基于WAsP模式的风电场资源评估应用分析
摘要
风能利用是发展最快的可再生能源,风力发电是具有大规模开发和商业化发展前景的项目之一。为改善能源结构、加快风能资源利用,我国近年来加大风资源评估力度,目前快捷高效的风能资源评估和风电场选址倍受关注,成为众多学者探讨和追寻的目标。
为了减少风能资源评估成本、提高风电场开发建设决策的科学性,本论文应用丹麦风能资源评估软件WAsP,进行了浙江省舟山市岑港风电场的资源评估及其马目山23台风电机组的模拟选址工作。在此基础上,对WAsP模型的计算误差进行分析,并对该风场的安全性进行了探讨。本文的主要工作和成果如下:
1.采用岑港风电场附近国家基准气象站的近60年测风数据,利用WAsP气候分析师对其进行了统计计算和模式验证,结果表明WAsP模式采用Weibull分布估算风能是合理的。
2.针对风资源评估中经常存在的地形测绘和地表状况考察的限制,以岑港风电场马目山区域为应用案例,尝试将90m分辨率的SRTM地形高程数据用于绘制WAsP模式所需的电子地形图,并给出了具体的处理过程;利用GoogleEarth绘制了气象站周围的障碍物群和粗糙度描述文件。以上工作为WAsP模式的风电场计算打下了基础。
3.根据岑港风电场实际机型制作了风力机功率曲线,然后结合网格计算出的风资源分布图模拟确定了马目山23台风电机组的机位布置。研究发现WAsP对该风场年发电量的计算比实际值偏高10.27%左右。
4.针对WAsP模式的计算误差,采用地形陡峭指数RIX的方法进行了该区域的风速误差和发电量误差计算,确定出其风速误差为-1.9%左右,发电量误差为2.32%左右。然后对该风场的安全等级进行研究,模拟计算各风机轮毂高度处50年一遇的极端最大风速(3s),确定出23个机位中有5个处于IEC2级,18个处于IEC3级,为风机选型、确定危险机位、风电场日常安全维护等提供参考。
The development and utilization of wind energy is the most grown technique amongrenewable energy. In order to improve the energy structure and accelerate the utilization ofwind energy, wind resource assessment has been intensified in China in recent years. A fastand efficient method of wind energy resource assessment and wind farm site selection getsmore attention, which becomes a hit issue for many scholars at present.
In order to reduce the costs of wind resource assessment and improve thescientificalness of the wind farm's development, wind resource assessment of ZhoushanCengang wind farm and its 23 Wind Turbine Generators' sites selection in the Mamu Hillhave been studied by Denmark wind resource assessment software—WasP. In addition,WAsP model calculation errors and wind farm's security level have been analyzed in thispaper. The main work and results are as follows:
1. Wind data was from national standard weather station having nearly 60 yearsobservation records near the Cengang wind farm, I used WAsP Climate Analyst to carry outstatistical calculations and model validation. The results show that it is reasonable for WAsPmode to estimate wind energy using Weibull distribution.
2. Because there was often restrictions on terrain mapping and inspection of the surfacecondition, taking the Mamu mountain of Cengang wind farm as an example, tried usingSRTM terrain elevation data with 90m resolution to draw electronic topographic map, whichwas WAsP model required, and given a specific process. Then draw obstacle group androughness file around the weather stations using GoogleEarth software. The above works laidfoundation for the wind farm calculation with WAsP mode.
3. Made wind turbine power curve according to the actual wind turbine parameters ofCengang wind farm, and then combined with grids to compute out of the wind resource maps,therefore we could determine the arrangement of the 23 WTG in Mamu hill. Study found thatannual energy output of the wind farm calculated from WAsP was about 10.27% higher than the actual value.
4. For WAsP model errors，wind speed and power generation errors in this region werecalculated by RIX index method, so determined the wind speed error was -1.9% and thepower output error was about 2.32%. Then a research focused on the wind farm's securitylevel was carried out, to simulate 50-years of extreme maximum wind speed (3s) of each fanon its hub height. Finally found that the 23 seats in five were in IEC2, and the rest 18 at IEC3,and this work provided references for determining fan's style, locating of hazardous sites, androutine maintenance and so on.
