氮素在盐碱稻田中的迁移转化规律研究
摘要
我国有各类盐碱地约1亿hm2,其中东北地区松嫩平原苏打盐碱地面积高达233.3万hm2,是世界三大片苏打盐碱土集中分布区之一。苏打型盐碱地的利用现状为农业和牧业利用并重,其中农业利用地占盐碱地总面积的28.7%。近年来,在盐碱地上种植作物以改善盐碱地性质的方法越来越普遍,但是也带来了新的农业污染问题。实验区所在地——前郭灌区位于松嫩平原,该区的水稻田氮素流失已经成为影响水环境的一个重要污染源。由于氮肥过量施用、氮肥利用率较低和施氮肥方式不合理等原因,使得氮肥大量流失,严重威胁到下游的查干湖国家4A生态保护区的水质安全。
目前,国内对于苏打型盐碱地稻田中氮的动态变化、迁移转化规律以及其对环境的潜在影响的研究尚缺乏系统研究。因此开展盐碱水田中氮的动态变化规律的研究,对于科学进行水肥管理,盐碱地治理,合理控制氮素流失,保护水体等均有十分重要的意义。本研究以松嫩平原典型苏打盐碱地水稻田为研究对象,在两年大田实验的基础上,结合室内模拟实验,探讨了盐碱地水稻田中氮素动态变化、迁移转化规律及其对环境的潜在影响。课题的主要内容有：1、调查试验区的基本水文、气候等基本情况,连续两年跟踪监测盐碱水稻田中的流失规律；2、在大田实验基础上,取实验区的原状土,在实验室进行土壤元素分析、土壤氮素物料平衡分析、氨挥发实验、氮素淋溶实验以及土壤固铵性能分析等实验。通过土壤性质、氮素流失途径、施肥量等几个因素,在理论上分析氮素在盐碱水稻田中的迁移转化规律；3、结合苏打盐碱地的主要特征及当地农田管理措施,提出减少氮污染的主要途径及技术手段。
主要结论如下：
1、试验区土壤属强碱土,土壤中氮、碳、磷元素含量偏低,在土层剖面上随土层的加深而减少；土壤中的钠、镁、铝、钙等4种元素的含量较高,且4种元素总量随着土层的加深而显著增加；土壤的CEC与其含有的蒙脱石含量和腐殖酸含量相关,且都是深层土中的含量大于浅层土中的含量,这导致了浅层土壤的保肥能力差。
2、两年试验期内,田表水中的盐碱化指标如Ca2+、Mg2+等含量波动较大；试验初期总氮和铵态氮浓度达到最高值,之后随时间的推移而下降,强降雨对其影响较大；硝态氮浓度出现峰值晚于总氮和铵态氮出现峰值的时间,之后随时间推移而下降；试验后期,总氮浓度减少了78.4%～90.2%,铵态氮浓度减少了41.9%～86.2%以上,硝态氮浓度减少了66.5%～87.1%以上,氮素流失严重。稻田排水中总氮浓度均高于国家地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准；农田退水中的非离子氨浓度较高,对下游查干湖鱼类养殖存在潜在危害。
3、实验室模拟实验中,淹水环境下,不同施肥量时,表水中氮素较少以氨挥发的形式流失,约占总损失量的0.01%左右；表水与30cm土层出水中的总氮浓度与施肥量成正相关,而深层土出水中的总氮浓度与施肥量无明显相关关系；不同施肥量处理时,氮素在盐渍土中均大量的以硝态氮形式发生淋溶,深层土层出水中的硝态氮浓度基本与施肥量无关；同一施肥量处理的土壤,其硝态氮淋溶浓度随土层的加深而增大；盐渍土含有的大量的盐碱成分,影响土壤的氮饱和量,是造成促进氮肥的淋溶损失的重要因素之一。
4、铵的固定和释放是土壤氮素内循环的重要过程之一。实验土壤对铵的固定符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式,但Freundlich吸附等温式的拟合度较高(R2=0.9523),由此推断土壤对铵的固定属于多层吸附。同时,土壤对铵的吸附量在一定范围内随着溶液中铵加入量的增加而增大,但从两种等温式上看,试验区土壤对铵的固定能力较弱,最大吸附量在1.25 mg/g。
5、最佳管理措施(BMPs)是目前控制非点源污染的主要手段,试验区可以通过加强耕作管理、综合肥力管理、合理灌溉以及构建人工湿地等措施,控制当地的氮素污染。
There are all kinds of saline-alkali soil around 100 million hm2 in China. The saline-alkali soil area in Songnen Plain, which is one of the three major saline-alkali soil concentrated distribution area, is up to 2.333 million hm2. Equally important to animal husbandry land for developing saline-alkali soil, farm land takes 28.7% proportion of the saline-alkali soil. In recent years, the way of planting on the saline-alkali soil aiming to improve saline-alkali soil grows more and more popular. However, it brings the new agricultural pollution issue:the agricultural non-point source pollution. Qianguo irrigated areas as the field experimented site is located in in Songnen Plain. Nitrogen loss of the paddy land in Qianguo is one of the heavily polluting sources for water environment. Because of excessive amounts, the low utilization, as well as the unscientific way of applying nitrogen fertilizer, the heavy loss of nitrogen becomes a serious threat to the Chagan Lake, the 4A class national ecological protection zone laying downstream.
