基坑开挖和施工堆土对临近建筑物影响的三维有限元模拟分析
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摘要
随着我国的经济发展和城市化加快,新建高层楼房如雨后春笋。由于土地规划、楼盘开发、资金周转不同步等原因,出现了在市区内密集建筑群中兴建基坑建设新楼的情况。基坑施工过程中将开挖土方暂时堆放在邻近建筑物旁是较为常见的现象。在没有科学规划与分析的情况下盲目堆放,极易造成附近建筑物与地下结构的破坏。在相关规范中未就建筑物附近堆载对建筑物稳定的影响这一方面做规定与说明。基坑工程相关规范中仅提到基坑边禁止堆土,未就禁止堆土的距离与堆土高度的标准作出说明,国内在相关领域研究也较少。建筑物附近堆载土体,楼房重力荷载对基坑支护的影响；基坑开挖、土方堆放单一条件下相邻已有建筑物所受影响；二者共同作用下建筑物基础的形变过程都有待进一步研究。
本文使用ABAQUS有限元软件对基坑开挖及建筑物附近堆放土方的施工过程进行三维有限元模拟分析,进行的研究工作及得出的主要结论如下：
1)在查阅大量文献资料,研究学习关于基坑工程对基坑外土体的影响、土方堆载对建筑物影响的多种常用计算方法的基础上,对某楼盘实际基坑工程进行三维有限元模拟,分析该工程的基坑在实际开挖工序下,将开挖土体堆放在已建楼房与基坑相对一侧对桩基础的影响,得出在距离已建楼房5m的地面堆载土体时的临界基坑开挖深度,开挖深度小于临界深度时可保证已建楼房的桩基础安全。
2)通过有限元模拟,分析了以下三因素即不同深度基坑开挖、堆载土体不同高度、堆载与已建楼房距离分别对已建楼房桩基础的影响,尤其是桩基础的形变性状,得出了单因素对已建楼房桩基础影响的规律。
3)分析了在基坑开挖和堆载共同作用下的楼房桩基础位移规律,并得出在开挖深度不同情况下的堆载安全距离与堆土高度,以求对工程实际提供参考。
4)提出了减小堆载对附近建筑物影响的两种方案：通过增大已建建筑物附近堆载土体底面积而降低堆载土体高度；增加支护结构排桩数。对两种方案进行验证,证明两方案均能有效减小堆载对桩基础的影响。
With the economic development and the urbanization of our country, newly built high buildings are springing up in the urban areas. As the development planning, cash flow and estate development are not synchronized, and other reasons, many foundation pits are excavated among dense high buildings. During the process of excavation, the removed earth placed beside the buildings nearby is a common phenomenon. Aimlessly removed earth without scientific planning and analysis can easily result in the destruction of nearby buildings and underground structures. The impacts of the removed earth placed beside the nearby buildings are not specified in any relevant regulations. Some related regulations mention that removed earth placed beside the foundation pit is prohibited, but there is not any specification in terms of its distance from its nearby buildings and the height of the removed earth. The research in this field is far from enough. Further studies should be carried out in the aspects of removed earth laced beside buildings, the impact of building gravity loads on excavation support, foundation excavation, the influence of removed earth piled on its surrounding buildings, and the impacts of both the removed earth and the buildings themselves on the deformation process of the building foundation.
The software ABAQUS is used in this thesis to make the three-dimensional finite element simulation analysis on the construction process of excavation and bulldozers. The main research work and the conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
1) Based on reviewing related literature and the studying of various calculation methods in terms of the impact of the excavation on the soil outside the pit, and the removed earth placed besides surrounding buildings, the author makes a three-dimensional finite element simulation on a real estate foundation pit. After the analysis of the impacts of the removed earth placed at the opposite side of nearby buildings on the building foundation, the author figures out the depth of the foundation pit, which can guarantee the safety of the building foundation, under the condition that the removed earth is placed five meters away from its nearby buildings.
2) The finite element simulation analysis is adopted to analyze the impacts of three factors on the pile foundation of existing buildings respectively. These three factors are the excavation of different depths of foundation pits, different heights of removed earth, and the distance between existing buildings and removed earth.
3) The author analyzes the impacts of both foundation pit excavation and removed earth beside the deformation of building foundation, and figures out the appropriate distance between the removed earth and its surrounding buildings and the appropriate heights of removed earth under the condition of different depths of excavation.
4) Two programs are provided in this thesis to reduce the impacts of the removed earth on its surrounding buildings:to lower the height of the removed earth by enlarge its basal area, and to strengthen the supporting structure. In addition, the efficiency of these two programs are verified and it turns out to be effective in reducing the impacts of the piling earth on its surrounding buildings.
