the compulsory insurance system in "Insurance Law" and "Prevention of Pollution by Vessels in Marine Environmental Management Regulations" as well as the legislative and practical influence of shipping oil pollution damage compensation in china; on this basis, the fourth chapter gives some proposal on how to improve the shipping oil pollution compulsory liability insurance system.
随着水路运输的发展、航海技术的进步以及各国间贸易往来的更加频繁,海上运输活动的影响日益扩大。由于海上运输环境复杂、船舶的巨型化、石油化学品以及有毒有害化学品的运输量不断增加等因素的影响,海上运输存在着较大的风险,各种海上事故时有发生。一旦发生海上事故,船东本身即面临着巨大的经济损失和破产风险,遑论对受害人的高额赔偿。并且,船舶油污泄漏往往伴随着对当地生态环境的严重破坏和对沿岸国水产养殖业、旅游业的巨大打击,而船舶所有人的无力赔偿更使受污染地区的经济环境的恢复与发展雪上加霜,在这种背景下,船舶油污强制责任保险应运而生,以《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》为代表的相关海事公约所建立的船舶油污强制责任保险制度取得了显著成效。
我国新《防治船舶污染海洋环境管理条例》于2010年3月1日生效,与其相配套的《中华人民共和国船舶油污损害民事责任保险实施办法》也于2010年10月1日起开始实施。该条例和办法对我国船舶油污强制责任保险的构建具有里程碑式的意义。因此,在这样的背景下,有必要对船舶油污强制责任保险制度的相关问题进行新的梳理,并对我国船舶强制责任保险制度的立法构建提出相应的建议。
文章第一章阐述了船舶油污损害强制责任保险的基本理论,包括船舶油污损害的定义、强制责任保险的定义和特点,船舶油污强制保险的历史沿革和国际立法现状,以及强制保险与油污基金的关系;由于不同的油污损害赔偿法律对于强制责任保险的规定各不相同,文章第二章分析了在我国船舶油污损害赔偿的法律适用,指出了在不同情况下对不同的公约或国内法的适用,从而适用不同的强制保险条款;第三章论述了我国关于油污强制责任保险和基金的立法现状,着重分析了新出台的《保险法》、《防治船舶污染海洋环境管理条例》等法律关于强制保险制度的新规定以及对我国船舶油污损害赔偿立法与实践的影响;在此基础上,文章第四章指出了构建我国船舶油污强制责任保险制度中存在的问题,并对完善我国船舶油污强制责任保险提出了具体的建议,主要有扩大船舶油污强制保险的适用范围,明确无涉外因素沿海航线船舶油污损害赔偿的法律适用,对非持久性油类污染的法律适用做出明确规定和建立油污赔偿基金。
Oil pollution liability insurance is a type of marine compulsory liability insurance applied to the field of oil pollution. Being compulsorily applicable to maritime transport according to law, marine compulsory liability insurance has been widely applied to the fields of oil pollution damage, maritime safety, maritime passenger transport and other fields in recent years, which effectively protects the victim interests. Reflected in "International Convention on Liability And Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous And Noxious Substances By Sea,1996", "International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker oil Pollution Damage,2001","Athen's Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggages by Sea,2002" and domestic law of some shipping countries around the world, Oil pollution liability insurance has become the new development trend .
With the development of waterway transport, the improvement of marine technology and increased frequency of commercial intercourse among countries, the influence of maritime transport has enlarged. Under the influence of the complex environment of maritime transport, the giant ship, the growing amount of transport of petroleum and hazardous chemicals and other factors, risks of transport exist with the occurrence of various marine accidents. Without mentioning the high compensation for victims once marine accidents happen will the ship owners face huge economic losses and bankruptcy risks. Moreover oil leakage is often accompanied by the destruction to the local ecological environment and the great blow to the coastal aquaculture and tourism industry of coastal states. The inability of the ship owners to compensate makes the recovery and development of the economic environment of contaminated areas more difficult. Under the circumstances marine oil pollution liability insurance came into being and the establishment of it marked by "International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1969"as the representative of the relevant maritime conventions has achieved remarkable results.
