杉木枝系结构可视化模拟研究
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摘要
林木虚拟现实技术一直以来都是国内外林业和计算机专家学者的重要研究课题。随着虚拟植物研究的发展和深入,人们对于植物的模拟已不仅仅停留在视觉上逼真,开始更多的关注植物本身内在的生长规律和形态结构。本研究通过对杉木枝系结构的调查分析,利用IFS(Iterated Function System)分形算法构建模拟平台,对杉木进行了三维可视化模拟。
首先,依据植物构筑型的相关知识对杉木的枝系结构进行了分析,并确定了杉木形态结构参数,即树木的整体数据和枝条的分枝角度(仰角和方位角)、枝长、植根枝径、枝下距、子枝个数等一系列因子。采用逐枝调查的方法通对黄丰桥国有林场杉木数据进行调查分析,得出了杉木一级枝和二级枝的仰角、方位角的分布区间和规律;建立了枝根直径和枝长的指数关系;确定了分枝率的范围和随年龄增长的关系,最后整合这些杉木枝系结构特征,作为三维可视化模拟的入口参数。
其次,利用生长模型控制冠幅,枝下高和冠高的生长变化,达到了生长模拟对树冠生长的控制。并利用树木冠形模型对IFS分形迭代边界的约束,控制了内部枝条的生长,完成了树木冠形模型和生长模型控制下的树木枝系结构模拟。
最后,采用C#语言,使用面向对象的方法,基于DirectX平台进行组件式开发了树木枝系结构三维可视化子系统。通过确立的杉木枝系结构参数,并采集纹理信息,在系统平台的基础上,以构件式的绘制模拟技术对杉木枝系结构进行可视化模拟。
Trees virtual reality technology is the important research subject of forestry and computer experts and scholars at home and abroad. Along with the development of virtual plant research and further, plants simulation already beyond visual simulation on lifelike, began get more attention plant itself inner growth rule and morphological structure. The study simulates the Chinese fir in the 3d visualization system using IFS fraction algorithm and the analysis results of branching structure.
First of all, analyzed branching structure of Chinese fir according to related knowledge of plant building type; and ascertain the structural parameters of Chinese fir form the overall data for trees and branch angle (elevation, azimuth), branches length, rooted branches diameter, height to the father branch base, etc, a series of factors branch number. Using the survey method by branch of Huangfengqiao national Forest Farm data investigation and analysis, obtained the first and second branch of Chinese fir the elevation, azimuth distribution interval and law; established index of the branch root diameter and branches long; determine the scope and the bifurcation ratio increased with age; last, integrated these structural features as the entrance parameters for 3d visualization simulation.
Second, the tree crown growth defined as crown base diameter, height to crown base, height to crown was controlled by the tree growth model. The boundary constraint was directed by IFS fractal iterative so that the growth of the inter branches are controlled. The simulation of the tree branching structure was accomplished based on the tree crown model and the tree growth model.
Finally, using c # programming language and object-oriented method, the trees branching structure 3d visualization sub-system was developed based on DirectX platform. The Chinese fir branching structure was visualized by the component simulating technique in the system platform through the branching structure parameters and the texture information that is determined and selected by the paper.
首先,依据植物构筑型的相关知识对杉木的枝系结构进行了分析,并确定了杉木形态结构参数,即树木的整体数据和枝条的分枝角度(仰角和方位角)、枝长、植根枝径、枝下距、子枝个数等一系列因子。采用逐枝调查的方法通对黄丰桥国有林场杉木数据进行调查分析,得出了杉木一级枝和二级枝的仰角、方位角的分布区间和规律;建立了枝根直径和枝长的指数关系;确定了分枝率的范围和随年龄增长的关系,最后整合这些杉木枝系结构特征,作为三维可视化模拟的入口参数。
其次,利用生长模型控制冠幅,枝下高和冠高的生长变化,达到了生长模拟对树冠生长的控制。并利用树木冠形模型对IFS分形迭代边界的约束,控制了内部枝条的生长,完成了树木冠形模型和生长模型控制下的树木枝系结构模拟。
最后,采用C#语言,使用面向对象的方法,基于DirectX平台进行组件式开发了树木枝系结构三维可视化子系统。通过确立的杉木枝系结构参数,并采集纹理信息,在系统平台的基础上,以构件式的绘制模拟技术对杉木枝系结构进行可视化模拟。
Trees virtual reality technology is the important research subject of forestry and computer experts and scholars at home and abroad. Along with the development of virtual plant research and further, plants simulation already beyond visual simulation on lifelike, began get more attention plant itself inner growth rule and morphological structure. The study simulates the Chinese fir in the 3d visualization system using IFS fraction algorithm and the analysis results of branching structure.