本文使用ABAQUS有限元软件对基坑开挖及建筑物附近堆放土方的施工过程进行三维有限元模拟分析,进行的研究工作及得出的主要结论如下：
1)在查阅大量文献资料,研究学习关于基坑工程对基坑外土体的影响、土方堆载对建筑物影响的多种常用计算方法的基础上,对某楼盘实际基坑工程进行三维有限元模拟,分析该工程的基坑在实际开挖工序下,将开挖土体堆放在已建楼房与基坑相对一侧对桩基础的影响,得出在距离已建楼房5m的地面堆载土体时的临界基坑开挖深度,开挖深度小于临界深度时可保证已建楼房的桩基础安全。
2)通过有限元模拟,分析了以下三因素即不同深度基坑开挖、堆载土体不同高度、堆载与已建楼房距离分别对已建楼房桩基础的影响,尤其是桩基础的形变性状,得出了单因素对已建楼房桩基础影响的规律。
3)分析了在基坑开挖和堆载共同作用下的楼房桩基础位移规律,并得出在开挖深度不同情况下的堆载安全距离与堆土高度,以求对工程实际提供参考。
4)提出了减小堆载对附近建筑物影响的两种方案：通过增大已建建筑物附近堆载土体底面积而降低堆载土体高度；增加支护结构排桩数。对两种方案进行验证,证明两方案均能有效减小堆载对桩基础的影响。
With the economic development and the urbanization of our country, newly built high buildings are springing up in the urban areas. As the development planning, cash flow and estate development are not synchronized, and other reasons, many foundation pits are excavated among dense high buildings. During the process of excavation, the removed earth placed beside the buildings nearby is a common phenomenon. Aimlessly removed earth without scientific planning and analysis can easily result in the destruction of nearby buildings and underground structures. The impacts of the removed earth placed beside the nearby buildings are not specified in any relevant regulations. Some related regulations mention that removed earth placed beside the foundation pit is prohibited, but there is not any specification in terms of its distance from its nearby buildings and the height of the removed earth. The research in this field is far from enough. Further studies should be carried out in the aspects of removed earth laced beside buildings, the impact of building gravity loads on excavation support, foundation excavation, the influence of removed earth piled on its surrounding buildings, and the impacts of both the removed earth and the buildings themselves on the deformation process of the building foundation.
The software ABAQUS is used in this thesis to make the three-dimensional finite element simulation analysis on the construction process of excavation and bulldozers. The main research work and the conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
1) Based on reviewing related literature and the studying of various calculation methods in terms of the impact of the excavation on the soil outside the pit, and the removed earth placed besides surrounding buildings, the author makes a three-dimensional finite element simulation on a real estate foundation pit. After the analysis of the impacts of the removed earth placed at the opposite side of nearby buildings on the building foundation, the author figures out the depth of the foundation pit, which can guarantee the safety of the building foundation, under the condition that the removed earth is placed five meters away from its nearby buildings.
2) The finite element simulation analysis is adopted to analyze the impacts of three factors on the pile foundation of existing buildings respectively. These three factors are the excavation of different depths of foundation pits, different heights of removed earth, and the distance between existing buildings and removed earth.
3) The author analyzes the impacts of both foundation pit excavation and removed earth beside the deformation of building foundation, and figures out the appropriate distance between the removed earth and its surrounding buildings and the appropriate heights of removed earth under the condition of different depths of excavation.
4) Two programs are provided in this thesis to reduce the impacts of the removed earth on its surrounding buildings:to lower the height of the removed earth by enlarge its basal area, and to strengthen the supporting structure. In addition, the efficiency of these two programs are verified and it turns out to be effective in reducing the impacts of the piling earth on its surrounding buildings.
引文
[1]高大钊,陈忠汉.深基坑工程.[M]机械工业出版社,1999
[2]洪建华对“莲花河畔景苑”倒楼事件的技术探析[J]住宅科技2010(08)：32～33
[3]杨子胜,梁仁旺,白晓红.深基坑工程事故分析及防范措施[J],河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J]2004(04)：71～74
[4]雷扬.基坑开挖对临近桩基影响的实测及三维有限元数值模拟分析[D].[硕士学位论文].天津.天津大学,2005
[5]王明坡.基坑工程与邻近建筑物相互影响的分析方法[J].工业建筑.2004,34(8)：56-58.
[6]茜平一,冯国栋,张路.软弱地基深挖基坑中桩的受力分析[J].岩土工程学报.1993,15(1)：60～66.
[7]殷宗泽等.土工原理[M].中国水利水电出版社,2007
[8]陈万鹏.基坑开挖引起地表沉降的预测方法研究[D][硕士学位论文].南京：南京工业大学,2005
[9]王静静,张明义,刘俊伟.深基坑变形机理及变形围护理论[J]工业建筑2008 38(增刊)：752-754
[10]张爱英.基坑开挖对邻近建筑物影响的数值模拟分析[D][硕士学位论文].西安：西安科技大学2008
[11]Lame I Shihara, K. Relations between process of cutting and uniqueness of solutions [J]. Soils and Found.1970,10(3):50-65.
