藏南康马地区白垩纪大洋红层有孔虫生物地层及古生态
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摘要
我国白垩纪海相沉积只出现在西藏、新疆、台湾等地，而以西藏地区出露为佳，因此对该区的研究成为地质学家们研究白垩纪海相地层的最佳选择。白垩纪大洋红层（CORBs）在藏南特提斯-喜马拉雅北亚带地区有广泛出露，尤以江孜康马地区出露较好。大洋红层所含大化石贫乏，而微体化石特别是有孔虫及放射虫却较为丰富，因此微体化石的研究对于我们研究大洋红层的时代及古生态就显得特别重要。本文选择白垩纪大洋红层出露良好的康马田巴剖面开展大洋红层的底栖有孔虫生物地层学及古生态方面的研究，以期对该区大洋红层的时代进行生物地层学方面的时代约束，同时对大洋红层的成因机制进行初步探讨。
通过对西藏南部康马田巴剖面的有孔虫进行生物地层、古生态等方面的研究，结合沉积建造等方面的分析，本文初步得出以下结论：
（1）本文通过对康马田巴白垩纪大洋红层剖面样品的处理，获得有孔虫化石1500余枚，初步鉴定出底栖有孔虫21属27种，建立了5个底栖有孔虫化石带：Spirotecta ovata带，Gyroidinoides globosus带，Nautilus faba带，Bulimina laevis带，Guadrimorphina camerata umbilicata带。
（2）通过对田巴剖面有孔虫的研究，初步建立起康马田巴地区白垩纪大洋红层的有孔虫生物地层序列，据此推测大洋红层的时代应为Santonian晚期-Maastrichtian早期。
（3）通过对有孔虫古生态的研究，结合沉积相等方面的分析，对大洋红层的形成环境及成因进行了初步探讨，认为：在晚白垩世Campanian期间，研究区有一个水体变浅的过程，造成水体化跃面的下降，有孔虫大量繁殖，水体中富含的Fe~(2+)被氧化成Fe~(3+)，在特提斯喜马拉雅带北亚带原地形成了一套富含有孔虫及放射虫化石的红色海相沉积（CORBs）。
（4）根据对沉积类型和岩相的分析，认为康马田巴地区在晚白垩世处于次深海--大陆斜坡的环境，并有进一步变浅的趋势。
（5）通过对相带和生物地理特征研究以及与邻区的对比，发现康马田巴有孔虫动物群分布于雅鲁藏布江以南的一狭长地带的深海相沉积岩系中，这一狭长地带在白垩纪可能是一条东西向延展的深海槽，而南带的岗巴等地则处于外陆架位置。
Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) are widely exposed in the northernTethyan–Himalayan subbelt, especially in Gyangze-Kangma area. CORBs usuallycontain few macrofossils, but yield aboundant microfossils, especially foraminiferaand radiolarians are, therefore the study of microfossils is particularly important for usto determine the age and paleoecology of the CORBs. This paper carrys in thebenthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the CORBS exposed in theTianba section, Kangmar, southern Tibet, which aims to provide some constrain onthe age of the CORBS and explore the formation mechanism of the CORBs.
Based on the foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology, combined with theanalysis of the sedimentary formation and other aspects of the CORBs in Kangmar,this paper initially draw the following conclusions:
(1) By processing the samples from the CORBs of the Tianba section ofKangmar, more than1,500foraminifera were gained.27species belonging to21genera and5foraminiferal zones have been recognised from the CORBs: Spirotectaovata zone, Gyroidinoides globosus zone, Nautilus faba zone, Bulimina laevis zone,Guadrimorphina camerata umbilicata zone.
(2) By studying on the foraminifera of Tianba, this paper has initially set up theforaminiferal biostratigraphic sequence of the CORBs of the Tianba, Kangmarian andit is referred that age the CORBs should be early Santonian to late Maastrichtian.
(3) During the Campanian stage of late Cretaceous, the study area located in ashallowing environment, resulting in the breeding of foraminifera and a decline in thechemocline surface, Fe~(2+)in water was oxidized into Fe~(3+), with North Asia with a setof red marine deposits rich in foraminiferal and radiolarian fossils red marine depositswere developed in the northern Tethyan Himalaya.
