杏品种授粉与果实发育生物学特性研究
摘要
杏原产于我国,栽培历史悠久。但是,杏树常因授粉受精不良而导致大量落花、落果,造成低产或绝收。研究杏树花粉活力、授粉特性和果实发育规律,可为科学配置授粉树、减少落花落果、提高产量提供科学依据。本论文以36个杏品种为对象,通过花粉活力、杂交坐果率和果实生长动态观测,较为系统地研究了杏树授粉生物学和果实发育特性,获得了如下主要结论:
(1)在杏花粉萌发中,培养基中低浓度的硼酸能促进杏花粉的萌发,而高浓度则会抑制花粉的萌发。杏树花粉萌发的适宜培养基为:1%琼脂+10%蔗糖+0.03%的硼酸。
(2)根据花粉萌发率大小可将30个杏品种分为3类:高活力类(花粉萌发率>70%),分别为胡安娜、味馨、试管一号、串枝红、早熟黑叶杏、澳洲甜杏、阿克托拥、沙金红、骆驼黄、国仁等10个品种;中活力类(花粉萌发率在30%-70%之间):早熟胡安娜、供佛杏、油仁、丰仁、鸡蛋杏、皮乃孜等6个品种;低活力类(花粉萌发率<30%):苏联4号、库车托拥、银香白、争魁、阿克牙格勒克、草坯杏、超仁、日本红杏、味厚、紫杏、大果杏、粗黑叶杏、恐龙蛋、味帝等14个品种。恐龙蛋与味帝的花粉萌发率均为0,不能作为授粉品种。
(3)通过授粉试验表明,不同品种间的授粉坐果率存在着明显差异。其中,授粉坐果率高的组合有:苏联4号×丰仁、苏联4号×赛买提、苏联4号×国仁、苏联4号×恐龙蛋、苏联4号×鸡蛋杏,坐果率在41.2%~75.8%之间;坐果率较高的组合为:苏联4号×大果杏、味帝×苏联4号、丰仁×油仁、超仁×沙金红、赛买提×苏联4号、金太阳×沙金红、超仁×油仁、银香白×粗黑叶杏,杂交坐果率在21.2%~39.7%之间;坐果率低的组合有:味帝×鸡蛋杏、味帝×赛买提、味帝×串枝红、皮乃孜×胡安娜、胡安娜×皮乃孜、细黑叶杏×争魁、恐龙蛋×国仁、恐龙蛋×串枝红、恐龙蛋×赛买提、恐龙蛋×鸡蛋杏、恐龙蛋×苏联4号,杂交坐果率在2%~12.3%之间。苏联4号作为母本与其他品种杂交具有较高的亲和性。
(4)对杏果实生长观测结果表明,争魁、银香白、皮乃孜、串枝红、国仁、超仁、金太阳、澳洲甜杏、粗黑叶杏、赛买提杏果实发育均经历了“快-慢-快-慢”的生长过程。即:从谢花后第10d左右开始杏果实进入第1个快速生长期,该快速生长持续到第30d前后结束。从第30d后,果实生长进入第1个缓慢生长期,持续到第40d缓慢生长结束。40d后果实进入第2个快速生长期,持续到第60d快速生长结束。随后果实发育进入第2个缓慢生长期,直至成熟。第1个缓慢生长期与核的形成有关,第2个缓慢生长期的结束是形态成熟基本完成,生理成熟开始的标志。
Apricot originating in China, is one of the long history planting trees. But the almond fruit-bearing rate is low, the low production and instability are the main factors influence almond fertility. How to improve the almond fruit-bearing rate is an acute problem. Low ratios in Viable flowers, big differences among pollen vitality, in- appropriation of pollination tree varieties are the important reasons lead to low fruit-bearing rate. Revealing the characteristics in developmental biology of apricot fruits and pollination, it can provide scientific basis to production and the seed-setting percentage. This experiment used 36 apricot varieties in the Weihe experiment stations of northwest A&F university as the research object .Through the determination of pollen vigor and hybrid affinity, it studied the characteristics in biology development of almond pollination systematically. Meanwhile, it determined and analyzed the longitudinal diameter, side and the transverse diameter in the different development stages of almond fruit, reveals changing laws of the shape indices of the almond fruit in the process of development The paper laid a theoretical foundation for improving fruit-bearing rate of the apricot and achieve high yield. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) In the process of the pollen germination of apricot in mediums, low in mediums can promote the pollen germination of knop, but high concentration of boric acid can suppresses the pollen germination. The suitable medium for the almond pollen:1% AGAR + 10% sucrose +0.03% boric acid.