[12]俞建霖,赵荣欣,龚晓南.软土地基基坑开挖地表沉降量的数值研究[J]浙江大学学报(自然科学版).1998,32(1)：95～101
[13]杨位洸,杨小平,刘叔灼.基坑开挖中软十侧移形成的曲桩的竖向承载力.华南理工大学学报(自然科学版).1995,23(3)：98-105.
[14]孙钧.市区地下连续墙基坑开挖对环境的病害的预测与防治[G].中国土木工程学会第6届年会论文集.中国建筑工业出版社,1993,67-88.
[15]张尚根,陈志龙,曹继勇.深基坑周围地表沉降分析[J].岩土工程技术,1999,(4)：7-9
[16]王利民,曾马荪,陈耀光.深基坑工程周围建筑及围护结构的监测分析[J].建筑科学,2000,16(2)：15～24.
[17]米然.深基坑开挖支护结构刚度变化对近邻建筑影响的研究[D][硕士学位论文].北京：北京工业大学,2005
[18]雷扬.基坑开挖对临近桩基影响的实测及三维有限元数值模拟分析[D].[硕士学位论文].天津.天津大学,2005
[19]赵延林.基坑周边建筑物沉降变形的影响因素[J].黑龙江科技学院学报2006,(01)：22-26.
[20]王卫东.基坑工程对邻近建筑物附加变形影响的分析[J]岩土力学.2007.28(增刊)：623-629
[21]De Beer E. and Carpentier R.. Discussion of'Metuods to estimate lateral force acting on stabilizing piles'by T. Ito and T. Matsui[J]. Soils and Foundation,1977,17(1):68~82.
[22]Oteo C S.Horizontally loaded piles-deformation influence[A].Pro 9th ICSM FE[C].Spec Sess 10，Tokyo:1977:101-106.
[23]杨克己.实用桩基工程[M].人民交通出版社,2004
[24]朱以文,蔡元奇ABAQUS与岩土工程分析[M].北京：中国图书出版社,2005
[25]张亚奎.深基坑开挖对临近建筑物变形影响的研究[D][硕士学位论文].北京：北京工业大学,2003
[26]Peck RB. Deep Excavations and Tunneling in Soft Ground.In:Seventh International Conferenee on soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. State of the Art Volume. Mexico, 1969.
[27]刘兴旺、施祖元等.软土地区基坑开挖变形形状研究[J].岩土工程学报.1999(4)：456-460
[28]张启辉,赵锡宏.基坑开挖引起变形的时效性回归分析[J].岩土工程师,1999(2)
[29]刘涛.基于数据挖掘的基坑工程安全评估与变形预测研究[D][博士学位论文].上海：同济大学,2007
[30]石亦平,周玉蓉ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解[M].机械工业出版社,2006
[31]庄茁.基于ABAQUS的有限元分析和应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006
[32]费康,张建伟ABAQUS在岩土工程中的应用[M].中国水利水电出版社,2010
[33]龚晓南.土塑性力学[M].浙江大学出版社,1997
[34]张学言.岩土塑性力学[M].人民交通出版社,1993
[35]王金昌,陈页开ABAQUS在上木工程中的应用[M].浙江大学出版社,2006
[36]韩昌瑞.有限变形理论及其在岩士工程中的应用[D][博士学位论文]武汉：中国科学院研究生院,2009
[37]魏汝龙.大面积填土对邻近桩基的影响[J].岩土工程学报.24(2)：132-137.
[38]JGJ 94-2008建筑桩基技术规范[S].1994
[39]卢廷浩.土力学[M].南京：河海大学出版社,2002
[40]JGJ 94-2008建筑桩基技术规范[S].1994
[41]傅水庚.软土地基中水泥搅拌桩复合地基的应用实例分析[J].建设科技2009(09)：95-96
[42]米然.深基坑开挖支护结构刚度变化对近邻建筑影响的研究[D][硕士学位论文].北京：北京工业大学,2005
[2]洪建华对“莲花河畔景苑”倒楼事件的技术探析[J]住宅科技2010(08)：32～33
[3]杨子胜,梁仁旺,白晓红.深基坑工程事故分析及防范措施[J],河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J]2004(04)：71～74
[4]雷扬.基坑开挖对临近桩基影响的实测及三维有限元数值模拟分析[D].[硕士学位论文].天津.天津大学,2005
[5]王明坡.基坑工程与邻近建筑物相互影响的分析方法[J].工业建筑.2004,34(8)：56-58.