(4) According to the analysis of sediment types and facies, it is suggested that that the Kamba area should be located in the continental slope.
(5) By the study on the facies and bio-geographical features and comparison withthe neighbour area, it is revealed that the foraminiferal fauna of the Kangmar wasdistributed in a narrow deep-sea sedimentary rocks south to the Yarlung Zangbosuture which may be an east-west deep-sea trough, while Gamba area in southernHimalayan Tethayan subbelt should be in outer shelf.
通过对西藏南部康马田巴剖面的有孔虫进行生物地层、古生态等方面的研究，结合沉积建造等方面的分析，本文初步得出以下结论：
（1）本文通过对康马田巴白垩纪大洋红层剖面样品的处理，获得有孔虫化石1500余枚，初步鉴定出底栖有孔虫21属27种，建立了5个底栖有孔虫化石带：Spirotecta ovata带，Gyroidinoides globosus带，Nautilus faba带，Bulimina laevis带，Guadrimorphina camerata umbilicata带。
（2）通过对田巴剖面有孔虫的研究，初步建立起康马田巴地区白垩纪大洋红层的有孔虫生物地层序列，据此推测大洋红层的时代应为Santonian晚期-Maastrichtian早期。
（3）通过对有孔虫古生态的研究，结合沉积相等方面的分析，对大洋红层的形成环境及成因进行了初步探讨，认为：在晚白垩世Campanian期间，研究区有一个水体变浅的过程，造成水体化跃面的下降，有孔虫大量繁殖，水体中富含的Fe~(2+)被氧化成Fe~(3+)，在特提斯喜马拉雅带北亚带原地形成了一套富含有孔虫及放射虫化石的红色海相沉积（CORBs）。
（4）根据对沉积类型和岩相的分析，认为康马田巴地区在晚白垩世处于次深海--大陆斜坡的环境，并有进一步变浅的趋势。
（5）通过对相带和生物地理特征研究以及与邻区的对比，发现康马田巴有孔虫动物群分布于雅鲁藏布江以南的一狭长地带的深海相沉积岩系中，这一狭长地带在白垩纪可能是一条东西向延展的深海槽，而南带的岗巴等地则处于外陆架位置。
Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) are widely exposed in the northernTethyan–Himalayan subbelt, especially in Gyangze-Kangma area. CORBs usuallycontain few macrofossils, but yield aboundant microfossils, especially foraminiferaand radiolarians are, therefore the study of microfossils is particularly important for usto determine the age and paleoecology of the CORBs. This paper carrys in thebenthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the CORBS exposed in theTianba section, Kangmar, southern Tibet, which aims to provide some constrain onthe age of the CORBS and explore the formation mechanism of the CORBs.
Based on the foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology, combined with theanalysis of the sedimentary formation and other aspects of the CORBs in Kangmar,this paper initially draw the following conclusions:
(1) By processing the samples from the CORBs of the Tianba section ofKangmar, more than1,500foraminifera were gained.27species belonging to21genera and5foraminiferal zones have been recognised from the CORBs: Spirotectaovata zone, Gyroidinoides globosus zone, Nautilus faba zone, Bulimina laevis zone,Guadrimorphina camerata umbilicata zone.
(2) By studying on the foraminifera of Tianba, this paper has initially set up theforaminiferal biostratigraphic sequence of the CORBs of the Tianba, Kangmarian andit is referred that age the CORBs should be early Santonian to late Maastrichtian.
(3) During the Campanian stage of late Cretaceous, the study area located in ashallowing environment, resulting in the breeding of foraminifera and a decline in thechemocline surface, Fe~(2+)in water was oxidized into Fe~(3+), with North Asia with a setof red marine deposits rich in foraminiferal and radiolarian fossils red marine depositswere developed in the northern Tethyan Himalaya.
(4) According to the analysis of sediment types and facies, it is suggested that that the Kamba area should be located in the continental slope.
(5) By the study on the facies and bio-geographical features and comparison withthe neighbour area, it is revealed that the foraminiferal fauna of the Kangmar wasdistributed in a narrow deep-sea sedimentary rocks south to the Yarlung Zangbosuture which may be an east-west deep-sea trough, while Gamba area in southernHimalayan Tethayan subbelt should be in outer shelf.
引文
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