First of all, analyzed branching structure of Chinese fir according to related knowledge of plant building type; and ascertain the structural parameters of Chinese fir form the overall data for trees and branch angle (elevation, azimuth), branches length, rooted branches diameter, height to the father branch base, etc, a series of factors branch number. Using the survey method by branch of Huangfengqiao national Forest Farm data investigation and analysis, obtained the first and second branch of Chinese fir the elevation, azimuth distribution interval and law; established index of the branch root diameter and branches long; determine the scope and the bifurcation ratio increased with age; last, integrated these structural features as the entrance parameters for 3d visualization simulation.
Second, the tree crown growth defined as crown base diameter, height to crown base, height to crown was controlled by the tree growth model. The boundary constraint was directed by IFS fractal iterative so that the growth of the inter branches are controlled. The simulation of the tree branching structure was accomplished based on the tree crown model and the tree growth model.
Finally, using c # programming language and object-oriented method, the trees branching structure 3d visualization sub-system was developed based on DirectX platform. The Chinese fir branching structure was visualized by the component simulating technique in the system platform through the branching structure parameters and the texture information that is determined and selected by the paper.
引文
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王小铭,林拉.树木模拟的粒子系统模型及其实现[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,3:49-53
何明珠,王辉.民勤荒漠植物枝系构型的分类研究[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(9):1827-1832
韩玉阁,宣益民,汤瑞峰.丛林随机生成模型及其红外特征模拟[J].红外与毫米波学报,1999,4(18):80-85
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李庆忠,韩金姝.基于IFS的树木形态模拟真实感的研究[J].微机发展,2005,7(15):86-92
刘兆刚,李凤日.樟子松人工林树冠内一级枝条空间的分布规律[J].林业科学, 2007,10:13-20
刘文进.基于迭代函数系统的树木模拟[D].辽宁:辽宁工程技术大学,2005
刘兴龙,张立国,刘永福.虚拟植物模型及可视化的研究[J].农机化研究,2008,26(10):248-252
廖彩霞,李凤日.樟子松人工林树冠表面积及体积预估模型的研究[J].植物研究,2007,27(4):479-483
卢康宁,张怀清,刘闽.基于实测数据的杉木构筑型研究[J].林业科学研究, 2010(4):40-46
林勇明,洪滔,吴承祯.桂花植冠的枝系构型分析[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2007,15(4):301-306
李凤日.长白落叶松人工林树冠形状的模拟[J].林业科学, 2004,40(5):45-52
李大锦.用面向对象的L系统模拟树的生长[J].计算机仿真,2007 (2):183-186
雷向东,常敏,陆元昌,等.虚拟树木生长建模及可视化研究综述[J].林业科学,2006, 42(11):123-131
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毛卫强,耿卫东,潘云鹤.植物真实感建模方法研究[J].计算机科学, 2000, 27 (04):67-70
毛卫强,耿卫东,潘云鹤.基于特征综合的植物建模方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2000, 12(8): 595-600
倪成群,宋铁英.Onyx树木三维造型技术[J].福建林业科技,2005,6:47-49
祁燕,王琰,申铁成.分形几何在三维树木建模中的应用[J].沈阳理工大学学报,2005, 24(2):33-36
宋会兴,黎云祥,苏智先.马尾松苗木分枝率研究[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,22(2):158-160
吴谦,张怀清,陈永富,等.杉木形态三维可视化模拟技术研究[J].林业科学研究,2010,23(1):59-64
肖锐,李凤日,刘兆刚.樟子松人工林分枝结构的分析[J].植物研究,2006,26(4):490-496
余新晓.森林生态系统结构与功能模型[M].北京:科学出版社,2010,7
臧润国,蒋有绪.热带树木构筑学研究概述[J].林业科学,1998,34(5):112-119
张国财,原瑶,阳艳岚.树木分枝结构研究概述[J].林业科技情报,2008,40(1):8-9
赵星,De Reffye Philippe,熊范纶,等.虚拟植物生长的双尺度自动机模型[J].计算机学报,2006,24(6):608-615
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De Reffye P., Cognee M., Jaeger M., et al.Modélisation stochastique de la croissance et de l'architecture du cotonnier. 1. Tiges principales et branches fructifères primaires[J].Coton et Fibres Tropicales, 1988, 43(4): 269-291
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王小铭,林拉.树木模拟的粒子系统模型及其实现[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,3:49-53