[6]茜平一,冯国栋,张路.软弱地基深挖基坑中桩的受力分析[J].岩土工程学报.1993,15(1)：60～66.
[7]殷宗泽等.土工原理[M].中国水利水电出版社,2007
[8]陈万鹏.基坑开挖引起地表沉降的预测方法研究[D][硕士学位论文].南京：南京工业大学,2005
[9]王静静,张明义,刘俊伟.深基坑变形机理及变形围护理论[J]工业建筑2008 38(增刊)：752-754
[10]张爱英.基坑开挖对邻近建筑物影响的数值模拟分析[D][硕士学位论文].西安：西安科技大学2008
[11]Lame I Shihara, K. Relations between process of cutting and uniqueness of solutions [J]. Soils and Found.1970,10(3):50-65.
[12]俞建霖,赵荣欣,龚晓南.软土地基基坑开挖地表沉降量的数值研究[J]浙江大学学报(自然科学版).1998,32(1)：95～101
[13]杨位洸,杨小平,刘叔灼.基坑开挖中软十侧移形成的曲桩的竖向承载力.华南理工大学学报(自然科学版).1995,23(3)：98-105.
[14]孙钧.市区地下连续墙基坑开挖对环境的病害的预测与防治[G].中国土木工程学会第6届年会论文集.中国建筑工业出版社,1993,67-88.
[15]张尚根,陈志龙,曹继勇.深基坑周围地表沉降分析[J].岩土工程技术,1999,(4)：7-9
[16]王利民,曾马荪,陈耀光.深基坑工程周围建筑及围护结构的监测分析[J].建筑科学,2000,16(2)：15～24.
[17]米然.深基坑开挖支护结构刚度变化对近邻建筑影响的研究[D][硕士学位论文].北京：北京工业大学,2005
[18]雷扬.基坑开挖对临近桩基影响的实测及三维有限元数值模拟分析[D].[硕士学位论文].天津.天津大学,2005
[19]赵延林.基坑周边建筑物沉降变形的影响因素[J].黑龙江科技学院学报2006,(01)：22-26.
[20]王卫东.基坑工程对邻近建筑物附加变形影响的分析[J]岩土力学.2007.28(增刊)：623-629
[21]De Beer E. and Carpentier R.. Discussion of'Metuods to estimate lateral force acting on stabilizing piles'by T. Ito and T. Matsui[J]. Soils and Foundation,1977,17(1):68~82.
[22]Oteo C S.Horizontally loaded piles-deformation influence[A].Pro 9th ICSM FE[C].Spec Sess 10，Tokyo:1977:101-106.
[23]杨克己.实用桩基工程[M].人民交通出版社,2004
[24]朱以文,蔡元奇ABAQUS与岩土工程分析[M].北京：中国图书出版社,2005
[25]张亚奎.深基坑开挖对临近建筑物变形影响的研究[D][硕士学位论文].北京：北京工业大学,2003
[26]Peck RB. Deep Excavations and Tunneling in Soft Ground.In:Seventh International Conferenee on soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. State of the Art Volume. Mexico, 1969.
[27]刘兴旺、施祖元等.软土地区基坑开挖变形形状研究[J].岩土工程学报.1999(4)：456-460
[28]张启辉,赵锡宏.基坑开挖引起变形的时效性回归分析[J].岩土工程师,1999(2)
[29]刘涛.基于数据挖掘的基坑工程安全评估与变形预测研究[D][博士学位论文].上海：同济大学,2007
[30]石亦平,周玉蓉ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解[M].机械工业出版社,2006
[31]庄茁.基于ABAQUS的有限元分析和应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006
[32]费康,张建伟ABAQUS在岩土工程中的应用[M].中国水利水电出版社,2010
[33]龚晓南.土塑性力学[M].浙江大学出版社,1997
[34]张学言.岩土塑性力学[M].人民交通出版社,1993
[35]王金昌,陈页开ABAQUS在上木工程中的应用[M].浙江大学出版社,2006
[36]韩昌瑞.有限变形理论及其在岩士工程中的应用[D][博士学位论文]武汉：中国科学院研究生院,2009
[37]魏汝龙.大面积填土对邻近桩基的影响[J].岩土工程学报.24(2)：132-137.
[38]JGJ 94-2008建筑桩基技术规范[S].1994
[39]卢廷浩.土力学[M].南京：河海大学出版社,2002
[40]JGJ 94-2008建筑桩基技术规范[S].1994
[41]傅水庚.软土地基中水泥搅拌桩复合地基的应用实例分析[J].建设科技2009(09)：95-96
[42]米然.深基坑开挖支护结构刚度变化对近邻建筑影响的研究[D][硕士学位论文].北京：北京工业大学,2005