China's new "Prevention of Pollution by Vessels in Marine Environmental Management Regulations"entered into force on March 1,2010,accompanied by“The People's Republic of China Shipping Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Insurance Implementing Measures"which also came into effect on October 1, 2010. The regulations above are milestones to construct oil pollution liability insurance. Therefore under such background it is necessary to sort out the relative problems and submit corresponding suggestions to china’s legal construction of compulsory liability insurance system for vessels.
The first chapter describes the basic theory of shipping oil pollution compulsory liability insurance; the second chapter analyzes the application of the law on compensation for shipping oil pollution damage in China and points out different application of conventions or national laws according to various conditions.Consequently,different compulsory insurance provisions is used accordingly;the third chapter discusses the current legislative situation of our country on oil compulsory liability insurance and fund, giving prominence to the new regulations about the compulsory insurance system in "Insurance Law" and "Prevention of Pollution by Vessels in Marine Environmental Management Regulations" as well as the legislative and practical influence of shipping oil pollution damage compensation in china; on this basis, the fourth chapter gives some proposal on how to improve the shipping oil pollution compulsory liability insurance system.
引文
[1]司玉琢.海商法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.337.
[2]司玉琢.海商法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.341.
[3]邹海林.责任保险论[M].北京:法律出版社,1999.68-76.
[5]司玉琢.海商法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.346-347.
[7]张秋荣.顾云龙.对我国建立国家油污损害赔偿基金模式的探讨[J].水运管理.2004年,(10).36-37.
[16]徐国平.船舶油污损害赔偿法律制度研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.51.
[17]陈武祥.燃油公约的实施对建立和完善我国污染损害赔偿机制的作用[J].中国海事,2009年,(11).20.
[34]韩立新.对《船舶油污损害赔偿基金征收和使用管理办法》的完善建议[J].中国海商法年刊,2008,(1).3.
[1]司玉琢.海商法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.
[2]邹海林.责任保险论[M].北京:法律出版社,1999.
[3]司玉琢.李志文.中国海商法基本理论专题研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009.
[4]徐国平.船舶油污损害赔偿法律制度研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[5]司玉琢.国际海事立法趋势及对策研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[6]杨召南.海上保险法[M].北京:法律出版社,2009.
[7]郭峰.杨华柏等.强制保险立法研究[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2009.
[8]温世扬.保险法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.
[9]张秋荣.顾云龙.对我国建立国家油污损害赔偿基金模式的探讨[J].水运管理.2004年,(10).
[10]隋晓菲.我国水路运输强制保险法律制度研究[J].中国海事.2009,(11)
[11]陈武祥.燃油公约的实施对建立和完善我国污染损害赔偿机制的作用[J].中国海事,2009年,(11).
[12]法律教育网.对责任保险的定义及赔偿方式[EB/01].http://www.chinalawedu.com/new/15700_162/2010_3_11_ji0925691111301021296shtml,2010-2-16.
[13]交通运输部.关于加强水上污染应急工作的指导意见[EB/01].http://www.csoa.cn/hangyunjj/201008/t20100813_716658.htm . 2010-08-13
[14]交通运输部.我国海上船舶溢油应急反应工作综述[EB/01].http://www.moc.gov.cn/2006/06jiaotongxw/lishixw/07nian6yue/200706/t20070603_259776.html ,2011-1-8.
[15]国家海洋局北海预报中心.2010年十大海洋新闻[EB/01].http://www.nmfc.gov.cn/newsDetails.aspx?id=34 ,2011-1.
[16]刘红.尽快建立并实施我国船舶油污损害赔偿机制[J].中国海商法学会通讯,2003,(1).
[17]罗辑.中国船舶污染强制责任保险相关规则的探讨[J].海商法年刊.2010,(1).
[18]吴之翔.张波.船舶溢油污染海域损害赔偿的有关法律问题调查[J].涉外商事海事审判指导.2009,(2).