为了减少风能资源评估成本、提高风电场开发建设决策的科学性,本论文应用丹麦风能资源评估软件WAsP,进行了浙江省舟山市岑港风电场的资源评估及其马目山23台风电机组的模拟选址工作。在此基础上,对WAsP模型的计算误差进行分析,并对该风场的安全性进行了探讨。本文的主要工作和成果如下:
1.采用岑港风电场附近国家基准气象站的近60年测风数据,利用WAsP气候分析师对其进行了统计计算和模式验证,结果表明WAsP模式采用Weibull分布估算风能是合理的。
2.针对风资源评估中经常存在的地形测绘和地表状况考察的限制,以岑港风电场马目山区域为应用案例,尝试将90m分辨率的SRTM地形高程数据用于绘制WAsP模式所需的电子地形图,并给出了具体的处理过程;利用GoogleEarth绘制了气象站周围的障碍物群和粗糙度描述文件。以上工作为WAsP模式的风电场计算打下了基础。
3.根据岑港风电场实际机型制作了风力机功率曲线,然后结合网格计算出的风资源分布图模拟确定了马目山23台风电机组的机位布置。研究发现WAsP对该风场年发电量的计算比实际值偏高10.27%左右。
4.针对WAsP模式的计算误差,采用地形陡峭指数RIX的方法进行了该区域的风速误差和发电量误差计算,确定出其风速误差为-1.9%左右,发电量误差为2.32%左右。然后对该风场的安全等级进行研究,模拟计算各风机轮毂高度处50年一遇的极端最大风速(3s),确定出23个机位中有5个处于IEC2级,18个处于IEC3级,为风机选型、确定危险机位、风电场日常安全维护等提供参考。
The development and utilization of wind energy is the most grown technique amongrenewable energy. In order to improve the energy structure and accelerate the utilization ofwind energy, wind resource assessment has been intensified in China in recent years. A fastand efficient method of wind energy resource assessment and wind farm site selection getsmore attention, which becomes a hit issue for many scholars at present.
In order to reduce the costs of wind resource assessment and improve thescientificalness of the wind farm's development, wind resource assessment of ZhoushanCengang wind farm and its 23 Wind Turbine Generators' sites selection in the Mamu Hillhave been studied by Denmark wind resource assessment software—WasP. In addition,WAsP model calculation errors and wind farm's security level have been analyzed in thispaper. The main work and results are as follows:
1. Wind data was from national standard weather station having nearly 60 yearsobservation records near the Cengang wind farm, I used WAsP Climate Analyst to carry outstatistical calculations and model validation. The results show that it is reasonable for WAsPmode to estimate wind energy using Weibull distribution.
2. Because there was often restrictions on terrain mapping and inspection of the surfacecondition, taking the Mamu mountain of Cengang wind farm as an example, tried usingSRTM terrain elevation data with 90m resolution to draw electronic topographic map, whichwas WAsP model required, and given a specific process. Then draw obstacle group androughness file around the weather stations using GoogleEarth software. The above works laidfoundation for the wind farm calculation with WAsP mode.
3. Made wind turbine power curve according to the actual wind turbine parameters ofCengang wind farm, and then combined with grids to compute out of the wind resource maps,therefore we could determine the arrangement of the 23 WTG in Mamu hill. Study found thatannual energy output of the wind farm calculated from WAsP was about 10.27% higher than the actual value.
4. For WAsP model errors，wind speed and power generation errors in this region werecalculated by RIX index method, so determined the wind speed error was -1.9% and thepower output error was about 2.32%. Then a research focused on the wind farm's securitylevel was carried out, to simulate 50-years of extreme maximum wind speed (3s) of each fanon its hub height. Finally found that the 23 seats in five were in IEC2, and the rest 18 at IEC3,and this work provided references for determining fan's style, locating of hazardous sites, androutine maintenance and so on.
引文
[1] European Wind Energy Association\Greenpeace. WIND FORCE 12, A bule print to achieve 12% ofthe worlds electricity from wind power by 2020[R]. Corin Millais: 2002.
[2]中国可再生能源学会风能专业委员会(CWEA). 2009年中国风电装机容量统计[J]. WindEnergy, 2010,1:28-29.
[3]国家发展和改革委员会.可再生能源中长期发展规划[J].可再生能源,2007,25(6):1-5.