何明珠,王辉.民勤荒漠植物枝系构型的分类研究[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(9):1827-1832
韩玉阁,宣益民,汤瑞峰.丛林随机生成模型及其红外特征模拟[J].红外与毫米波学报,1999,4(18):80-85
蒋有绪,臧润国.海南岛尖峰岭树木园热带树木基本构筑型的初步分析[J].资源科学,1999,21(4):80-84
李庆忠,韩金姝.基于IFS的树木形态模拟方法[J].计算机辅助工程,2004,13(4):20-24
李庆忠,韩金姝.基于IFS的树木形态模拟真实感的研究[J].微机发展,2005,7(15):86-92
刘兆刚,李凤日.樟子松人工林树冠内一级枝条空间的分布规律[J].林业科学, 2007,10:13-20
刘文进.基于迭代函数系统的树木模拟[D].辽宁:辽宁工程技术大学,2005
刘兴龙,张立国,刘永福.虚拟植物模型及可视化的研究[J].农机化研究,2008,26(10):248-252
廖彩霞,李凤日.樟子松人工林树冠表面积及体积预估模型的研究[J].植物研究,2007,27(4):479-483
卢康宁,张怀清,刘闽.基于实测数据的杉木构筑型研究[J].林业科学研究, 2010(4):40-46
林勇明,洪滔,吴承祯.桂花植冠的枝系构型分析[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2007,15(4):301-306
李凤日.长白落叶松人工林树冠形状的模拟[J].林业科学, 2004,40(5):45-52
李大锦.用面向对象的L系统模拟树的生长[J].计算机仿真,2007 (2):183-186
雷向东,常敏,陆元昌,等.虚拟树木生长建模及可视化研究综述[J].林业科学,2006, 42(11):123-131
孟宪宇.测树学[M](第2版).北京:中国林业出版社,1996
毛卫强,耿卫东,潘云鹤.植物真实感建模方法研究[J].计算机科学, 2000, 27 (04):67-70
毛卫强,耿卫东,潘云鹤.基于特征综合的植物建模方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2000, 12(8): 595-600
倪成群,宋铁英.Onyx树木三维造型技术[J].福建林业科技,2005,6:47-49
祁燕,王琰,申铁成.分形几何在三维树木建模中的应用[J].沈阳理工大学学报,2005, 24(2):33-36
宋会兴,黎云祥,苏智先.马尾松苗木分枝率研究[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,22(2):158-160
吴谦,张怀清,陈永富,等.杉木形态三维可视化模拟技术研究[J].林业科学研究,2010,23(1):59-64
肖锐,李凤日,刘兆刚.樟子松人工林分枝结构的分析[J].植物研究,2006,26(4):490-496
余新晓.森林生态系统结构与功能模型[M].北京:科学出版社,2010,7
臧润国,蒋有绪.热带树木构筑学研究概述[J].林业科学,1998,34(5):112-119
张国财,原瑶,阳艳岚.树木分枝结构研究概述[J].林业科技情报,2008,40(1):8-9
赵星,De Reffye Philippe,熊范纶,等.虚拟植物生长的双尺度自动机模型[J].计算机学报,2006,24(6):608-615
赵相健.太白红杉分枝格局特性的研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2005:16-20
仲兰芬,王琰,程磊.三维分形树木IFS生成算法[J].沈阳理工大学学报,2005,24(1):28-31
仲兰芬,王文忠,秦绪伟.由全局到局部的树木建模方法[J].阴山学刊,2007,26(3):22-25
Barnsley M F, Demko S.Iterated function systems and global construction of fractals[J].Proceeding of the Royal Society, 1985,A399: 243-275
Barczi J.F., Rey H., Caraglio Y., et al.AmapSim: a structural whole-plant simulator based on botanical knowledge and designed to host external functional models[J].Annals of Botany, 2008, 101(8):1125-1138.
Clausnitzer, V., and J. W. Hopmas.Simultaneous modeling of transient three-dimensional root growth and soil water flow [J].Plant and Soil, 1994,164:299-314
Chen Kang, Zhang Huai-qing, Liu Min, et al.Cunninghamia Lanceolata three-dimensional modeling technology based on IFS fractal algorithms[C].International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering (CiSE 2010),Wuhan, China
De Reffye P., Cognee M., Jaeger M., et al.Modélisation stochastique de la croissance et de l'architecture du cotonnier. 1. Tiges principales et branches fructifères primaires[J].Coton et Fibres Tropicales, 1988, 43(4): 269-291
De Reffye P., Edelin C., Franqon J., et al.Plant models faithful to botanical structure and development [J]. Computer Graphics, 1988, 22(4): 151-158
De Reffye P, Fourcaud T, Blaise F.An ecophysiological model for tree growth and tree architecture. Silva Fennica, Workshop on Functional Structural Tree Models [M].Helsinki.1996
Godin C., Guedon Y., Costes E., et al.Measuring and analyzing plants with the AMAPmod software[C]. Michalewicz M T,eds. Plants to Ecosystems-Advances in Computational Life Sciences. Melbourne: CSIRO Australia, 1997, 53-84
Guo Yan, Li Baoguo.New advance in virtual plant research [J].Chinese Science Bulletin, 2001 ,46 (11): 888-894
Godin C, Costes E, Caraglio Y.Exploring plant topological structure with the AMAPmod software: an outline [J].Workshop on Function-Structural Tree Models, Helsinki, 1996
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