At present, the systematic research on dynamics, transport and transformation of nitrogen in soda saline-alkali soil as well as their potential impact to the environment is in great need. Therefore, researching on the nitrogen dynamic change law of saline-alkali paddy field is not only important for water and fertilizer, and the regulating of nitrogen loss, but will also bring good news to the management of saline-alkali soil and the protecting water environment cause. In this study, Songnen Plain soda saline paddy fields are selected as the research object, in two field experiments, based on the combination of laboratory simulation experiments to explore the saline paddy nitrogen dynamics, migration and transformation of its potential impact on the environment.
The main objectives of this work are:(1) pilot area survey of the basic hydrology, climate and other basic conditions for two consecutive years of tracking and monitoring saline paddy nitrogen dynamics; (2) based on field experiments, taking the experimental area of undisturbed soil, elements in the laboratory for soil analysis, material balance analysis of soil nitrogen, ammonia volatilization experiments, nitrogen leaching and soil solid ammonium performance analysis and other experiments. By soil properties, nitrogen loss means the amount of fertilizer and other factors, in theory, analysis of nitrogen in saline paddy fields of migration and transformation rules; (3) propose the main channels and technical means to reduce nitrogen pollution with the main features of soda saline and local farm management measures.
The main conclusions are as follows:
1, The tested soil is rich in alkalinity, depending on the depth of soil layer; the contents of N, C and P are low and reduce with the depth of soil; the contents of Na, Mg, Al and Ca are higher comparing to other metals in soil and their contents increase with the soil depth; CEC of soil relates to of the soil montmorillonite and humic acid contents, and deep soil levels are greater than the shallow soil in the content, which can be attributed to the soil surface fertilizer.
2, During the two year experimental period, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content in paddy field surface water changed significantly. The total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia (NH4+-N) concentration reached its peak value after fertilization, and subsequently decreased with time. Heavy storm was observed to increase nitrogen runoff. The nitrate (NO3--N) content was observed to reach its peak value later than TN and NH3-N, and its concentration decreased with time. It was found that TN, NH4+-N and NO3--N decreased by about 78.4%～90.2%,41.9%～86.2% and 66.5%～87.1% respectively, which is an indicative of serious nitrogen leaching. The TN concentrations in paddy field runoff exceeded the National Surface Water Quality Standard (levelⅢ). In addition, the non-ionic ammonia concentration was very high, and could pose serious threat to the aquatic biota in Chagan Lake.
3, Through the laboratory simulation experiment, in the flooded environment, with different fertilization nitrogen in surface water rarely loss in the form of ammonia volatilization, accounts for about 0.01% of the total loss; total nitrogen concentration in surface water and 30 cm Soil water are positively correlated with the amount of fertilizer, while concentration of total nitrogen in deep soil water has no significant correlation with fertilizing amount; different fertilization while the same layer loss of form by nitrate in saline-alkali soil, and the concentration of nitrate in deep soil is unrelated with the amount of fertilizer; saline soil contains a lot of salt composition and it effects nitrogen saturation quantity of soil, also be one of the important factors of promoting nitrogen fertilizer leaching loss.
4, Fixation and release of ammonia is one of the important processes of inner cycle of soil nitrogen. Characteristics of soil ammonium fixation corresponds with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm is better (r2 =0.9523) so that the soil adsorption of ammonia can be attributed to the multi-layer adsorption mechanism. Meanwhile, the soil adsorption of ammonium are enhanced by increasing ammonium concentration in solution. But through the observation of two isotherm type, the capacity of ammonium fixation of tested soil is low and the maximum adsorption capacity is 1.25 mg/g.