(2) It divided the apricot pollen into three classes according to the pollen germination rate . High energy varieties (pollen germination rate > 70%),they are huanna,weixin,shiguan1hao,chunzhihong,zaoshuheiyexing,aozhoutianxing,aketuoyong,shajinhong,luotuohuang,guoren. Higher energy class (pollen germination rate is from30to70percent)theyarezaoshuhuanna,Gongfoxing,Youren,Fengren,Jidanxing,Pinaizi.Low energyclass(pollengerminationrate<30%),theyaresulian4hao,Kuchetuoyong,Yinxiangbai,Zhengkui,Akeyageleke,Caopixing,Chaoren,Ribenxing,Weihou,Zixing,Daguoxing,Cuheiyexing,Konglongdan,Weidi. Pollen germination rate of Konglongdan And Weidi all is 0, cannot serve as pollination tree application
(3)There are significant differences among fruit-bearing rate according to different pollination combination in apricots. Among them, The combinations of higher fruit-bearing rate are sulian4hao x FengRen, Soviet union 4 x Saimaiti, Soviet 4 x Guoren , Soviet 4 x Konglongdan, Soviet union 4 x JD, fruit-bearing rate between 41.2 % ~ 75.8% ; The combinations of higher fruit-bearing rate are: Soviet 4 x daguoxing, weidi x Soviet 4, FengRen x Youren, Chaoren X Shajinhong, "Saimaiti X Soviet 4, Jintaiyang x Shajinhong, Chaoren X Youren, Yinxiangbai x ,Cuheiyexing hybrid fruit-bearing rate between 21.2% ~ 39.7%; The combinations of low Fruit-bearing rate: Weidi X Jidanxing, Weidi X Saimaiti, Weidi X Chuanzhihong, PiNaiZi x Huana, Huana x PiNaiZi, XIheiYeXing x Zhengkui, Konghongdan X Guoren, Konglongdanx Chuanzhihong, Konglongdan Xsaimaiti, Konglongdan X Jindanxing, Konglongdan X Soviet 4, hybrid fruit-bearing rate is between 2% ~ 12.3% .
(4) The result of apricot observation of Fruits growth showed that for Zehnglui, Yingxiangbai, Pinaizi,Chuanzhihong, Guoren, Chaoren, Jintaiyang,Aozhoutianxing, Cuheiyexing,Saimaiti,the development of fruits both underwent" quick - slowly - fast - slow "growth process. Namely: from the beginning about 10d after Flowers falling, fruit get into the first apricot rapid growth period, this rapid growth continued to end this period can end at the 30d. After the first 30d, fruits get into first slow growth period, continue to the 40d. After entering the 40d, fruits get into the second fast growth period ,it continued to the first 60d. Then fruit development to enter the second slow growth period, until maturity. There is a connection between the 1st the slow growth and the nuclear, when the 2nd slow growth period is basically completed, it formed the signal of the beginning of physiology maturity.
(1)在杏花粉萌发中,培养基中低浓度的硼酸能促进杏花粉的萌发,而高浓度则会抑制花粉的萌发。杏树花粉萌发的适宜培养基为:1%琼脂+10%蔗糖+0.03%的硼酸。
(2)根据花粉萌发率大小可将30个杏品种分为3类:高活力类(花粉萌发率>70%),分别为胡安娜、味馨、试管一号、串枝红、早熟黑叶杏、澳洲甜杏、阿克托拥、沙金红、骆驼黄、国仁等10个品种;中活力类(花粉萌发率在30%-70%之间):早熟胡安娜、供佛杏、油仁、丰仁、鸡蛋杏、皮乃孜等6个品种;低活力类(花粉萌发率<30%):苏联4号、库车托拥、银香白、争魁、阿克牙格勒克、草坯杏、超仁、日本红杏、味厚、紫杏、大果杏、粗黑叶杏、恐龙蛋、味帝等14个品种。恐龙蛋与味帝的花粉萌发率均为0,不能作为授粉品种。
(3)通过授粉试验表明,不同品种间的授粉坐果率存在着明显差异。其中,授粉坐果率高的组合有:苏联4号×丰仁、苏联4号×赛买提、苏联4号×国仁、苏联4号×恐龙蛋、苏联4号×鸡蛋杏,坐果率在41.2%~75.8%之间;坐果率较高的组合为:苏联4号×大果杏、味帝×苏联4号、丰仁×油仁、超仁×沙金红、赛买提×苏联4号、金太阳×沙金红、超仁×油仁、银香白×粗黑叶杏,杂交坐果率在21.2%~39.7%之间;坐果率低的组合有:味帝×鸡蛋杏、味帝×赛买提、味帝×串枝红、皮乃孜×胡安娜、胡安娜×皮乃孜、细黑叶杏×争魁、恐龙蛋×国仁、恐龙蛋×串枝红、恐龙蛋×赛买提、恐龙蛋×鸡蛋杏、恐龙蛋×苏联4号,杂交坐果率在2%~12.3%之间。苏联4号作为母本与其他品种杂交具有较高的亲和性。
(4)对杏果实生长观测结果表明,争魁、银香白、皮乃孜、串枝红、国仁、超仁、金太阳、澳洲甜杏、粗黑叶杏、赛买提杏果实发育均经历了“快-慢-快-慢”的生长过程。即:从谢花后第10d左右开始杏果实进入第1个快速生长期,该快速生长持续到第30d前后结束。从第30d后,果实生长进入第1个缓慢生长期,持续到第40d缓慢生长结束。40d后果实进入第2个快速生长期,持续到第60d快速生长结束。随后果实发育进入第2个缓慢生长期,直至成熟。第1个缓慢生长期与核的形成有关,第2个缓慢生长期的结束是形态成熟基本完成,生理成熟开始的标志。