[4] Tony Burton（美）等著,武鑫等译.风能技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[5] James and James. The future for renewable energy, prospect and directions[M]. London,UK:EUREC Agency,1996.
[6]李泽椿,朱蓉,何晓凤等.风能资源评估技术方法研究[J].气象学报,2007, 65(5): 709-712.
[7] Cristina L Archer, Mark Z Jacobson. Evaluation of global wind power[Z]. Journal of GeophysicalResearch, Vol.110, D12110, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005462,2005.
[8] Troen I., Petersen E.L. European wind atlas[M]. Risoe: Ris? National Laboratory, 1989.
[9] Xue Heng, Zhu Ruizhao, Yang Zhenbin, et al. Assessment of wind energy reserves in China[J].Acta Energiae Sloaris Sinica, 2001, 22(2):167-170.
[10]朱蓉.风能资源评估最新技术及进展[A].2008年电网与清洁能源技术论坛论文集[C].西安:西安出版社, 2008, 60-66.
[11] windpowerindia网站[EB/OL]. http://www. windpowerindia.com/statwind.html, 2010.
[12] N.G.Mortensen,L. Landberg,I. Troen and E.L.Petersen. Wind Atlas Analysis and ApplicationProgram(WASP)[Z]. Vol.2:User,s Guide. Ris?-I-666(v.2)(EN), Ris? National Laboratory, Roskilde,Denmark 1993.
[13] Keith W Ayotte, Robert J Davy, Peter A Coppin. A simple temporal and spatial of flow in complexterrain in the context of Wind energy modelling[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 2001, 98: 275-295.
[14] Coppin P A, Ayotte K A, Steggel N. Wind Resource Assessment in Australia-A planners Guide[M].Wind Energy Research Unit, CSIRO Land and Water, 2003.
[15] Yu W, Benoit R, Girard C, et al. Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit(WEST):a Wind Mapping Systemfor Use by the Wind-Energy Industry[J]. Wind Engineering, 2006, 30:15-33.
[16] Atsushi Yamaguchi, Takeshi Ishihara, Yozo Fujion. An Assessment of Offshore Wind EnergyPotential Using Mesoscale Model and GIS. 2004 European Wind Energy Conference＆Exhibition,22-25 Novemher, London, UK, 2004.
[17]王有禄,李淑华,宋飞.风电场测风数据的验证和处理方法[J].电力勘测设计. 2009,1:60-66.
[18]李树民,朱国林,黄勇等. CFD技术与风能利用[A].中国气象学会. 2008年全国风与大气环境学术会议论文集[C].北京:中国气象学会, 2008:239-245.
[19]林浩,张超,罗伯良. GIS在风能资源评价中的应用[J].湖南气象. 2005,3:457-461.
[20]龚强,袁国恩,张云秋等. MM5模式在风能资源普查中的应用试验[J].资源科学. 2006, 28(1):145-149.
[21]李晓燕,余志.基于MM5的沿海风资源数值模拟方法研究[J].太阳能学报.2005,26(1):400-408.
[22]连捷. WASP软件在风电场风能计算中的应用[J].电力勘测.1998,4:46-48.
[23]王宏飚.风力发电机布置与风能计算[J].华东水电技术.1999,2: 25-28.
[24]邹振宇，陈博，王文莉.基于WAsP软件的风电场机组选型[A].京津冀晋蒙鲁电机工程(电力)学会第十八届学术会议论文集[C].天津:中国电机工程学会，2008，488-501.
[25]郭东华等著.雷达对地观测理论与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,12.
[26]陈俊勇.对SRTM3和GTOPO30地形数据质量的评估[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2005,30(11):4-7.
[27]吕雪芹，余志，邓院昌等.基于特征点修正的SRTM数据在风能资源微观评估中的应用[J].测绘科学,2008,33(4):161-162.
[28]中国气象科学数据共享服务网[EB/OL]. http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/index.jsp
[29]何显富.风力机设计、制造与运行[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2009.
[30]姚兴佳,宋俊.风力发电机组原理与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2009.
[31]全国风能资源评价技术规定[EB/OL].http://wenku.baidu.com/view/f647ba79168884868762d65a.html,2011.
[32]高虎，刘薇，王艳等.中国风资源测量和评估实务[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009.
[33]牛山泉(日).风能技术[M].刘微,李岩译.北京：科学出版社, 2009.