[19]韩立新.对《船舶油污损害赔偿基金征收和使用管理办法》的完善建议[J].中国海商法年刊,2008,(1).
[20]叶滨. 2020年我国将成为世界第一大石油进口国[EB/01].http://finance.eastday.com/eastday/finance/cjnews/gncj/userobject1ai376317.html, 2010-07-19
[21]中华人民共和国漳州海事局.刘功臣常务副局长在全国海事系统危管防污工作会议上的讲话[EB/01].http://www.zzmsa.gov.cn/news_show2.php?id=153 ,2011-2-5.
[22]王彦斌.船舶强制责任保险制度研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2010.
[2]司玉琢.海商法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.341.
[3]邹海林.责任保险论[M].北京:法律出版社,1999.68-76.
[5]司玉琢.海商法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.346-347.
[7]张秋荣.顾云龙.对我国建立国家油污损害赔偿基金模式的探讨[J].水运管理.2004年,(10).36-37.
[16]徐国平.船舶油污损害赔偿法律制度研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.51.
[17]陈武祥.燃油公约的实施对建立和完善我国污染损害赔偿机制的作用[J].中国海事,2009年,(11).20.
[34]韩立新.对《船舶油污损害赔偿基金征收和使用管理办法》的完善建议[J].中国海商法年刊,2008,(1).3.
[1]司玉琢.海商法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.
[2]邹海林.责任保险论[M].北京:法律出版社,1999.
[3]司玉琢.李志文.中国海商法基本理论专题研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009.
[4]徐国平.船舶油污损害赔偿法律制度研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[5]司玉琢.国际海事立法趋势及对策研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2002.
[6]杨召南.海上保险法[M].北京:法律出版社,2009.
[7]郭峰.杨华柏等.强制保险立法研究[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2009.
[8]温世扬.保险法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.
[9]张秋荣.顾云龙.对我国建立国家油污损害赔偿基金模式的探讨[J].水运管理.2004年,(10).
[10]隋晓菲.我国水路运输强制保险法律制度研究[J].中国海事.2009,(11)
[11]陈武祥.燃油公约的实施对建立和完善我国污染损害赔偿机制的作用[J].中国海事,2009年,(11).
[12]法律教育网.对责任保险的定义及赔偿方式[EB/01].http://www.chinalawedu.com/new/15700_162/2010_3_11_ji0925691111301021296shtml,2010-2-16.
[13]交通运输部.关于加强水上污染应急工作的指导意见[EB/01].http://www.csoa.cn/hangyunjj/201008/t20100813_716658.htm . 2010-08-13
[14]交通运输部.我国海上船舶溢油应急反应工作综述[EB/01].http://www.moc.gov.cn/2006/06jiaotongxw/lishixw/07nian6yue/200706/t20070603_259776.html ,2011-1-8.
[15]国家海洋局北海预报中心.2010年十大海洋新闻[EB/01].http://www.nmfc.gov.cn/newsDetails.aspx?id=34 ,2011-1.
[16]刘红.尽快建立并实施我国船舶油污损害赔偿机制[J].中国海商法学会通讯,2003,(1).
[17]罗辑.中国船舶污染强制责任保险相关规则的探讨[J].海商法年刊.2010,(1).
[18]吴之翔.张波.船舶溢油污染海域损害赔偿的有关法律问题调查[J].涉外商事海事审判指导.2009,(2).
[19]韩立新.对《船舶油污损害赔偿基金征收和使用管理办法》的完善建议[J].中国海商法年刊,2008,(1).
[20]叶滨. 2020年我国将成为世界第一大石油进口国[EB/01].http://finance.eastday.com/eastday/finance/cjnews/gncj/userobject1ai376317.html, 2010-07-19
[21]中华人民共和国漳州海事局.刘功臣常务副局长在全国海事系统危管防污工作会议上的讲话[EB/01].http://www.zzmsa.gov.cn/news_show2.php?id=153 ,2011-2-5.
[22]王彦斌.船舶强制责任保险制度研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2010.
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