5, BMPs are the primary measures to control non-point source pollution. By taking the measures of enhancement of fanning management, integrated soil fertility management, rational irrigation, construction of artificial wetlands and others and the local nitrogen pollution can be controlled.
目前,国内对于苏打型盐碱地稻田中氮的动态变化、迁移转化规律以及其对环境的潜在影响的研究尚缺乏系统研究。因此开展盐碱水田中氮的动态变化规律的研究,对于科学进行水肥管理,盐碱地治理,合理控制氮素流失,保护水体等均有十分重要的意义。本研究以松嫩平原典型苏打盐碱地水稻田为研究对象,在两年大田实验的基础上,结合室内模拟实验,探讨了盐碱地水稻田中氮素动态变化、迁移转化规律及其对环境的潜在影响。课题的主要内容有：1、调查试验区的基本水文、气候等基本情况,连续两年跟踪监测盐碱水稻田中的流失规律；2、在大田实验基础上,取实验区的原状土,在实验室进行土壤元素分析、土壤氮素物料平衡分析、氨挥发实验、氮素淋溶实验以及土壤固铵性能分析等实验。通过土壤性质、氮素流失途径、施肥量等几个因素,在理论上分析氮素在盐碱水稻田中的迁移转化规律；3、结合苏打盐碱地的主要特征及当地农田管理措施,提出减少氮污染的主要途径及技术手段。
主要结论如下：
1、试验区土壤属强碱土,土壤中氮、碳、磷元素含量偏低,在土层剖面上随土层的加深而减少；土壤中的钠、镁、铝、钙等4种元素的含量较高,且4种元素总量随着土层的加深而显著增加；土壤的CEC与其含有的蒙脱石含量和腐殖酸含量相关,且都是深层土中的含量大于浅层土中的含量,这导致了浅层土壤的保肥能力差。
2、两年试验期内,田表水中的盐碱化指标如Ca2+、Mg2+等含量波动较大；试验初期总氮和铵态氮浓度达到最高值,之后随时间的推移而下降,强降雨对其影响较大；硝态氮浓度出现峰值晚于总氮和铵态氮出现峰值的时间,之后随时间推移而下降；试验后期,总氮浓度减少了78.4%～90.2%,铵态氮浓度减少了41.9%～86.2%以上,硝态氮浓度减少了66.5%～87.1%以上,氮素流失严重。稻田排水中总氮浓度均高于国家地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准；农田退水中的非离子氨浓度较高,对下游查干湖鱼类养殖存在潜在危害。
3、实验室模拟实验中,淹水环境下,不同施肥量时,表水中氮素较少以氨挥发的形式流失,约占总损失量的0.01%左右；表水与30cm土层出水中的总氮浓度与施肥量成正相关,而深层土出水中的总氮浓度与施肥量无明显相关关系；不同施肥量处理时,氮素在盐渍土中均大量的以硝态氮形式发生淋溶,深层土层出水中的硝态氮浓度基本与施肥量无关；同一施肥量处理的土壤,其硝态氮淋溶浓度随土层的加深而增大；盐渍土含有的大量的盐碱成分,影响土壤的氮饱和量,是造成促进氮肥的淋溶损失的重要因素之一。
4、铵的固定和释放是土壤氮素内循环的重要过程之一。实验土壤对铵的固定符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式,但Freundlich吸附等温式的拟合度较高(R2=0.9523),由此推断土壤对铵的固定属于多层吸附。同时,土壤对铵的吸附量在一定范围内随着溶液中铵加入量的增加而增大,但从两种等温式上看,试验区土壤对铵的固定能力较弱,最大吸附量在1.25 mg/g。
5、最佳管理措施(BMPs)是目前控制非点源污染的主要手段,试验区可以通过加强耕作管理、综合肥力管理、合理灌溉以及构建人工湿地等措施,控制当地的氮素污染。
There are all kinds of saline-alkali soil around 100 million hm2 in China. The saline-alkali soil area in Songnen Plain, which is one of the three major saline-alkali soil concentrated distribution area, is up to 2.333 million hm2. Equally important to animal husbandry land for developing saline-alkali soil, farm land takes 28.7% proportion of the saline-alkali soil. In recent years, the way of planting on the saline-alkali soil aiming to improve saline-alkali soil grows more and more popular. However, it brings the new agricultural pollution issue:the agricultural non-point source pollution. Qianguo irrigated areas as the field experimented site is located in in Songnen Plain. Nitrogen loss of the paddy land in Qianguo is one of the heavily polluting sources for water environment. Because of excessive amounts, the low utilization, as well as the unscientific way of applying nitrogen fertilizer, the heavy loss of nitrogen becomes a serious threat to the Chagan Lake, the 4A class national ecological protection zone laying downstream.
At present, the systematic research on dynamics, transport and transformation of nitrogen in soda saline-alkali soil as well as their potential impact to the environment is in great need. Therefore, researching on the nitrogen dynamic change law of saline-alkali paddy field is not only important for water and fertilizer, and the regulating of nitrogen loss, but will also bring good news to the management of saline-alkali soil and the protecting water environment cause. In this study, Songnen Plain soda saline paddy fields are selected as the research object, in two field experiments, based on the combination of laboratory simulation experiments to explore the saline paddy nitrogen dynamics, migration and transformation of its potential impact on the environment.
The main objectives of this work are:(1) pilot area survey of the basic hydrology, climate and other basic conditions for two consecutive years of tracking and monitoring saline paddy nitrogen dynamics; (2) based on field experiments, taking the experimental area of undisturbed soil, elements in the laboratory for soil analysis, material balance analysis of soil nitrogen, ammonia volatilization experiments, nitrogen leaching and soil solid ammonium performance analysis and other experiments. By soil properties, nitrogen loss means the amount of fertilizer and other factors, in theory, analysis of nitrogen in saline paddy fields of migration and transformation rules; (3) propose the main channels and technical means to reduce nitrogen pollution with the main features of soda saline and local farm management measures.
The main conclusions are as follows:
1, The tested soil is rich in alkalinity, depending on the depth of soil layer; the contents of N, C and P are low and reduce with the depth of soil; the contents of Na, Mg, Al and Ca are higher comparing to other metals in soil and their contents increase with the soil depth; CEC of soil relates to of the soil montmorillonite and humic acid contents, and deep soil levels are greater than the shallow soil in the content, which can be attributed to the soil surface fertilizer.
2, During the two year experimental period, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ content in paddy field surface water changed significantly. The total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia (NH4+-N) concentration reached its peak value after fertilization, and subsequently decreased with time. Heavy storm was observed to increase nitrogen runoff. The nitrate (NO3--N) content was observed to reach its peak value later than TN and NH3-N, and its concentration decreased with time. It was found that TN, NH4+-N and NO3--N decreased by about 78.4%～90.2%,41.9%～86.2% and 66.5%～87.1% respectively, which is an indicative of serious nitrogen leaching. The TN concentrations in paddy field runoff exceeded the National Surface Water Quality Standard (levelⅢ). In addition, the non-ionic ammonia concentration was very high, and could pose serious threat to the aquatic biota in Chagan Lake.
3, Through the laboratory simulation experiment, in the flooded environment, with different fertilization nitrogen in surface water rarely loss in the form of ammonia volatilization, accounts for about 0.01% of the total loss; total nitrogen concentration in surface water and 30 cm Soil water are positively correlated with the amount of fertilizer, while concentration of total nitrogen in deep soil water has no significant correlation with fertilizing amount; different fertilization while the same layer loss of form by nitrate in saline-alkali soil, and the concentration of nitrate in deep soil is unrelated with the amount of fertilizer; saline soil contains a lot of salt composition and it effects nitrogen saturation quantity of soil, also be one of the important factors of promoting nitrogen fertilizer leaching loss.
4, Fixation and release of ammonia is one of the important processes of inner cycle of soil nitrogen. Characteristics of soil ammonium fixation corresponds with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm is better (r2 =0.9523) so that the soil adsorption of ammonia can be attributed to the multi-layer adsorption mechanism. Meanwhile, the soil adsorption of ammonium are enhanced by increasing ammonium concentration in solution. But through the observation of two isotherm type, the capacity of ammonium fixation of tested soil is low and the maximum adsorption capacity is 1.25 mg/g.
5, BMPs are the primary measures to control non-point source pollution. By taking the measures of enhancement of fanning management, integrated soil fertility management, rational irrigation, construction of artificial wetlands and others and the local nitrogen pollution can be controlled.
引文
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