[34]王丹,孙旭辉.风电场发电量计算的物理模型[J].中国电力, 2011, 44(1):94-97.
[35] Sempreviv A M, Mortensen N G, Troen I. Roughness change effects for small and large fetches [R].Denmark , Ris? -M-2749, 1988.
[36] Panofsky H A. Tower micrometeorology[A]. Workshop on Micrometeorology [C]. Boston，Mass:American Meteorological Society, 1973, 151-176.
[37] Lettau, H. Note on aerodynamic roughness-parameter estimation on the basis of roughness-elementdistribution[J]. Appl. Met, 1969, (8): 828-832.
[38] Troen I. A high resolution spectral model for flow in complex terrain[A]. Ninth Symposium onTurbulence and Diffusion[C]. Roskilde: April 30 - May 3, 1990, 417-420.
[39] Jackson, P.S. and J.C.R. Hunt. Turbulent wind flow over a low hill[J]. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc.1975,101: 929-955.
[40] JP Pinard. Computer models for wind flow over Mesoscale mountainous terrain applied to theYukon[R]. EAS 521– Final Report, December 17, 1999.
[41] Bowen A J, N G Mortensen. Exploring the limits of WAsP: the Wind Atlas Analysis andApplication Program[A]. Proceedings of the 1996 European Union Wind Energy Conference[C].G?teborg, Sweden: May 20-24, 1996, 584-587.
[42] Perera, M.D. Shelter behind two-dimensional solid and porous fences [J]. Wind Engineering andIndustrial Aerodynamics,1981,8:93-104.
[43]孔祥元,梅是义.控制测量学[M].武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社, 1996.
[44]王承煦,张源.风力发电[M].北京:中国电力出版社, 2002.
[45] Mosetti G, Poloni C, Diviacco B. Optimization of wind turbine positioning in large wind farms bymeans of a genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1994(51):105-106.
[46] Grady S A, Hussaini M Y, Abdullah M M. Placement of wind turbines using genetic algorithms[J].Renewable energy, 2005(30):259-270.
[47]浙江在线.视频:采访浙江舟山岑港风力发电有限公司总经理杜杰[EB/OL].http://news.zj.vnet.cn / 2011081917779826.html,2011.
[48] Niels G. Mortensen, Anthony J. Bowen, Ioannis Antoniou. Improving WAsPpredictions in (too) complex terrain. Wind Energy Department, Ris ? National Laboratory.P. O. Box49, VEA-118, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark..
[49] Anthony J, Bowenl, Niels G. Mortensen exploring the limits of WAsP-the wind atlas analysis andapplication program[A]. European union wind energy conference[C]. G Teborg, Sweden: 1996,20-24.
[50] Niels G. Mortensen, Erik L. Petersen. Influence of topographical input date on the accuracy of windflow modelling in complex terrain[A].European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition1997[C].Dublin, Ireland: October 1997,36-39.
[51] Emilio Migora, Antonio Crespo, Angel Jimenez, et al. Wind energy resource assessment in Madridregion[J]. Renewable Energy, 2007,32(9):1467-1483.
[52] Graeme Watson, Neil Douglas, Stuart Hall. Comparison of wind flow models in complex terrain [A].2004 European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition [C] . London, UK: 2004,2- 25.
[53] A Llombart, A Mallet, N Burillo, et al. Influence of orography on wind resource assessmentprograms[A]. Proceedings of the 2007 European Wind Energy Conference [C]. Milan, Italy:2007,40-46.
[54] Per Nielsen, Thomas S?rsen. WindPRO software user manual[M]. Alborg denmark: EMDInternational AS, 2006.
[55] FD002-2007,风电场工程等级划分及设计安全标准(试行) [S].
[56]张江华.风电场安全风速计算方法研究[J].黑龙江电力, 2007, 29(6): 450-452．
[57]呼金华,王相明.风电场不同高度的50年一遇最大和极大风速估算[J].应用气象学报,2009,20(1): 108-113.
[58]池钊伟,王小明,黄静.风电场机型选择中的技术经济评价指标[J].上海电力,2007,1:36-38.
[2]中国可再生能源学会风能专业委员会(CWEA). 2009年中国风电装机容量统计[J]. WindEnergy, 2010,1:28-29.