Apricot originating in China, is one of the long history planting trees. But the almond fruit-bearing rate is low, the low production and instability are the main factors influence almond fertility. How to improve the almond fruit-bearing rate is an acute problem. Low ratios in Viable flowers, big differences among pollen vitality, in- appropriation of pollination tree varieties are the important reasons lead to low fruit-bearing rate. Revealing the characteristics in developmental biology of apricot fruits and pollination, it can provide scientific basis to production and the seed-setting percentage. This experiment used 36 apricot varieties in the Weihe experiment stations of northwest A&F university as the research object .Through the determination of pollen vigor and hybrid affinity, it studied the characteristics in biology development of almond pollination systematically. Meanwhile, it determined and analyzed the longitudinal diameter, side and the transverse diameter in the different development stages of almond fruit, reveals changing laws of the shape indices of the almond fruit in the process of development The paper laid a theoretical foundation for improving fruit-bearing rate of the apricot and achieve high yield. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) In the process of the pollen germination of apricot in mediums, low in mediums can promote the pollen germination of knop, but high concentration of boric acid can suppresses the pollen germination. The suitable medium for the almond pollen:1% AGAR + 10% sucrose +0.03% boric acid.
(2) It divided the apricot pollen into three classes according to the pollen germination rate . High energy varieties (pollen germination rate > 70%),they are huanna,weixin,shiguan1hao,chunzhihong,zaoshuheiyexing,aozhoutianxing,aketuoyong,shajinhong,luotuohuang,guoren. Higher energy class (pollen germination rate is from30to70percent)theyarezaoshuhuanna,Gongfoxing,Youren,Fengren,Jidanxing,Pinaizi.Low energyclass(pollengerminationrate<30%),theyaresulian4hao,Kuchetuoyong,Yinxiangbai,Zhengkui,Akeyageleke,Caopixing,Chaoren,Ribenxing,Weihou,Zixing,Daguoxing,Cuheiyexing,Konglongdan,Weidi. Pollen germination rate of Konglongdan And Weidi all is 0, cannot serve as pollination tree application
(3)There are significant differences among fruit-bearing rate according to different pollination combination in apricots. Among them, The combinations of higher fruit-bearing rate are sulian4hao x FengRen, Soviet union 4 x Saimaiti, Soviet 4 x Guoren , Soviet 4 x Konglongdan, Soviet union 4 x JD, fruit-bearing rate between 41.2 % ~ 75.8% ; The combinations of higher fruit-bearing rate are: Soviet 4 x daguoxing, weidi x Soviet 4, FengRen x Youren, Chaoren X Shajinhong, "Saimaiti X Soviet 4, Jintaiyang x Shajinhong, Chaoren X Youren, Yinxiangbai x ,Cuheiyexing hybrid fruit-bearing rate between 21.2% ~ 39.7%; The combinations of low Fruit-bearing rate: Weidi X Jidanxing, Weidi X Saimaiti, Weidi X Chuanzhihong, PiNaiZi x Huana, Huana x PiNaiZi, XIheiYeXing x Zhengkui, Konghongdan X Guoren, Konglongdanx Chuanzhihong, Konglongdan Xsaimaiti, Konglongdan X Jindanxing, Konglongdan X Soviet 4, hybrid fruit-bearing rate is between 2% ~ 12.3% .
(4) The result of apricot observation of Fruits growth showed that for Zehnglui, Yingxiangbai, Pinaizi,Chuanzhihong, Guoren, Chaoren, Jintaiyang,Aozhoutianxing, Cuheiyexing,Saimaiti,the development of fruits both underwent" quick - slowly - fast - slow "growth process. Namely: from the beginning about 10d after Flowers falling, fruit get into the first apricot rapid growth period, this rapid growth continued to end this period can end at the 30d. After the first 30d, fruits get into first slow growth period, continue to the 40d. After entering the 40d, fruits get into the second fast growth period ,it continued to the first 60d. Then fruit development to enter the second slow growth period, until maturity. There is a connection between the 1st the slow growth and the nuclear, when the 2nd slow growth period is basically completed, it formed the signal of the beginning of physiology maturity.
引文
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Yu X Y, Lu X Y, Gong M F, Xie Z J, Cao H, Ding J N. 2005. Pollen viability of Senecio hybridus. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University, 31(1): 42~46
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