[3]国家发展和改革委员会.可再生能源中长期发展规划[J].可再生能源,2007,25(6):1-5.
[4] Tony Burton（美）等著,武鑫等译.风能技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[5] James and James. The future for renewable energy, prospect and directions[M]. London,UK:EUREC Agency,1996.
[6]李泽椿,朱蓉,何晓凤等.风能资源评估技术方法研究[J].气象学报,2007, 65(5): 709-712.
[7] Cristina L Archer, Mark Z Jacobson. Evaluation of global wind power[Z]. Journal of GeophysicalResearch, Vol.110, D12110, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005462,2005.
[8] Troen I., Petersen E.L. European wind atlas[M]. Risoe: Ris? National Laboratory, 1989.
[9] Xue Heng, Zhu Ruizhao, Yang Zhenbin, et al. Assessment of wind energy reserves in China[J].Acta Energiae Sloaris Sinica, 2001, 22(2):167-170.
[10]朱蓉.风能资源评估最新技术及进展[A].2008年电网与清洁能源技术论坛论文集[C].西安:西安出版社, 2008, 60-66.
[11] windpowerindia网站[EB/OL]. http://www. windpowerindia.com/statwind.html, 2010.
[12] N.G.Mortensen,L. Landberg,I. Troen and E.L.Petersen. Wind Atlas Analysis and ApplicationProgram(WASP)[Z]. Vol.2:User,s Guide. Ris?-I-666(v.2)(EN), Ris? National Laboratory, Roskilde,Denmark 1993.
[13] Keith W Ayotte, Robert J Davy, Peter A Coppin. A simple temporal and spatial of flow in complexterrain in the context of Wind energy modelling[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 2001, 98: 275-295.
[14] Coppin P A, Ayotte K A, Steggel N. Wind Resource Assessment in Australia-A planners Guide[M].Wind Energy Research Unit, CSIRO Land and Water, 2003.
[15] Yu W, Benoit R, Girard C, et al. Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit(WEST):a Wind Mapping Systemfor Use by the Wind-Energy Industry[J]. Wind Engineering, 2006, 30:15-33.
[16] Atsushi Yamaguchi, Takeshi Ishihara, Yozo Fujion. An Assessment of Offshore Wind EnergyPotential Using Mesoscale Model and GIS. 2004 European Wind Energy Conference＆Exhibition,22-25 Novemher, London, UK, 2004.
[17]王有禄,李淑华,宋飞.风电场测风数据的验证和处理方法[J].电力勘测设计. 2009,1:60-66.
[18]李树民,朱国林,黄勇等. CFD技术与风能利用[A].中国气象学会. 2008年全国风与大气环境学术会议论文集[C].北京:中国气象学会, 2008:239-245.
[19]林浩,张超,罗伯良. GIS在风能资源评价中的应用[J].湖南气象. 2005,3:457-461.
[20]龚强,袁国恩,张云秋等. MM5模式在风能资源普查中的应用试验[J].资源科学. 2006, 28(1):145-149.
[21]李晓燕,余志.基于MM5的沿海风资源数值模拟方法研究[J].太阳能学报.2005,26(1):400-408.
[22]连捷. WASP软件在风电场风能计算中的应用[J].电力勘测.1998,4:46-48.
[23]王宏飚.风力发电机布置与风能计算[J].华东水电技术.1999,2: 25-28.
[24]邹振宇，陈博，王文莉.基于WAsP软件的风电场机组选型[A].京津冀晋蒙鲁电机工程(电力)学会第十八届学术会议论文集[C].天津:中国电机工程学会，2008，488-501.
[25]郭东华等著.雷达对地观测理论与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,12.
[26]陈俊勇.对SRTM3和GTOPO30地形数据质量的评估[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2005,30(11):4-7.
[27]吕雪芹，余志，邓院昌等.基于特征点修正的SRTM数据在风能资源微观评估中的应用[J].测绘科学,2008,33(4):161-162.
[28]中国气象科学数据共享服务网[EB/OL]. http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/index.jsp
[29]何显富.风力机设计、制造与运行[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2009.
[30]姚兴佳,宋俊.风力发电机组原理与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2009.
[31]全国风能资源评价技术规定[EB/OL].http://wenku.baidu.com/view/f647ba79168884868762d65a.html,2011.
[32]高虎，刘薇，王艳等.中国风资源测量和评估实务[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009.
[33]牛山泉(日).风能技术[M].刘微,李岩译.北京：科学出版社, 2009.
[34]王丹,孙旭辉.风电场发电量计算的物理模型[J].中国电力, 2011, 44(1):94-97.
[35] Sempreviv A M, Mortensen N G, Troen I. Roughness change effects for small and large fetches [R].Denmark , Ris? -M-2749, 1988.
[36] Panofsky H A. Tower micrometeorology[A]. Workshop on Micrometeorology [C]. Boston，Mass:American Meteorological Society, 1973, 151-176.
[37] Lettau, H. Note on aerodynamic roughness-parameter estimation on the basis of roughness-elementdistribution[J]. Appl. Met, 1969, (8): 828-832.
[38] Troen I. A high resolution spectral model for flow in complex terrain[A]. Ninth Symposium onTurbulence and Diffusion[C]. Roskilde: April 30 - May 3, 1990, 417-420.
[39] Jackson, P.S. and J.C.R. Hunt. Turbulent wind flow over a low hill[J]. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc.1975,101: 929-955.
[40] JP Pinard. Computer models for wind flow over Mesoscale mountainous terrain applied to theYukon[R]. EAS 521– Final Report, December 17, 1999.
[41] Bowen A J, N G Mortensen. Exploring the limits of WAsP: the Wind Atlas Analysis andApplication Program[A]. Proceedings of the 1996 European Union Wind Energy Conference[C].G?teborg, Sweden: May 20-24, 1996, 584-587.
[42] Perera, M.D. Shelter behind two-dimensional solid and porous fences [J]. Wind Engineering andIndustrial Aerodynamics,1981,8:93-104.
[43]孔祥元,梅是义.控制测量学[M].武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社, 1996.
[44]王承煦,张源.风力发电[M].北京:中国电力出版社, 2002.
[45] Mosetti G, Poloni C, Diviacco B. Optimization of wind turbine positioning in large wind farms bymeans of a genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1994(51):105-106.
[46] Grady S A, Hussaini M Y, Abdullah M M. Placement of wind turbines using genetic algorithms[J].Renewable energy, 2005(30):259-270.
[47]浙江在线.视频:采访浙江舟山岑港风力发电有限公司总经理杜杰[EB/OL].http://news.zj.vnet.cn / 2011081917779826.html,2011.
[48] Niels G. Mortensen, Anthony J. Bowen, Ioannis Antoniou. Improving WAsPpredictions in (too) complex terrain. Wind Energy Department, Ris ? National Laboratory.P. O. Box49, VEA-118, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark..
[49] Anthony J, Bowenl, Niels G. Mortensen exploring the limits of WAsP-the wind atlas analysis andapplication program[A]. European union wind energy conference[C]. G Teborg, Sweden: 1996,20-24.
[50] Niels G. Mortensen, Erik L. Petersen. Influence of topographical input date on the accuracy of windflow modelling in complex terrain[A].European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition1997[C].Dublin, Ireland: October 1997,36-39.
[51] Emilio Migora, Antonio Crespo, Angel Jimenez, et al. Wind energy resource assessment in Madridregion[J]. Renewable Energy, 2007,32(9):1467-1483.
[52] Graeme Watson, Neil Douglas, Stuart Hall. Comparison of wind flow models in complex terrain [A].2004 European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition [C] . London, UK: 2004,2- 25.
[53] A Llombart, A Mallet, N Burillo, et al. Influence of orography on wind resource assessmentprograms[A]. Proceedings of the 2007 European Wind Energy Conference [C]. Milan, Italy:2007,40-46.
[54] Per Nielsen, Thomas S?rsen. WindPRO software user manual[M]. Alborg denmark: EMDInternational AS, 2006.
[55] FD002-2007,风电场工程等级划分及设计安全标准(试行) [S].
[56]张江华.风电场安全风速计算方法研究[J].黑龙江电力, 2007, 29(6): 450-452．
[57]呼金华,王相明.风电场不同高度的50年一遇最大和极大风速估算[J].应用气象学报,2009,20(1): 108-113.
[58]池钊伟,王小明,黄静.风电场机型选择中的技术经济评价指标[J].上海电力,2007,1:36-38.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |